{{Short description|Group of peoples in northern Europe}} {{About||the Visigothic rulers|Balt dynasty|the ethnic German inhabitants of the Baltics|Baltic Germans}} {{Redirect|Baltic tribes|the 2018 documentary film|Baltic Tribes (film)}} {{pp-pc1}} {{about-distinguish-text|the Baltic-speaking peoples, an ethnic group|the similarly named ethnic group inhabiting Kashmir, the Balti people}} {{Multiple issues| {{more citations needed|date=April 2022}} {{Expand Latvian|Balti|date=November 2023}} {{Expand Lithuanian|Baltai|date=November 2023}} }} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Balts | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = 300px | image_caption = {{leftlegend|#F5BD43|Countries with a predominantly Baltic population|outline=grey}} | population = '''{{Circa|5.4 million}}'''<br />(including the diaspora)<ref>{{citation|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/1704467/15_Lietuviai_pasaulyje.pdf|title=Lietuviai Pasaulyje|website=osp.stat.gov.lt}}</ref><ref>Latvian at ''Ethnologue'' (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)</ref> <!-- sum of Lithuanian and Latvian populations per country--> | region1 = {{Flaglist|Lithuania}} | pop1 = 2,397,418<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=66b3091a-c738-4d87-b961-ecefdc2613ca|title=Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas|website=osp.stat.gov.lt}}</ref> | region2 = {{Flaglist|Latvia}} | pop2 = 1,182,008<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/?displaypanel=savequery1|title = Iedzīvotāji pēc tautības gada sākumā 1935 - 2025|website=data.stat.gov.lv| access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> | langs = Baltic languages | rels = Predominantly Roman Catholicism and Protestantism; minority Eastern Orthodoxy and Baltic neopaganism | related = Slavs }} {{Indo-European topics|283}} The '''Balts''' or '''Baltic peoples''' ({{langx|lt|baltai}}, {{langx|lv|balti}}) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages. Among the Baltic peoples are modern-day Lithuanians (including Samogitians) and Latvians (including Latgalians) — all East Balts — as well as the Old Prussians, Curonians, Sudovians, Skalvians, Yotvingians and Galindians — the Western Balts — whose languages and cultures are now extinct, but made a large influence on the living branches, especially on literary Lithuanian language.
The Balts are descended from a group of Proto-Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower Vistula and southeast shore of the Baltic Sea and upper Daugava and Dnieper rivers, and which over time became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century CE, parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts, whereas the East Balts lived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. In the first millennium CE, large migrations of the Balts occurred. By the 13th and 14th centuries, the East Balts shrank to the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit.
Baltic languages belong to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. One of the features of Baltic languages is the number of conservative or archaic features retained.<ref>Bojtár page 18.</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Current reference is unclear.|date=March 2024}}
==Etymology== Medieval German chronicler Adam of Bremen in the latter part of the 11th century AD was the first writer to use the term "Baltic" in reference to the sea of that name.<ref name=Bot_9>Bojtár page 9.</ref><ref>Adam of Bremen reports that he followed the local use of balticus from baelt ("belt") because the sea stretches to the east "in modum baltei" ("in the manner of a belt"). This is the first reference to "the Baltic or Barbarian Sea, a day's journey from Hamburg. Bojtár cites ''Bremensis'' I,60 and IV,10.</ref> Before him various ancient places names, such as Balcia,<ref>Balcia, Abalcia, Abalus, Basilia, Balisia. However, apart from poor transcription, there are known {{sic}} linguistic rule whereby these words, including Balcia, might become "Baltia."</ref> were used in reference to a supposed island in the Baltic Sea.<ref name=Bot_9/>
In Germanic languages there was some form of the toponym East Sea until after about the year 1600, when maps in English began to label it as the Baltic Sea. By 1840, German nobles of the Governorate of Livonia adopted the term "Balts" to distinguish themselves from Germans of Germany. They spoke an exclusive dialect, Baltic German, which was regarded by many as the language of the Balts until 1919.<ref>Bojtár page 10.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Eastern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/neweasterneurop00unkngoog|first=Ralph|last=Butler|year=1919|pages=[https://archive.org/details/neweasterneurop00unkngoog/page/n13 3], 21, 22, 2 24|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|location=London}}</ref>
In 1845, Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann proposed a distinct language group for Latvian, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian, which he termed Baltic.<ref>{{cite journal|first=William R. |last=Schmalstieg |title=A. Sabaliauskas. Mes Baltai (We Balts) |journal=Lituanus |volume=33 |date=Fall 1987 |publisher=Lituanus Foundation Incorporated |url=http://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_3_09.htm |access-date=2008-09-06 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907231232/http://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_3_09.htm |archive-date=7 September 2008 |url-status = live}} Book review.</ref> The term became prevalent after Latvia and Lithuania gained independence in 1918. Up until the early 20th century, either "Latvian" or "Lithuanian" could be used to mean the entire language family.<ref>Bojtár page 11.</ref>
==History== ===Origins=== [[File:Baltic cultures 600-200 BC SVG.svg|thumb|275px|right|Baltic archaeological cultures in the Iron Age from 600 BC to 200 BC {{legend|#4E9A06|{{Interlanguage link|Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture|lt|Dulokaimio-Kovrovo kultūra|ru|Культура Доллькайм-Коврово}} (Sambians and Natangians)}} {{legend|#73D216|{{Interlanguage link|Olsztyn culture|de|Olsztyn-Kultur|pl|Grupa olsztyńska|ru|Культура Доллькайм-Коврово}} (Galindians?)}} {{legend|#8AE234|{{Interlanguage link|Sudovian culture|lt|Sūduvių kultūra|pl|Kultura sudowska}} (Yotvingians)}} {{legend|#729FCF|Neman culture (Curonians)}} {{legend|#FCAF3E|Brushed Pottery culture (Lithuanians, Selonians, Latgalians and Semigallians)}} {{legend|#F57900|Milograd culture (Neuri?)}} {{legend|#CE5C00|{{Interlanguage link|Dnieper-Dvina culture|lt|Dniepro-Dauguvos kultūra|ru|Днепро-двинская культура}}}} (Dnieper Balts) {{legend|#EDD400|Pomeranian culture (Pomeranian Balts)}} {{legend|#FCE94F|{{Interlanguage link|Bell-shaped burial culture|lt|Varpinių kapų kultūra|ru|Культура подклёшевых погребений}}}}]] The Balts or Baltic peoples, defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower Vistula and southeast shore of the Baltic Sea and upper Daugava and Dnieper rivers. The Baltic languages, especially Lithuanian, retain a number of conservative or archaic features, perhaps because the areas in which they are spoken are geographically consolidated and have low rates of immigration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PIECHNIK |first1=IWONA |date= 22 December 2014|title=FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSERVATISM AND PURISM IN LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN EUROPE (NORDIC, BALTIC, FINNIC) |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/229233000 |journal= Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis |volume=2014 |issue=131, 4 |pages=395–419 |doi=10.4467/20834624SL.14.022.2729 |access-date=April 21, 2024}}</ref>
Some of the major authorities on Balts, such as Kazimieras Būga, Max Vasmer, Vladimir Toporov and Oleg Trubachyov,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} in conducting etymological studies of eastern European river names, were able to identify in certain regions names of specifically Baltic provenance, which most likely indicate where the Balts lived in prehistoric times. According to Vladimir Toporov and Oleg Trubachyov, the eastern boundary of the Balts in the prehistoric times were the upper reaches of the Volga, Moskva, and Oka rivers, while the southern border was the Seym river.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramat |first1=Anna Giacalone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7a5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |last2=Ramat |first2=Paolo |date=2015-04-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92186-7 |page=456 |language=en}}</ref> This information is summarized and synthesized by Marija Gimbutas in ''The Balts'' (1963) to obtain a likely proto-Baltic homeland. Its borders are approximately: from a line on the Pomeranian coast eastward to include or nearly include the present-day sites of Berlin, Warsaw, Kyiv, and Kursk, northward through Moscow to the River Berzha, westward in an irregular line to the coast of the Gulf of Riga, north of Riga.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
However, other scholars such as Endre Bojt (1999) reject the presumption that there ever was such a thing as a clear, single "Baltic ''Urheimat''":<ref name="Bojt">{{Cite book |last1=Bojt |first1=Endre |date=1999 |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |location=Budapest |publisher=Central European University Press |pages=81, 113 |isbn=978-963-9116-42-9 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> <blockquote>'The references to the Balts at various ''Urheimat'' locations across the centuries are often of doubtful authenticity, those concerning the Balts furthest to the West are the more trustworthy among them. (...) It is wise to group the particulars of Baltic history according to the interests that moved the pens of the authors of our sources.'<ref name="Bojt" /></blockquote>
===Proto-history=== [[File:Rus-10c-ethn.png|thumb|275px|Eastern Europe at the end of 9th century to beginning of 10th century with the last remaining Dnieper Baltic (Eastern Galindian) inhabited area around the modern-day Moscow cut off from the rest of the Baltic people by Krivichs]] The time period from the 2nd century to the 5th century AD were a golden age for the Balts. East Prussia and Lithuania had become trade hubs with the Roman Empire and Germanic Tribes, while also growing through increasing industry and agriculture into a cultural center that influenced all of northeast Europe. The era saw the proliferation of Bronze and Iron tools, which had previously been concentrated around the Amber Road, to the whole of the Baltic peoples. Trade routes lead north and east to the Finno-Ugric areas in Livonia, Finland, Northern Russia, and Eastern Russia, passed through the territory occupied by the Baltic tribes. At this time the Baltic peoples territory was second only to that of the Romans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |title=The Balts |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=1963 |pages=109, 141-148 |language=en}}</ref>
Germanic peoples lived to the west of the Baltic homelands; by the first century AD, the Goths had stabilized their kingdom from the mouth of the Vistula, south to Dacia. As Roman domination collapsed in the first half of the first millennium CE in Northern and Eastern Europe, large migrations of the Balts occurred — first, the Galindae migrated to around modern day Moscow in the 4th century, and later, East Balts towards the west. In the eighth century, Slavic tribes from the Volga regions appeared. Around the year 400 AD there is evidence of some sort of war which devastated the Northern Balts, many destroyed villages have been found and trade between the Balts and Finno-Ugrians appears to have stopped.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Engel |first1=Barbara Alpern |last2=Martin |first2=Janet |title=Russia in World History |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023943-5 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMEfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |language=en |quote=Slavic tribes had reached the territories of the Finns and Balts in the eighth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleason |first1=Abbott |title=A Companion to Russian History |date=2014 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-73000-3 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXxBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en |quote=moved ... to the Baltic in the eighth-ninth centuries}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gimbutas |first1=Marija |title=The Slavs (Ancient Peoples and Places, Vol. 74) |date=1971 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=0-500-02072-8 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC07UaXfR74C |language=en |quote=no finds of Slavic character can be identified before the eighth century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/37147068|title=Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов // Исторический формат. № 3-4 (11-12). 2017. С. 95-124.|first=Илья Тарасов Ilia M.|last=Tarasov|date=January 1, 2017|journal=Исторический Формат, №3-4|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>
The period from the 5th century to the 9th century, called the Middle Iron Age saw two major events for the Balts. The Slavic migrations began encroaching on the Balts eastern territory starting around 400 AD and Swedish Expansion into the western coasts of Baltic territory starting around 650 AD. These events put pressure on spome tribes but overall the Balts continued to develop as a people. Among the Baltic tribes the Prussians and Curonians continued to play leading roles. When the Goths had left the lower Vistula area, Prussians took it over, firmly established their territory where they remained there until the invasion of the Teutonic Order in the thirteenth century. Sudovians and Lithuanians continued in their preexisting lands. With their ornaments and pottery dating from the 2nd to the 10th century are found in present northern Poland as far south as the lower Bug, and the upper Pripet swamps. By the sixth to seventh centuries the Latgalians had expanded into northern Latvia, which previously had been occupied by the western Finno-Ugric tribes. The fall of the Roman Empire saw disruptions to southern trade, including the Amber Road closing for a century until the rule of Theodoric, but they did continue. With letters from Theodoric the great showing the Ostrogoths had good relations with the Prussians.<ref name=":0" />
Over time the Balts became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century AD parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts: Brus/Prūsa ("Old Prussians"), Sudovians/Jotvingians, Scalvians, Nadruvians, and Curonians. The East Balts, including the hypothesised Dniepr Balts, were living in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
===Middle Ages=== [[File:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg|thumb|275px|right|Baltic tribes before the coming of the Teutonic Order ({{Circa|1200 AD}}). The East Balts are shown in brown hues while the West Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate. Baltic territory was extensive inland.]] In the 12th and 13th centuries, internal struggles and invasions by Ruthenians and Poles, and later the expansion of the Teutonic Order, resulted in an almost complete annihilation of the Galindians, Curonians, and Yotvingians.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Gradually, Old Prussians became Germanized or Lithuanized between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially after the Reformation in Prussia.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} The cultures of the Lithuanians and Latgalians/Latvians survived and became the ancestors of the populations of the modern-day countries of Latvia and Lithuania.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
By the 13th and 14th centuries, they reached the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. Many other Eastern and Southern Balts either assimilated with other Balts, or Slavs in the fourth–seventh centuries and were gradually slavicized.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bell-Fialkoff |first=Andrew |title=The Slavs |date=2000 |work=The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. "Barbarian" and Nomad |pages=133–149 |editor-last=Bell-Fialkoff |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_8 |access-date=2024-08-31 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_8 |isbn=978-1-349-61837-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
===Modern era=== thumb|275px|Ethnographic map of Balts in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus. Lithuanians (''Littauer'') and Latvians (''Letten''). [[File:Baltu vienības diena Palangā (37412893275).jpg|thumb|275px|Baltic Unity Day in Palanga, 2017.]] In the modern era, the Balts — primarily Lithuanians and Latvians — have sustained a unique cultural and linguistic identity along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, speaking the only surviving Eastern Baltic languages, Lithuanian and Latvian, which are among the most conservative Indo‑European tongues and retain archaic features from their Proto‑Indo‑European roots. Following nearly five decades of Soviet rule, Lithuania and Latvia restored their independence in 1990–1991 and subsequently pursued integration with Western institutions, culminating in accession to both the European Union and NATO in 2004. In the 21st century, these two Baltic nations have established stable democracies with parliamentary systems, preserved local languages and traditions, and address common economic, political and cultural priorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latvijos ryšiai ir santykiai su Lietuva |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/latvijos-rysiai-ir-santykiai-su-lietuva/ |website=VLE.lt |access-date=9 July 2025 |language=lt-LT}}</ref>
==Culture== {{Baltic religion}} {{Further|Baltic mythology}} The Balts originally practiced Baltic religion. They were gradually Christianized as a result of the Northern Crusades of the Middle Ages. Baltic peoples such as the Latvians, Lithuanians and Old Prussians had their distinct mythologies. The Lithuanians have close historic ties to Poland, and many of them are Roman Catholic. The Latvians have close historic ties to Northern Germany and Scandinavia, and many of them are irreligious. In recent times, the Baltic religion has been revived in Baltic neopaganism.<ref>Hanley, Monika. (2010-10-21). [https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/27265/ "Baltic diaspora and the rise of Neo-Paganism"]. ''The Baltic Times''.</ref><ref>Naylor, Aliide. (May 31, 2019). [https://religionnews.com/2019/05/31/with-soviet-power-gone-baltic-countries-historic-pagan-past-re-emerges/ "Soviet power gone, Baltic countries' historic pagan past re-emerges"]. ''Religion News Service''.</ref>
==Genetics== {{See also|Kunda culture#Genetics|Narva culture#Genetics|Pit–Comb Ware culture#Genetics|Zvejnieki burial ground#Archaeogenetics}}
The Balts are included in the "North European" gene cluster together with the Germanic peoples, some Slavic groups (the Poles and Northern Russians) and Baltic Finnic peoples.{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–250}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2025}}
Saag et a. (2017) detected that the eastern Baltic in the Mesolithic was inhabited primarily by Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs).{{sfn|Saag|2017}} Their paternal haplogroups were mostly types of I2a and R1b, while their maternal haplogroups were mostly types of U5, U4 and U2.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018}} These people carried a high frequency of the derived HERC2 allele which codes for light eye color and possess an increased frequency of the derived alleles for SLC45A2 and SLC24A5, coding for lighter skin color.{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}}
Baltic hunter-gatherers still displayed a slightly larger amount of WHG ancestry than Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHGs). WHG ancestry in the Baltic was particularly high among hunter-gatherers in Latvia and Lithuania.{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} Unlike other parts of Europe, the hunter-gatherers of the eastern Baltic do not appear to have mixed much with Early European Farmers (EEFs) arriving from Anatolia.{{sfn|Jones|2017}}
During the Neolithic, increasing admixture from Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) is detected. The paternal haplogroups of EHGs was mostly types of R1a, while their maternal haplogroups appears to have been almost exclusively types of U5, U4, and U2.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
The rise of the Corded Ware culture in the eastern Baltic in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age is accompanied by a significant infusion of steppe ancestry and EEF ancestry into the eastern Baltic gene pool.{{sfn|Jones|2017}}{{sfn|Saag|2017}}{{sfn|Malmström|2019}} In the aftermath of the Corded Ware expansion, local hunter-gatherer ancestry experienced a resurgence.{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}}
Haplogroup N reached the eastern Baltic only in the Late Bronze Age, probably with the speakers of the Uralic languages.{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}}
Modern-day Balts have a lower amount of EEF ancestry, and a higher amount of WHG ancestry, than any other population in Europe.{{sfn|Lazaridis|2014}}{{Efn|"Baltic populations carry the highest proportion of WHG ancestry of all Europeans, supporting the theory that the hunter-gatherer population of this region left a lasting genetic impact on subsequent populations."{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} }}
==List of Baltic peoples== {{Main|List of ancient Baltic peoples and tribes}}
[[File:Lietuvių giminės senovėje iki XIII amžiaus pradžios.jpg|thumb|Lithuanian tribes in antiquity until the beginning of the 13th century by Adolfas Šapoka]] '''Modern-day Baltic peoples''' *Eastern Baltic peoples<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kessler |first=P. L. |title=Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Lithuania |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternLithuania.htm#top |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The History Files |language=en}}</ref> **Latvians ***Latgalians **Lithuanians ***Aukštaitians ("highlanders") ***Samogitians ("lowlanders")
==See also== {{Portal|Latvia|Lithuania}} * Eastern Baltic languages * Western Baltic languages * Baltic studies * Baltic Unity Day
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading==
===Lithuanian language=== * {{cite book |last1=Jovaiša |first1=Eugenijus |author1-link=Eugenijus Jovaiša |title=Aisčiai. Kilmė |date=2013 |publisher=Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla |location=Vilnius |isbn=978-9955-20-779-5 |language=lt-LT}} * {{cite book |last1=Jovaiša |first1=Eugenijus |title=Aisčiai. Raida |date=2014 |publisher=Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla |location=Vilnius |isbn=978-9955-20-957-7 |language=lt-LT}} * {{cite book |last1=Jovaiša |first1=Eugenijus |title=Aisčiai. Lietuvių ir Lietuvos pradžia |date=2016 |publisher=Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla |location=Vilnius |isbn=978-609-471-052-0 |url=https://www.aisciai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Ais%C4%8Diai.-Lietuvi%C5%B3-ir-Lietuvos-prad%C5%BEia.pdf |language=lt-LT}}
===French language=== * {{cite journal |last1=Nowakowski |first1=Wojciech |last2=Bartkiewicz |first2=Katarzyna |title=Baltes et proto-Slaves dans l'Antiquité. Textes et archéologie. |journal=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=359–402 |doi=10.3406/dha.1990.1472 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1472 |access-date=18 January 2025 |language=fr-FR}}
===English language=== * {{cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=W. |title=Baltic origins |journal=Revue des Études Slaves |date=1948 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.3406/slave.1948.1468 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/slave_0080-2557_1948_num_24_1_1468 |access-date=18 January 2025}} * {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Eppie R. |date=February 20, 2017 |title=The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers |journal=Current Biology |publisher=Cell Press |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=576–582 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060 |pmc=5321670 |pmid=28162894|bibcode=2017CBio...27..576J }} * {{cite journal |date=January 2008 |last1=Balanovsky |first1=Oleg |last2=Rootsi |first2=Siiri |display-authors=etal |title=Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=236–250 |pmc=2253976 |pmid=18179905 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019}} * {{cite book |page=9 |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People|first=Endre|last=Bojtár|publisher=Central European University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-963-9116-42-9 |location=Budapest and New York}} * {{cite book| first = Marija| last = Gimbutas| author-link = Marija Gimbutas| title = The Balts| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.40925| location = London| publisher = Thames & Hudson| year = 1963}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lithuanians and Letts|volume=16|pages=789–791|first=Peter Alexeivitch|last=Kropotkin|author-link=Peter Kropotkin}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans |journal=Nature |volume=513 |issue= 7518|pages=409–413 |arxiv= 1312.6639|bibcode= 2014Natur.513..409L|doi=10.1038/nature13673 |pmc=4170574 |pmid=25230663 |hdl=11336/30563 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=October 9, 2019 |title=The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |publisher=Royal Society |volume= 286|issue= 1912|article-number= 20191528|doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 |pmc= 6790770|pmid= 31594508}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |date=February 21, 2018 |title=The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe |journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=197–203 |bibcode= 2018Natur.555..197M|doi=10.1038/nature25778 |pmc=6091220 |pmid=29466330 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=Nature Communications |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number= 442|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9..442M|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. |journal=Current Biology |publisher=Cell Press |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022 |doi-access=free |pmid=28712569 |bibcode=2017CBio...27E2185S }}
===Polish language=== * {{cite web |title=Bałtowie |work=Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN |url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html |access-date=May 25, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426150605/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html|archive-date=April 26, 2005 |language=pl }} * {{cite book| first = Jerzy| last = Antoniewicz| author-link = Jerzy Antoniewicz|author2=Aleksander Gieysztor | title = Bałtowie zachodni w V w. p. n. e. – V w. n. e.: terytorium, podstawy gospodarcze i społeczne plemion prusko-jaćwieskich i letto-litewskich| location = Olsztyn-Białystok| publisher = Pojezierze| year = 1979| isbn = 83-7002-001-1|language=pl| author2-link = Aleksander Gieysztor}} * {{cite book| first = Marceli| last = Kosman| author-link = Marceli Kosman| title = Zmierzch Perkuna czyli ostatni poganie nad Bałtykiem| location = Warsaw| publisher = Książka i Wiedza| year = 1981|language=pl}} * {{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia = Wielka Encyklopedia PWN| edition = 1| year = 2001| article = Bałtowie|language=pl}} * {{cite book| first = Łucja| last = Okulicz-Kozaryn| author-link = Łucja Okulicz-Kozaryn| title = Życie codzienne Prusów i Jaćwięgów w wiekach średnich| location = Warsaw| publisher = Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy| year = 1983|language=pl}} * {{cite book| first = Irena| last = Čepienė| author-link = Irena Čepienė| title = Historia litewskiej kultury etnicznej| publisher = Kaunas, "Šviesa"| year = 2000| isbn = 5-430-02902-5 |language=pl}}
==External links== * {{cite book|url=http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html |first=Marija |last=Gimbutas |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Balts |year=1963 |publisher=Thames & Hudson, Gabriella |location=London, New York |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820232804/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 }} E-book of the original. * {{cite web|url=http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp |title=Forum of Lithuanian History |first=Tomas |last=Baranauskas |publisher=Historija.net |year=2003 |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906084330/http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp |archive-date=6 September 2008 |url-status = live}} * {{cite web |url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm |title=We, the Balts |first=Algirdas |last=Sabaliauskas |work=Postilla 400 |publisher=Samogitian Cultural Association |year=1998 |access-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100130/http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm |archive-date=2008-04-02 }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.astro.lt/balts/index.html|title=The Cosmology of ancient Balts|first=Vytautas|last=Straižys|author-link=Vytautas Straižys|author2=Libertas Klimka |year=1997|publisher=www.astro.lt|access-date=2008-09-05|author2-link=Libertas Klimka}}
{{Baltic ethnic groups}} {{Latvia topics}} {{Lithuania topics}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Balts Category:Indo-European peoples