Baliem Valley languages

{{Short description|Family of Trans–New Guinea languages of Papua, Indonesia}} {{For|the Dani language of Brazil|Deni language}} {{Infobox language family |name=Dani |altname=Baliem Valley |region=Baliem Valley in Highland Papua |ethnicity=Dani, Lani, Yali, ''etc'' |familycolor=Papuan |fam1=Trans–New Guinea |fam2=West Papuan Highlands (Irian Highlands) |child1=Wano |child2=Dani proper |child3=Ngalik |glotto=dani1287 |glottorefname=Dani }}

The '''Dani''' or '''Baliem Valley''' languages are a family of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Dani and related peoples in the Baliem Valley in the Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003){{citation needed|date=September 2020}} considers their Trans–New Guinea language group status to be established. They may be most closely related to the languages of Paniai Lakes, but this is not yet clear. Capell (1962)<ref>{{cite book |last=Capell |first=Arthur |year=1962 |title=Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific |edition=New and revised |series=South Pacific Commission Technical Paper |volume=136 |location=Noumea |publisher=South Pacific Commission}}</ref> posited that their closest relatives were the Kwerba languages, which Ross (2005) rejects.

==Languages== Larson (1977)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Larson |first=Gordon F. |year=1977 |title=Reclassification of Some Irian Jaya Highlands Language Families: A Lexicostatical Cross-Family Subclassification with Historical Implications |journal=Irian |volume=VI |issue=2 |pages=3–40}}</ref> divided the family into three branches based on lexicostatistics, and Nggem was later added as a fourth. The Ngalik languages are very poorly attested.

{{tree list}} * '''Dani family''' ** Wano **Nggem ** Central Dani: *** Grand Valley Dani (upper, lower, and mid dialects) *** Hupla *** Western Dani–Walak ** Ngalik: *** Nduga *** Silimo *** Yali (dialect cluster) {{tree list/end}}

==Phonemes== Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows.<ref name=ngw>{{cite web |url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley |title=Balim Valley |website=New Guinea World |last=Usher |first=Timothy}}</ref> This is identical to the reconstruction of Bromley (from 1966–1967)<ref name="Bromley-1967">{{cite journal |last=Bromley |first=Myron H. |date=June 1967 |title=The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification |journal=Oceania |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=286–305 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x |jstor=40329608}}</ref> apart from adding the rare consonants *pʷ and *mbʷ, and the possible additional vowel *ɐ.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Consonants |- ! colspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar |- ! colspan="2"|Nasal | *m || || *n || || || |- ! rowspan="3"|Stop !! Voiceless | *p || *pʷ || *t || || *k || *kʷ |- ! Pre-nasalized | *ᵐb || *ᵐbʷ || *ⁿd || || *ᵑg || *ᵑgʷ |- ! Implosive | *ɓ || || *ɗ || || || |- ! colspan="2"|Approximant | *w || || *l || *j || || |}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Vowels |- ! !! Front !! Central !! Back |- !Close |*i|| ||*u |- !Near-close |*ɪ|| ||*ʊ |- !Mid |*e||[*ɐ]||*o |- !Open | ||*a|| |}

And the diphthongs *ei, *ou, *ai, *au.

==Pronouns== Ross (1995){{citation needed|date=September 2020}} reconstructs the independent pronouns and possessive/object prefixes of Central Dani as:

:{| class="wikitable" ! !!singular!!plural |- !1 |*an, *n[a]||*ni-t, *nin[a]- |- !2 |*ka-t, *k[a]||*ki-t, *kin[a]- |- !3 |*a-t, *∅/w-||*i-t, *in[a]- |}

==Vocabulary comparison== The following basic vocabulary words are from Bromley (1967)<ref name="Bromley-1967"/> and Voorhoeve (1975),<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-85883-128-5 |doi=10.15144/PL-B31 |date=2015 |last1=Voorhoeve |first1=C.L. |title=Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists |publisher=Pacific Linguistics }}</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/?subset=D |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ''nakapak'', ''ogobak'', ''nokopak'' for “nose”) or not (e.g. ''natði'', ''nemake'', ''nabilikagen'' for “tongue”).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" ! gloss !! Dani Lower Grand Valley (Hitigima dial.) !! Dani Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dial.) !! Dani Lower Grand Valley !! Dani Mid Grand Valley !! Dani Upper Grand Valley !! Dani Western<ref name="Clouse-LakesPlain">{{cite book | last = Clouse | first = Duane A. | year = 1997 | chapter = Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya | title = Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2 | location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | volume = A-85 | isbn = 0858834421 | editor = Karl Franklin | pages = 133–236 | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145737/1/PL-A85.pdf }}</ref> !! Walak !! Silimo (South Ngalik dial.) !! Silimo !! Yali Angguruk !! Yali Pass Valley |- ! head | mʊkkʊl-oak || mʊkkʊl-oak || nukul-oaq || nʊgʊl-oak || nanupah || aneb; anobak || nalupak || naŋgul || nagʊl || nʊgʊl || hou |- ! hair | nesi || nesi || nesi || nesi || neeti || eeɾuwak; neti || niti || nenasu || nasu || notuk || hoŋ |- ! ear | nesakko || nesakko || || nasuk || natuk [nařuk] || aɾuk || natuk [nařuk] || || nesago || nɪsago || |- ! eye | neil-ekken || neil-ekken || neil-eken || nel-egen || neneken || enegen; negen || nil || nələŋgen || nɪlegen || nɪl || həŋ |- ! nose | nappisan || namisaŋ || || nakouwak-oak || nakapak || ogobak || nokopak || || nebijaŋ || nabijaŋ || |- ! tooth | naik || naik || naik || naik || nɪk || neik || naik || neniak || nɪak; neak || najek || si |- ! tongue | nameli || namili || || na∂i || namɪlɪ || amela || natði || || nemake || nabilikagen || |- ! leg | || || nesoq || || || iyok; owak || || || || || yan saŋ |- ! louse | napɪ || napɪ || navi || napɪ || napɪ || abee || napɪ || || nekepɪ; pɪ || pɪ || am |- ! dog | jekke || jekke || yake || jege || gewo || gewo; nggewo || gewo || yeŋge || mene || mene || kam |- ! pig | wam || wam || wam || wam || wa:n || wam || wam || wam || wam || wam || meya |- ! bird | sʊe || sʊe || sue || tʊe || tewe || tewe; towe || tewe || tuwe || sʊe || suwe || winaŋ |- ! egg | sʊe-kken || sʊe-kken || sue-ken || tʊe-gen || tewe-gen || eko || tewe-gen || eŋgen || sʊe-egen || suwe-gen || winaŋ won |- ! blood | mep || mep || mep || mep || mep || amiya; muya || mep || || mep || gete; mep || iniŋ |- ! bone | noak || noak || noaq || noak || nowakano || owak || nowak || || nʊak || noak || yok |- ! skin | noat || nakap || naxap || noatðo || nakatlo || agabelo || nakatðo || || nakap || nakap || pok |- ! breast | neilak || neilak || || niðak || nelak || elak || neðak || || nakamʊ || nak || |- ! tree | o || e || e || o || ejo || eyo || o || bene || e || e || |- ! man | ap || ap || ap || || ap || ap || || ap || ap || ap || nimnya |- ! woman | he; hɪmɪ || he; hʊmɪ || || he || kwe || || kwe || || kwamɪ || keap || |- ! sky | || || || || || mbogut || || || || || |- ! sun | mo || mo || mo || mʊlɪgɪ || mo || oonegen; yawo || mo; o-il || || mo || mo || hin |- ! moon | tuki || tuki || || tʊt || tʊt || tut || tʊt || || duki || bikkalem || |- ! water | i || i || i || i || ji || mio; nio; niyo || || i; ies || ik || ik || tin |- ! fire | hettouk || ettu || etu || hɪdʊ [hɪtʊ] || ɪdʊ [ɪndʊ] || endo; kani || idu || enduk || odʊk || idok || uk |- ! stone | helep || helep || helep || helegit [helekit] || jʊkum || yugum; yukum || git [ŋgit] || kəlip || kelep || kelep || kirik |- ! road, path | ke; kwe || kwe || || holak-aðem || tuwan || || tuwan || || epela || pʊgalem || |- ! name | ettake || ettake || eraxe || edaka [etaga] || edaka [endaga] || endage; etaxe || edaka || || onuk || unuk || nimnya |- ! eat | || || || || namen || namen!; ne-; nengge || || nənəm- || emen || namɪn (ɪs ?) || (kwaniŋ) etiŋ |- ! one | makke-at; pakke-at || oppakke-at || opake-at || bagɪ-at || abɪ || ambe; ambit || omagi-at || ambui || mesik || mɪsɪk || sendeik |- ! two | pete; pɪte || p:ie || pere || bete [peře] || bete [mbeře] || bere; mbeɾe || bete || pere || biten || biten || phenep |}

==Evolution== Dani reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

Grand Valley Dani language: * {{Transliteration|dni|ap}} 'man' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*ambi}} * {{Transliteration|dni|meli}} 'tongue' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*me(l,n)e}} * {{Transliteration|dni|n-esi}} 'hair' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*iti[C]}} ({{Transliteration|dni|n-}} is 1sg possessor) * {{Transliteration|dni|me(m)}} 'come' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*me-}} * {{Transliteration|dni|ket}} 'new' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*kVndak}}

Western Dani language: * {{Transliteration|dnw|ap}} 'man' < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*ambi}} * {{Transliteration|dnw|(n)iti}} < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*iti[C]}} * {{Transliteration|dnw|meli}} 'tongue' < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*me(l,n)e}} * {{Transliteration|dnw|get}} 'new' < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*kVndak}} * {{Transliteration|dnw|okut}} 'leg' < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*k(a,o)ndok[V]}} * {{Transliteration|dnw|kat(lo)}} 'skin' < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu}} * {{Transliteration|dnw|idu}} 'tree' < {{Transliteration|dnw|italic=no|*inda}}

Ngalik language: * {{Transliteration|dni|idu(k)etu}} 'tree' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*inda}} * {{Transliteration|dni|(nak) amu}} 'breast' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*amu}} * {{Transliteration|dni|tokon}} 'full' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*tVkV[ti]}} * {{Transliteration|dni|kopu}} 'smoke' < {{Transliteration|dni|italic=no|*kambu}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}} * {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}} {{Refend}}

Category:Dani languages Category:West Papuan Highlands languages Category:Languages of Western New Guinea