{{short description|Jewish cemetery in Dublin, Ireland}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox cemetery | name = Ballybough Cemetery | image = Ballybough Cemetery gate lodge 2020.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Ballybough Cemetery gate lodge, April 2020 | established = 1718 |closed = 1958 | country = Ireland | location = 65 Fairview Strand, Ballybough, Dublin 3 | coordinates = {{coord|53|21|45|N|6|14|29|W|type:landmark_region:IE|display=inline,title}} | latitude = | longitude = | type =Jewish | style = | owner = | size = 935 m<sup>2</sup> (0.23 acre) | interments = | website = | findagraveid=2557406 }} '''Ballybough Cemetery''' ({{Langx|ga|Reilig an Bhaile Bhoicht}}) is a Jewish cemetery in Ballybough, Dublin.<ref>Oliver McQuillan. Sabbath Worship (1) – The Jewish Feast of Passover. The Furrow, Vol. 60, No. 4 (April 2009), pp. 213–222</ref><ref>W. J. P. An Historic Dublin Stream. The Irish Monthly, Vol. 41, No. 481 (Jul., 1913), pp. 389–392</ref> Founded in 1718,<ref name="books.google.ie">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOaDfYPvE8UC&q=joseph+dioderici&pg=PA34 |title=The Families of County Dublin, Ireland: Over Four Thousand Entries from the ... |author=Michael C. O'Laughlin |year=1999 |page=34 |publisher=Irish Roots Cafe |isbn=9780940134300 |accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref> it is Ireland's oldest Jewish cemetery.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeinolddublinh00colliala/page/n7/mode/2up ''Life in Old Dublin, Historical Associations of Cook Street, Three Centuries of Dublin Printing, Reminiscences of a Great Tribune''], (Dublin: J. Duffy, 1913), [https://archive.org/details/lifeinolddublinh00colliala/page/18/mode/2up?q=jew p. 18].</ref>
==Location==
The cemetery is bounded on one side by a former Royal Irish Constabulary barracks (1830–1910). On the other side is the site of Elrington House, the 1748 home of John Dioderici (also referred to as Deoderice or Dioderice),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nli.ie/pdfs/mss%20lists/067_Gardiner.pdf|title=Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann : National Library of Ireland|website=Nli.ie|date=|accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref><ref name="jewishgen.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Ireland/The_Jewish_Cemetery_Fairview_Strand.pdf |title=5618 and all that |website=Jewishgen.org |accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref> maternal grandfather of the Provost of Trinity College Dublin, Bishop Thomas Elrington.<ref name="books.google.ie"/><ref name="jewishgen.org"/>
==History== thumb|left|Gate lodge date inscription (indicating AD 1857)
In the 1700s, a small number of Jews settled in the Annadale area off Ellis Avenue (what is now Philipsburg Avenue), Fairview; most of these marrano Jews came from Spain and Portugal (with some coming from the Netherlands), escaping the Inquisition.<ref name="hiney" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eoinobrien.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/from-the-waters-of-sionjrcps1981.pdf |title="From the Waters of Sion to Liffeyside" : The Jewish Contribution: Medical and Cultural |author=Eoin O'Brien |website=Eoinobrien.org |accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref><ref>Kenneth Ferguson. Rocque's Map and the History of Nonconformity in Dublin: A Search for Meeting Houses. Dublin Historical Record, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 129–165.</ref>
On 28 October 1718, Alexander Felix (David Penso), Jacob Do Porto, and David Machado Do Sequeira, on behalf of the Ashkenazim, leased from Captain Chichester Phillips of Drumcondra Castle (an MP in the Irish Parliament)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairview-marino.com/history-of-the-jewish-cemetery|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008151437/http://www.fairview-marino.com/history-of-the-jewish-cemetery|archive-date = 2011-10-08|title = 泰兴冻诘大药房有限公司}}</ref> a plot of land on which the graveyard was subsequently built.<ref>Ball: The Parish of Clonturk – Drumcondra, with Notice of Marino and its Vicinity</ref>
The Jewish community sought assistance from German and Polish Jews in London to build a wall around the cemetery. They were refused but were later supported by the Bevis Marks Synagogue, which not only funded the wall but provided a supervisory agent from London. The title deeds for the cemetery were deposited at Bevis Marks Synagogue, where they remained as of 1906.<ref>Joseph Jacobs and Isidore Harris, "[https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5343-dublin Dublin]", ''JewishEncyclopedia.com''.</ref><ref>Leon Hühner. "The Jews of Ireland: An Historical Sketch." ''Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)'', Vol. 5 (1902–1905), pp. 226–242.</ref>
A mortuary chapel was added in 1857 (inscribed on the front is "Built in the Year 5618", following the Hebrew calendar).<ref name="hiney">[http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/ireland/The_Jewish_Cemetery_Fairview_Strand.pdf ''5619 The Jewish Cemetery on Fairview Strand''], by Diarmuid G. Hiney, Dublin Historical Record, Vol. 50, No. 2, Autumn, 1997.</ref><ref name="dailyedge.ie">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyedge.ie/graveyards-2080258-May2015/ |title=11 graveyards to visit in Ireland before you die · The Daily Edge |website=Dailyedge.ie |date=2015-05-17 |accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref> The cemetery itself contains more than 200 graves,<ref>''The Jewish cemetery at Ballybough in Dublin'' by Bernard Shillman, Paper read before the Jewish Historical Society of England, July 6, 1925</ref> the last burial there having taken place in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishireland.org/guide.html |title=Irish Jewish Community |website=www.jewishireland.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216091230/http://www.jewishireland.org/guide.html |archive-date=16 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of Dublin's Jewish community would be buried in Dolphins Barn cemetery now.
According to Diarmuid G. Hiney, "the taking of headstones and some of the bodies in fact, was quite an ordinary occurrence" in the cemetery.<ref name="hiney"/> A 1913 account in ''Life in Old Dublin'' by James Collins recounts that some headstones were stolen from the cemetery by locals: <blockquote>The Jews have now two burial grounds within our city one at Harold's Cross (lately established), the older one at Fairview. There were formerly a great number of tombs visible in this graveyard, but some have disappeared in a somewhat extraordinary manner. It is told in Whitlaw's and Walsh's History of Dublin, " That they have been stolen at different times for the purpose of converting them into hearth-stones or other uses," and in support of this theory the following evidence is given :—A Jew a short time ago (this is in 1818), paid a visit to a Christian friend in the neighbourhood of Ballybough, whom he found in the act of repairing his house. Examining his improvements he perceived near the fireplace a stone with a Hebrew inscription which intimated to the astonished Israelite that the body of his father was buried in the chimney.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifeinolddublinh00colliala/page/n7/mode/2up ''Life in Old Dublin, Historical Associations of Cook Street, Three Centuries of Dublin Printing, Reminiscences of a Great Tribune''] (Dublin: J. Duffy, 1913), [https://archive.org/details/lifeinolddublinh00colliala/page/18/mode/2up p. 18].</ref></blockquote>
A comprehensive history of the cemetery titled "The Jewish Cemetery at Ballybough in Dublin City" was delivered by Bernard Shillman on 6 July 1925 at the Jewish Historical Society of England.<ref>J. M. Rich. Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England), Vol. 11 (1924–1927), pp. vi–xiv</ref>
==Decline and refurbishment== thumb|Renovations ongoing in May 2021
From the late 1800s, the cemetery went into decline. The last burial in the 19th century was a Samuel Wachman in 1899. In the 20th century, the only burials which took place were members of the Harris family: Juliette Harris (wife of Lewis Wormser Harris) in 1908; Ernest Wormser Harris (son of Juliette and Lewis Wormser Harris) in 1946; and lastly Maude Jeanette Harris, 1958. In 1898, a new cemetery was established on Aughavannagh Road in Dolphin's Barn by Robert Bradlaw and the Dolphin's Barn Jewish Burial Society. Bradlaw was one of the founders of the St. Kevin's Parade Synagogue. The new cemetery was dedicated to Sir Moses Montefiore.<ref>Erwin R. Steinberg. James Joyce and the Critics Notwithstanding, Leopold Bloom Is Not Jewish. Journal of Modern Literature, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1981–1982), pp. 27–49</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/ireland/dublin-republic-of-ireland.html |title=Dublin: (3 cemeteries): | Ireland – International Jewish Cemetery Project |website=Iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org |date=2016-09-19 |accessdate=2016-11-16}}</ref>
In 2019, ownership of the cemetery and mortuary house was transferred to Dublin City Council from the Dublin Jewish Board of Guardians. The site is being considered for National Monument status.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Olivia|date=15 July 2019|title=Ireland's oldest Jewish cemetery to reopen after 40 years|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-oldest-jewish-cemetery-to-reopen-after-40-years-1.3956466|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-07|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715020049/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-oldest-jewish-cemetery-to-reopen-after-40-years-1.3956466 |archive-date=2019-07-15 }}</ref> A refurbishment of the mortuary house and grounds began in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Cónal|date=14 May 2021|title='New life for old graves': Council to build walls in Dublin's smaller plots so people can be buried locally|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/new-life-for-old-graves-council-to-build-columbarium-walls-in-dublins-smaller-cemeteries-5436261-May2021/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-07|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514054908/https://www.thejournal.ie/new-life-for-old-graves-council-to-build-columbarium-walls-in-dublins-smaller-cemeteries-5436261-May2021/ |archive-date=2021-05-14 }}</ref>
==Notable burials== There are 148 headstones in the cemetery. Notable burial plots include those of Alderman Lewis Harris (1812–1876).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abartaheritage.ie/ballybough-jewish-cemetery-audio-guide/|title = Ballybough Jewish Cemetery Audio Guide}}</ref> Harris's standing in the city is attested to by the eminent people who attended his burial in Ballybough:
{{Blockquote |text= Lewis Harris was buried at Ballybough and his funeral was attended by the Lord Mayor, by Aldermen, physiscians, lawyers, clergymen of the Irish Church, and every single Jew in Dublin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bulter |first1=Katherine |title=Synagogues of old Dublin |journal=Dublin Historical Record |date=1974 |volume=27 |issue=4 |page=127}}</ref> }}
The Cohen family, a prominent Jewish family who manufactured pencils, are also buried in the cemetery. The Cohens built a hut in the cemetery in 1798. This was replaced by a permanent caretaker's lodge in 1857.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bulter |first1=Katherine |title=Synagogues of old Dublin |journal=Dublin Historical Record |date=1974 |volume=27 |issue=4 |page=845}}</ref>
==In creative works== It is sometimes incorrectly described as the graveyard that author Bram Stoker, who lived nearby, used to visit when he was young, and which influenced his novel ''Dracula''.<ref name="dailyedge.ie"/> In fact, Stoker visited another nearby cemetery which was also sometimes called Ballybough Cemetery, known as the "suicide plot," which was used for suicide victims, robbers and highwaymen, through whose corpses' hearts wooden stakes were driven. This cemetery was likely located across the Luke Kelly Bridge on Clonliffe Road.<ref name="hiney" /><ref>Robert H. Bell. "Preparatory to Anything Else": Introduction to Joyce's "Hades". Journal of Modern Literature, (Indiana University Press) Vol. 24, No. 3/4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 363–499</ref><ref>M. J. Tutty. Drumcondra. Dublin Historical Record, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Sep., 1959), pp. 86–96</ref>
Inspired by the old cemetery, Dublin poet Gerry Mc Donnell (McDonnell) wrote the poetry collection ''Mud Island Elegy'', a series of imaginary monologues looking at Jewish life in 19th-century Ireland. Several of the poems found in his ''Mud Island Anthology'' were also inspired by the cemetery.<ref>Fred Johnston, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20632361?seq=1 Review: Preserver of the Tribe]", ''Books Ireland'', No. 244 (November 2001), pp. 290–292; Shai Afsai, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.35939/studiesirishrev.108.431.0298?seq=1 A Persistent Interest in the Other: Gerry Mc Donnell's Writings on Irish Jews]", ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'' Vol. 108, No. 431 (Autumn 2019), pp. 298–312.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
Category:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Ireland Category:Cemeteries in Dublin (city) Category:History of the conversos Category:Jews and Judaism in Dublin (city) Category:Jewish cemeteries in Ireland Category:Jewish Irish history Category:Portuguese-Jewish diaspora in Europe Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in Europe Category:Spanish-Jewish diaspora in Europe