{{Infobox royalty | name = Baghdad Khatun | title = | image = | caption = | succession = [[Empress consort]] of the [[Ilkhanate]] | reign = {{circa}} 1327 – {{circa}} 1333 | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 16 December 1335 | death_place = [[Ilkhanate]] | burial_place = | consort = yes | spouse = [[Hasan Buzurg]]<br>[[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]] | house = Chupanid (by birth)<br>Jalayirid (by marriage)<br>[[Borjigin]] (by marriage) | father = [[Chupan]] | mother = | religion = [[Islam]] | image_size = }}
'''Baghdad Khatun''' ({{langx|fa|بغداد خاتون}}; died 16 December 1335) (lit. Queen Baghdad), was a Chobanid princess, the daughter of [[Chupan]]. She was the [[Queen consort|empress consort]] of the [[Ilkhanate]] as the wife of [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]].
==Family== Baghdad Khatun was the daughter of Emir [[Chupan]], who was the leading Mongol amir of the Ilkhanid period.<ref>{{cite book|first=Masudul|last=Hasan|title=Daughters of Islam: Being Short Biographical Sketches of 82 Damous Mulim Women|publisher=Hazrat Data Ganj Baksh Academy|year=1976|pages=102}}</ref> She had four full brothers [[Hassan (Chupanids)|Hasan]], [[Demasq Kaja]], [[Timurtash]] and [[Shaikh Mahmoud]].<ref name="khatun">{{cite web|last1=Charles|first1=Melville|last2=Zaryab|first2=Abbas|title=CHOBANIDS|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chobanids-chupanids-pers|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
==Marriages== ===Hasan Buzurg=== In 1323, Baghdad Khatun married Amir Shaikh [[Hasan Buzurg]], the son of Amir Husayn Kurkan, the son of Amir Aq Buqa Jalayir.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=183}} In 1325 Abu Sa'id, aged twenty, fell in love with Baghdad and wanted to marry her, although she was married to Shaikh Hasan.<ref>{{cite book|first=George|last=Lane|title=Daily life in the Mongol Empire|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|pages=251|isbn=978-0-313-33226-5}}</ref> He requested her hand from her father Chupan through intermediaries. At that time it was understood that according to the Genggisid law any woman sought by the Khan was to be given a divorce by her husband and sent to the emperor's harem.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=183-4}}
On the other hand, Chupan did not obey Abu Sa'id's order in the case of his own daughter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Akbar Shāh K̲h̲ān Najībābādī|title=History of Islam (Vol 3)|publisher=Darussalam|year=2001|pages=319|isbn=978-9-960-89293-1}}</ref> In fact, Chupan did not refuse his order openly, but he put him off. He sent his daughter and son-in-law to [[Qarah Bagh, North Khorasan|Qarabagh]] and Abu Sa'id to [[Baghdad]] for the winter. But after the winter, Chupan did not give any answer to Abu Sa'id and in order to relive the situation, he realized that the best course of action was for him to absent himself from the emperor's court for a few days. When he went, he took along the vizier Giyath al-Mulk and other emirs, which provoked the Sultan against him.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=192}}
When Chupan left for [[Khurasan]], the rival emirs instigated Abu Sa'id against Chupan's son Dimasq Kaja, and had him executed in 1327.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=192-3}} After the execution of his son, Chupan spoke reproachfully about Abu Sa'id, and in a combat with his soldiers he was killed.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=193-4}}
===Abu Sa'id=== After Chupan, there was no hindrance for Abu Sa‘id to marry Baghdad.<ref>{{cite book|title=Iqbal|year=1955|pages=63}}</ref> This time, he sent Qazi to ask for Baghdad from her husband Hasan. Baghdad got divorced and married Abu Sa'id. After her marriage, Baghdad began to take an active part in all administrative and fiscal affairs. Abu Sa'id gave her very rich yarlighs, which means that, besides her political power, she had also very rich economic resources. She became very effective in political matters with vizier Giyath al-Din Mahmud Rashidi. By using this opportunity, she executed the enemies of her father and her brothers and avenged them.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=195-6}} Abu Sa'id's mother, Hajji Khatun regarded Baghdad as a rival to her influence over Abu Sa'id.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Hope|title= Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|pages=195|isbn=978-0-198-76859-3}}</ref>
She received the title Khodawandigar (Great lord). Using her power, Baghdad Khatun prevented the marriage of Chupan's widow Korducin Khatun to Malik Ghiyath ud-Din of Herat, who had murdered her father in 1327. She had also managed to gain respectful treatment of her stepmother [[Sati Beg]] Khatun and Sati's son Surgan.<ref name="khatun"/>
In 1331–32, it was said that Baghdad Khatun and her former husband Shaikh Hasan met secretly and even made a plan to kill Abu Sa'id. One year later, it was understood that this was only gossip, but this event curbed their power, and he was appointed as governor of [[Anatolia]]. During this time, Abu Sa'id fell in love with [[Dilshad Khatun]], Baghdad's niece, the daughter of Dimasq Kaja and granddaughter of Chupan.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=196-7}} He divorced Baghdad and married her in 1333.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ghiyās̲ al-Dīn ibn Humām al-Dīn Khvānd Mīr|title=Habibü's-siyer: Moğol ve Türk hâkimiyeti|publisher=Harvard University|year=1994|pages=125}}</ref> Baghdad lost her power and authority to a great extent. At the end of his life, he was not happy with his wives but loved Dilshad very much.{{sfn|Dalkesen|2007|p=196}} This made Baghdad very jealous.<ref>{{cite book|first=John W.|last=Limbert|title=Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City|publisher=University of Washington Press|date=October 1, 2011|pages=76|isbn=978-0-295-80288-6}}</ref>
==Death== After Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, [[Arpa Ke'un]] was crowned on the Ilkhanid realm but Baghdad did not obey him and he executed her on the pretext of her secret alliance with the enemy [[Öz Beg Khan]] and poisoning of Abu Sa'id. She was beaten to death by Khwaja Lulu, a Greek slave, in the bath on 16 December 1335.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bayarsaikhan |last=Dashdondog |title= The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335) |publisher= BRILL |date= December 7, 2010|pages=216|isbn=978-9-004-18635-4}}</ref><ref name="khatun"/><ref>{{cite book |title= Papers on Inner Asia - Issue 30 |publisher= Indiana University |year= 1999 |pages=45 }}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
==Sources== *{{cite book |first=Nilgün |last= Dalkesen |title= Genger Roles and Women's Status in Central Asia and Anatolia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Thesis) |year=2007 }}
[[Category:1335 deaths]] [[Category:Chobanids]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:14th-century Mongol women]] [[Category:Princesses]] [[Category:Mongol empresses]] [[Category:People from the Ilkhanate]] [[Category:14th-century Muslims]] [[Category:Murdered royalty]] [[Category:Deaths by beating]]