{{Short description|American geologist (1857–1949)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Bailey Willis | image =BaileyWillis_1897.jpg | image_size = | caption = Willis in 1897 | birth_date = March 31, 1857 | birth_place = New York | death_date = {{death-date and age|February 19, 1949|March 31, 1857}} | death_place = Palo Alto, California | residence = | citizenship = | ethnicity = | field = Geology Seismology | work_institutions = United States Geological Survey Stanford University | alma_mater = Columbia University | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | prizes = Penrose Medal <small>(1944)</small> | religion = | footnotes = | signature = }} '''Bailey Willis''' (March 31, 1857 in Idle Wild-on-Hudson, New York, United States – February 19, 1949 in Palo Alto, California) was a geological engineer who worked for the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and lectured at two prominent American universities. He also played a key role in getting Mount Rainier designated as a national park in 1899. After later focusing more on seismology, he became one of the world's leading earthquake experts of his time.<ref>[http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/chronob/WILL1857.htm Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches]. Accessed March 13, 2008.</ref> He was also a prominent opposer of the continental drift theory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Robert P. |date=1995 |title=American Intransigence: The Rejection of Continental Drift in the Great Debates of the 1920's |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24137198 |journal=Earth Sciences History |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=62–83 |doi=10.17704/eshi.14.1.8664862716123568 |jstor=24137198 |bibcode=1995ESHis..14...62N |issn=0736-623X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Early life and family== Bailey Willis was born March 31, 1857, the son of poet and publisher Nathaniel Parker Willis and Cornelia Grinnell Willis. His brother was Grinnell Willis. His father died when he was only ten years old.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1301825 | isbn=978-0198606697 | doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301825 | year=2000 | last1=Champlin | first1=Margaret D. | title=Willis, Bailey (1857–1949), geologist }}</ref> At the age of thirteen he was taken to England and Germany for four years of schooling, and thus acquired fluency in German at a time when many scientific texts were only available in that language. He entered Columbia University and in five years completed his studies with the degrees of mechanical (1878) and civil (1879) engineer.
Willis married his cousin, Altona Grinnell, in 1882, but she died in 1896. The couple had two children, Marion, who died in infancy, and Hope, later Mrs. Seward H. Rathbun. In 1898 he married Margaret Baker, daughter of Dr. Frank Baker of Georgetown University, who was also superintendent of the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. The children of his second marriage are Cornelius G. Willis, Robin Willis and Margaret (Mrs. Donald F.) Smith. The family lived for many years on the Stanford University campus. Margaret Willis died in 1941.<ref name=blackwelder>{{Cite book|authorlink=Eliot Blackwelder| last = Blackwelder | first = Eliot | title = Bailey Willis 1857–1949 | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | year = 1961 | page = 342 |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/willis-bailey.pdf}}</ref>
==Career== After receiving degrees in mining engineering and civil engineering, Willis worked from 1881 to 1884 as a survey geologist for Northern Pacific Railroad looking for sources of coal. Called the "boy boss" by work crews during his work looking for coal, he began studying the geology of Mount Rainier, the Cascade Range, and the Rocky Mountains.<ref>{{cite book|author=Margaret D. Champlin|title=Willis, Bailey|url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1301825|work=American National Biography|date=1999|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301825|isbn=978-0198606697|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> From 1884 to 1915, he worked for the USGS, being named director of the Appalachian division in 1889.<ref name="blackwelder" /> In 1893 he published "The Mechanics of Appalachian Structure"<ref>{{cite book|author=Bailey Willis|title=The Mechanics of Appalachian Structure|url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicsappala00willgoog|year=1891|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/mechanicsappala00willgoog/page/n25 3]}}</ref> in the ''Report of the United States Geological Survey''. From 1895 to 1902 he lectured on geology at Johns Hopkins University. In 1900 he was appointed head of the Division of Areal Geology of the USGS. In 1903 he received a grant of $12,000 from the newly established Carnegie Institution of Washington to lead an expedition to northern China, an experience which was later described in his book ''Friendly China''.<ref>''Kansas City Times'' "A Report on the Work of the Carnegie Institute,"December 30, 1903 p.4</ref> He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Bailey+Willis&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
From 1910 until 1914 he consulted for the government of Argentina<ref>[https://archive.org/details/geografadepanam00valdgoog ''Geografía de Panamá: Character and Resources''] on Internet Archive</ref> an experience later recorded in his book ''A Yanqui in Patagonia''.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3634775|jstor=3634775 |last1=Nichols |first1=Madaline W. |title=Reviewed work: ''A Yanqui in Patagonia'' by Bailey Willis |journal=Pacific Historical Review |year=1948 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=72–73 }}</ref> Willis also called for comprehensive state intervention in the enforcement of the national park at Lake Nahuel Huapí. He was commissioned by the Director General de Agricultura, Dr. Julio López Mañán, to prepare a study on the Nahuel Huapi National Park. This study first appeared in 1913 in a brochure published by the Dirección de Agricultura y Defensa Agrícola and was later reprinted in his book ''El Norte de la Patagonia'' under the title "Parque Nacional del Sud". Willis had probably discussed these ideas intensively with Moreno and also with Emilio Frey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaltmeier |first1=Olaf |title=National Parks from North to South. An Entangled History of Conservation and Colonization in Argentina |date=2021 |publisher=WVT, UNO |location=Trier, New Orleans |pages=25–30}}</ref> thumb|''Left to right:'' Bailey Willis, Lugrubuel, and Emilio Frey, 1911
When he returned to the United States in 1915 he was named Head of the Stanford University Geology Department.<ref>San Francisco Chronicle, "Dr.Bailey Willis is Department Head" June 29, 1915 p.7</ref> He led a vigorous public campaign in the 1920s to raise awareness of earthquake hazards and safe building practices. It is claimed that many of California's early building codes were inspired by experiments performed by Willis on an "earthquake table" at Stanford University.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pescaderomemories.com/2009/01/10/stanfords-bailey-willis-hunted-shakes-all-over-the-world/ | title=Stanford's Bailey Willis hunted "shakes" all over the world | Pescadero Memories }}</ref> Willis, concerned about the dangers of earthquakes convinced engineers to dig the foundation of the southern tower of the Golden Gate Bridge deeper.<ref>February 21, 1949 San Francisco Examiner "Dr. Bailey Willis Famed Earthquake Expert, Dies"</ref> After finishing his work with the USGS, he was appointed as a professor and chairman of the geology department at Stanford University, where he served until 1922. In 1920, he was elected to the National Academy of the Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bailey Willis |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001670.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=nasonline.org}}</ref> He was president of the Seismological Society of America from 1921 to 1926, during which time he published his ''Geologic Structures''. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1928.<ref>Fairchild, Herman LeRoy, 1932, The Geological Society of America 1888–1930, a Chapter in Earth Science History: New York, The Geological Society of America, 232 p.</ref><ref>Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America – Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, 168 p. {{ISBN|081371155X}}.</ref> On July 11, 1927, while in Cairo, Egypt, he heard that a destructive earthquake struck the Holy Land. The day after, he took a private flight from Cairo to Palestine, made observations of the impacted sites, and stayed there for several days to further investigate. A year later, he published his findings in the Bulitin of Seismological Society of America.<ref>Willis, B., 1928. Earthquakes in the Holy land. B.S.S.A., 18: pp. 72–03.</ref> In 1928, he published "Continental Drift" in the ''SP 2: Theory of Continental Drift'', by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, where he rejects the theory. Stating "After considering the theory of continental drift with avowed impartiality, the author concludes by means of geophysical, geological and paleontologic reasoning that it should be rejected, because the original suggestion of the idea sprang from a similarity of form (coast lines of Africa and South America) which in itself constitutes no demonstration, because such a drift would have destroyed the similarity by faulting, and because other contradictions destroy the necessary consequences of the hypothesis." In 1932, he published "Isthmian Links"<ref>Willis, Bailey, 1932, Isthmian Links: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 43, no. 4, pp. 917–952, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/43/4/917/3311/isthmian-links (last accessed January 5, 2017).</ref> in the ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of America''.{{Blockquote|text=I confess that my reason refuses to consider "continental drift" possible.... When conclusive negative evidence regarding any hypothesis is available, that hypothesis should, in my judgment, be placed in the discard, since further discussion of it merely incumbers the literature and befogs the mind of fellow students .... Thus the theory of continental drift is a fairy tale, ein Märchen. It is a fascinating fancy which has captured imaginations.|title=Continental drift, ein Märchen|source=''American Journal of Science'' 242.9 (1944): 509-513.}}
==Honors== Among the numerous honors which came to Willis during his long life were an honorary Ph.D. degree from the University of Berlin and the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of France in 1910, the Legion of Honor, Belgium, in 1936, and in 1944 he was awarded the Penrose Medal by the Geological Society of America.<ref name="WKU-Smith">Smith., Charles H. "Willis, Bailey geology." [http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/chronob/WILL1857.htm Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches]. Accessed March 13, 2008.</ref> From 1921 to 1927 he was President of the Seismological Society.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045604909352012?journalCode=raag20|doi = 10.1080/00045604909352012|title = Bailey Willis, 1857–1949|year = 1949|last1 = Visher|first1 = S. S.|journal = Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume = 39|issue = 4|pages = 291–292|url-access = subscription}}</ref>
The Willis Wall on the north face of Mount Rainier is named for him,<ref name=majors>{{Cite book| last = Majors | first = Harry M. | title = Exploring Washington | publisher = Van Winkle Publishing Co | year = 1975 | page = 125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ| isbn = 978-0918664006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/management/upload/Geologic-Features-and-Processes.pdf|title=Geologic Features and Processes|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> and ''Choconsaurus baileywillisi'' is also named for him.<ref name="Choconsaurus">{{citation|first1=Edith|last1=Simón|first2=Leonardo|last2=Salgado|year=2017|title=A new titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Neuquén Province, Argentina|journal=Ameghiniana|volume=55|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318931668|accessdate=2020-03-16|pages=1–29|first3=Jorge O.|last3=Calvo |doi=10.5710/AMGH.01.08.2017.3051|hdl=11336/89326 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Blackwelder, Eliot. "Bailey Willis: 1857–1949: A Biographical Memoir". Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1961. http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/willis-bailey.pdf * Wills, Bailey. ''Friendly China: Two Thousand Miles Afoot Among the Chinese''. Stanford University Press, 1949. * View [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/13134 works by Bailey Willis] at Biodiversity Heritage Library. * Willis, Bailey. ''Continental Drift'' AAPG Datapages [http://archives.datapages.com.libresources1.sait.ab.ca/data/specpubs/structu1/images/a150/a1500001/0050/00760.pdf] * Vicher, S.S. Annals of the Association of American Geographers "Bailey Willis 1857–1949" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045604909352012?journalCode=raag20
==External links== * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Bailey Willis |sopt=t}} * {{Librivox author |id=9596}} * [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Willis,%20Bailey,%201857-1949%22&type=author&inst= Works by Bailey Willis] at HathiTrust
{{Presidents of the Geological Society of America}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Willis, Bailey}} Category:1857 births Category:1949 deaths Category:American geologists Category:Penrose Medal winners Category:Wollaston Medal winners Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:United States Geological Survey personnel Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Category:Presidents of the Geological Society of America Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society