Baniyas

{{Short description|City in Tartous Governorate, Syria}} {{About|the port city in Syria}} {{distinguish|Banias}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Baniyas |settlement_type = City |official_name = |other_name = Balaneais, Balanaea, Balanea, Leucas, Leucas-Claudia |native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|بَانِيَاس}}}} |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = Baniyas-1.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = General view of city |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Syria |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Syria |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Syria}} |subdivision_type1 = Governorate |subdivision_name1 = Tartus |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name2 = Baniyas |subdivision_type3 = Subdistrict |subdivision_name3 = Baniyas  |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 =  |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |established_title =  |established_date = |established_title2 =  |established_date2 = |established_title3 =  |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric  |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi =  |population_as_of =2009 est. |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =43,000 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  |timezone = EET |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = EEST |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|35|10|56|N|35|56|25|E|region:SY|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes =  |elevation_m = 25 |elevation_ft =  |postal_code_type =  |postal_code = |area_code = 43 |geocode = C5360 |blank1_name = Climate |blank1_info = Csa |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }}

'''Baniyas''' ({{langx|ar|بَانِيَاس}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Bāniyās}}'') is a Mediterranean coastal city in Tartus Governorate, western Syria, located {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Latakia and {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} north of Tartus. Its ancient name was Balaneais, Balanaea or Balanea but it was also called Leucas or Leucas-Claudia.

It is known for its citrus fruit orchards and its export of wood. North of the city is an oil refinery, the largest in Syria, and a power station. The oil refinery is connected with Iraq by the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline (defunct since the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq).

On a nearby hill stands the Crusader castle of Margat (Qalʻat al-Marqab), a huge Knights Hospitaller fortress built with black basalt stone.

==History== ===Ancient=== In Phoenician and Hellenistic times, it was an important seaport. Some have identified it with the Hellenistic city of '''Leucas''' (from colonists from the island Lefkada), in Greece, mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium. It was a colony of Aradus,<ref name=":1">Strabo, ''Geographica'', 16.2.12 ([https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4 Greek source] and [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html English translation])</ref> and was placed by Stephanus in the late Roman province of Phoenicia, though it belonged rather to the province of Syria.<ref name=CE>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02215a.htm Siméon Vailhé, "Balanaea" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1907)]</ref> In Greek and Latin, it is known as '''Balanaea''' or '''Balanea''' (Βαλανέαι).

===Modern=== {{See also|Siege of Baniyas|2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites|March 2025 Western Syria clashes}}

During the early 21st century Syrian civil war, rebel sources reported that a massacre took place on 2 May 2013, perpetrated by regime forces.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22410392 "Syrians flee 'massacres' in Baniyas and al-Bayda,"] BBC (4 May 2013). Retrieved 6 May 2013.</ref> On 3 May,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/348439/at-least-62-bodies-found-in-syria-banias-watchdog |title=At least 62 bodies found in Syria's Banias: watchdog |publisher=Bangkokpost.com |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref> another massacre was, according to SOHR, perpetrated in the Ras al-Nabaa district of Baniyas causing hundreds of Sunni residents to flee their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/05/201354134851189993.html |title=Syrians flee coastal town after mass killings |publisher=Aljazeera.com |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref> According to one opposition report, a total of 77 civilians, including 14 children, were killed.<ref name="massacres">{{cite web|author=Jim Muir |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22410392 |title=Syrians flee 'massacres' in Baniyas and al-Bayda |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2013-05-04 |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref> Another two opposition groups documented, by name, 96–145 people who are thought to have been executed in the district.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Violations Documenting Center in Syria |url=http://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/en/martyrs |title=VDC Martyrs |publisher=Vdc-sy.info |access-date=2014-01-06 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006215053/http://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/en/martyrs |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=369755133132831&set=a.150495128392167.28686.121855461256134&type=1 |title=145 civilians (34 children, 40 women, 71 men) killed in the Banias massacre |publisher=Facebook.com |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref> Four pro-government militiamen and two soldiers were also killed in the area in clashes with rebel fighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/365811523527192 |title=Death toll for Friday 3/5/2013: More than 130 people killed yesterday in Syria |publisher=Facebook.com |access-date=2014-01-06}}</ref>

==== 2025 massacres ==== After the overthrow of the Assad regime in late 2024, several massacres were occurring throughout the country with the most notable recent incident on the coast affecting several areas, including Baniyas city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snhr.org/blog/2025/02/01/236-civilian-deaths-including-32-children-and-18-women-as-well-as-one-womans-death-due-to-torture-documented-in-syria-in-january-2025-21-civilians-were-killed-by-sdf/ |title= Civilian Deaths in January 2025}}</ref> From 6 March 2025, according to the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), over 1,000 people were killed in clashes between militias loyal to the HTS and militias loyal to the deposed president Bashar al-Assad, including more than 745 confirmed civilian deaths caused by the current government forces and the Syrian security forces. The massacres occurring negatively affected the Alawite population in the area causing many to flee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/they-left-nobody-more-than-600-people-killed-in-some-of-syrias-deadliest-violence-13324440 |title=More than 1,000 people killed in some of Syria's deadliest violence}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dw.com/en/syria-hundreds-of-civilians-killed-in-reported-reprisals/a-71864784 |title=Hundreds of civilians killed in reported reprisals}}</ref>

==Climate== Baniyas has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification ''Csa''). Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The average annual temperature in Baniyas is {{convert|19.3|°C|1}}. About {{convert|862|mm|2|abbr=on}} of precipitation falls annually.

{{Weather box|location = Baniyas |metric first = Y |single line = Y

|source = Climate-Data.org, Climate data |date=19 January 2018}}

== Bishopric == The bishopric of Balanea was a suffragan of Apamea, the capital of the Roman province of Syria Secunda, as is attested in a 6th-century ''Notitiae Episcopatuum''.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/echosdorient10pariuoft#page/n99/mode/2up ''Echos d'Orient'' 1907], p. 94.</ref> When Justinian established a new civil province, Theodorias, with Laodicea as metropolis, Balanea was incorporated into it, but continued to depend ecclesiastically on Apamea, till it obtained the status of an exempt bishopric directly subject to the Patriarch of Antioch.<ref name=CE/>

Its first known bishop, Euphration, took part in the Council of Nicaea in 325 and was exiled by the Arians in 335 later Timotheus was at both the Robber Council of Ephesus in 449 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451. In 536, Theodorus was one of the signatories of a letter to the emperor Justinian against Severus of Antioch and other non-Chalcedonians. Stephanus participated in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.<ref>Michel Lequien, [https://books.google.com/books?id=86weAemI-e4C ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus''], Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 921-924</ref><ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae''], Leipzig 1931, p. 436</ref>

During the Crusades, Balanea became an episcopal see of the Latin Church, called '''Valenia''' or '''Valania''' in the West. It was situated within the Principality of Antioch and was suffragan to the Latin metropolitan see of Apamea, whose archbishop intervened in the nomination of bishops of the suffragan see in 1198 and 1215.<ref>Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', vol. 8, p. 139</ref><ref>Jean Richard, [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/syria_0039-7946_1946_num_25_1_4449 ''Note sur l'archidiocèse d'Apamée et les conquêtes de Raymond de Saint-Gilles en Syrie du Nord''], in ''Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire'', Year 1946, Volume 25, n° 1, pp. 103–108 (especially p. 107)</ref><ref>Du Cange, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0uvSxcRaoKoC&pg=PA814 ''Les familles d’outre-mer''], Paris 1869, p. 814</ref> For reasons of security, the bishop lived in Margat Castle.<ref name=CE/>

No longer a residential bishopric, Balanea is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 845</ref>

== People ==   *Anas Al-Sheghri (born 1988), a Syrian civil war activist.<ref>[http://freesyriantranslators.net/2012/07/30/faces-from-the-syrian-revolution-anas-al-sheghri/ Free Syrian Translators: Faces from the Syrian Revolution: Anas Al-Sheghri]</ref>

== See also ==

* List of Crusader castles

== References == {{Commons category}} {{Catholic|wstitle=Balanaea |first=Siméon |last=Vailhé |volume=2}} {{Reflist}}

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Category:Baniyas Category:Cities in Syria Balanea Category:Populated places in Baniyas District Category:Populated coastal places in Syria Category:Phoenician cities