{{Short description|Cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'', BWV 146}} {{Infobox Bach composition | title = {{lang|de|Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal}} | bwv = 146 | type = Church cantata | composer = J. S. Bach | image = Thomaskirche-1885.png | caption = Thomaskirche, Leipzig | occasion = Jubilate | composed = 1726 or 1727 | movements = 8 | bible = {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Acts|chapter=14|verse=22}} | vocal = {{abbr|SATB|soprano, alto, tenor and bass}} choir and solo | instrumental = {{hlist | flauto traverso | 2 oboes d'amore | taille | organ | 2 violins | viola | continuo }} }} '''{{lang|de|Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal}}''' (We must [pass] through great sadness), '''{{abbr|BWV|Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (catalogue of Bach's works)}}{{nbsp}}146''', is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, a church cantata for the third Sunday after Easter. Bach composed it in Leipzig in 1726 or 1727.
== History and words == Bach composed the cantata in Leipzig for the Third Sunday after Easter, called Jubilate.<ref name="Dürr" /> The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle of Peter, "Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=1 Peter|chapter=2|verse=11|range=–20}}), and from the Gospel of John, Jesus announcing his second coming in his Farewell Discourse ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=John|chapter=16|verse=16|range=–23}}). Bach contrasted sorrow and joy in earlier cantatas for the same occasion, first in Weimar in 1714, {{lang|de|''Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen'', BWV 12 |italic=unset}}, then in Leipzig in 1725, {{lang|de|''Ihr werdet weinen und heulen'', BWV 103 |italic=unset}}. The unknown poet chose a quote from {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Acts|chapter=14|verse=22}} to begin the cantata, "We must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God", which Salomon Franck had already used for the first recitative of {{lang|de|Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen}}. The three following movements deplore the sufferings in the world, whereas three more movements depict the joyful hope for a better life in the Kingdom of God. The theme throughout his texts is a longing for death. Movement 5 is a paraphrase of {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=126|verse=5|range=–20}}, which Brahms also chose for his Requiem, "They that sow in tears shall reap in joy". Movement 6 refers to {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Romans|chapter=8|verse=18}}, "For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us". Only the music but not the words of the closing chorale is extant. The ninth stanza of {{ill|Gregorius Richter|qid=Q55845991|lt=Gregorius Richter's}} hymn "{{lang|de|Lasset ab von euren Tränen|italic=no}}" has been suggested by Alfred Dürr as a possible text for this closing chorale.<ref name="Dürr" /> Klaus Hofmann suggested "{{lang|de|Freu dich sehr, o meine Seele|italic=no}}" by Christoph Demantius.<ref name="Hofmann" />
The earliest possible date for the first performance is 12 May 1726.<ref name="Hofmann" /> 4 May 1727 is another possibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bach digital – ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'' BWV 146 |url=https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000179 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.bach-digital.de}}</ref>
== Scoring and structure == The cantata in eight movements is scored for soprano, alto, tenor and bass soloists, a four-part choir, flauto traverso, two oboes d'amore, taille (tenor oboe), organ, two violins, viola and basso continuo.<ref name="Dürr" />
# Sinfonia # Chorus: {{lang|de|Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal in das Reich Gottes eingehen|italic=no}} # Aria (alto): {{lang|de|Ich will nach dem Himmel zu|italic=no}} # Recitative (soprano): {{lang|de|Ach! wer doch schon im Himmel wär!|italic=no}} # Aria (soprano): {{lang|de|Ich säe meine Zähren|italic=no}} # Recitative (tenor): {{lang|de|Ich bin bereit, mein Kreuz geduldig zu ertragen|italic=no}} # Aria (tenor, bass): {{lang|de|Wie will ich mich freuen, wie will ich mich laben|italic=no}} # Chorale: {{lang|de|Denn wer selig dahin fähret}} or {{lang|de|Freu dich sehr, o meine Seele|italic=no}}
== Music ==
Two movements of the cantata, the Sinfonia and the first movement, are related to Bach's Harpsichord Concerto in D minor, BWV 1052, which was possibly derived from a lost violin concerto. The original music for the cantata is also lost, but scholars are convinced that it is a work of Bach. He used an instrumental concerto in a similar way for movements of his cantatas {{lang|de|''Gott soll allein mein Herze haben'', BWV 169 |italic=unset}}, and {{lang|de|''Ich geh und suche mit Verlangen'', BWV 49 |italic=unset}}, where his authorship is beyond doubt.<ref name="Dürr" />
Bach reworked the first movement of the harpsichord concerto to an organ concerto, expanding the strings by woodwind instruments. He changed the second movement to a choral movement by embedding vocal parts in the music, but this time without additional woodwinds.<ref name="Dürr" /> Brian Robins commented: <blockquote>The opening chorus is superimposed onto the deeply moving slow movement of the concerto, the anguish of the repeated (ostinato) bass line ideally underlining a text concerned with the tribulation that must be endured before the kingdom of heaven is attained.<ref name="Robins" /></blockquote> Musicologist Julian Mincham describes the process of changing a harpsichord concerto movement to a chorus with obbligato organ in detail: <blockquote>The original thirteen-bar throbbing ritornello theme is retained but its function has changed. The voices soar above it from the very first bar and continue to enhance it throughout its six appearances in different tonal environments. The ritornello theme has virtually become a free "ground bass" throughout. The tortuous melodic line, the main focus of attention in the concerto setting, has now become an obbligato melody of secondary significance. It is played by the organ, the first time Bach has used the instrument in this way in a chorus. The choir rises magnificently above everything else establishing itself as the dominant musical force, even appearing to disregard the phrasing of the original composition. All that was of primary importance in the concerto is now secondary to the chorus and its message. This momentous adagio, seemingly complete in its version for strings and harpsichord, has taken on a whole new dimension of musical meaning.<ref name="Mincham" /></blockquote>
Hofmann summarizes: "Filled with lamenting in the spirit of the Passion, the movement gains its intensity from the dense and dissonant harmonic expressiveness, and incorporates ostinato phrases whose regular appearances seem to illustrate inevitability."<ref name="Hofmann" />
The third movement is an alto aria with violin obbligato, which transcends "{{lang|de|dem Himmel zu|italic=no}}" (towards Heaven).<ref name="Dellal" /> The following recitative, a lament on the persecution in the world, is accompanied by long chords in the strings. Movement 5 illustrates in two sections the opposition of sowing with tears and reaping with joy, accompanied by a flute and two oboes d'amore. Movement 7 is probably derived from a secular dance-like movement in da capo form. A ritornello frames the first section, continuo only accompanies the middle section. The final chorale is set for four parts on the melody of "{{lang|de|Werde munter, mein Gemüte|italic=no}}".<ref name="Dürr" /><ref name="chorale melody" />
== Recordings == * ''Die Bach Kantate Vol. 33'', Helmuth Rilling, Gächinger Kantorei, Bach-Collegium Stuttgart, Helen Donath, Marga Höffgen, Kurt Equiluz, Hanns-Friedrich Kunz, Hänssler 1973 * ''J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk – Sacred Cantatas Vol. 6'', Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Tölzer Knabenchor, Concentus Musicus Wien, soloist of the Tölzer Knabenchor, Paul Esswood, Kurt Equiluz, Thomas Hampson, Teldec 1980 * ''Bach Cantatas Vol. 24: Altenburg/Warwick'', John Eliot Gardiner, Monteverdi Choir, English Baroque Soloists, {{ill|Brigitte Geller|de}}, William Towers, Mark Padmore, Julian Clarkson, Soli Deo Gloria 2000 * ''Bach Edition Vol. IV–16'', Pieter Jan Leusink, Holland Boys Choir, Nethertlands Bach Collegium, Marjon Strijk, Sytse Buwalda, Marcel Beekman, Bas Ramselaar, Brilliant Records, 2000 * ''J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 15'' – Sibylla Rubens, Bogna Bartosz, James Gilchrist, Klaus Mertens, Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir, Ton Koopman, Antoine Marchand 2001 * ''J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 19 (Cantatas from Leipzig 1724)'', Masaaki Suzuki, Bach Collegium Japan, Rachel Nicholls, Robin Blaze, Gerd Türk, Peter Kooy, BIS 2008
== References == {{reflist | 30em | refs =
<ref name="Dellal">{{cite web | last = Dellal | first = Pamela | author-link = Pamela Dellal | url = https://www.emmanuelmusic.org/bach-translations/bwv-146 | title=Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal | publisher = Emmanuel Music | access-date = 3 September 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="Dürr">{{cite book | last = Dürr | first = Alfred | author-link = Alfred Dürr | others = Translated by Richard D. P. Jones | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m9JuwslMcq4C&pg=PA311 | chapter = ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'', BWV 146 | title = The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2006 | pages = 311–315 | isbn = 978-0-19-929776-4 }}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann">{{cite web | last = Hofmann | first = Klaus | author-link = Klaus Hofmann | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Suzuki-C44c%5BBIS-SACD1791%5D.pdf | title = ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal in das Reich Gottes eingehen'', BWV 146 / ''We must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God'' | publisher = Bach Cantatas website | page = 5 | year = 2008 | access-date = 21 November 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="Mincham">{{cite web | last = Mincham | first = Julian | url = https://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-14-bwv-146 | title = Chapter 14 BWV 146 ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'' | publisher = jsbachcantatas.com | year = 2010 | access-date = 3 September 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="Robins">{{AllMusic | last = Robins | first = Brian | class = composition | id = mc0002356028 | title = Cantata No. 146, ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'', BWV 146 | access-date = 10 May 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="chorale melody">{{cite web | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/CM/Werde-munter.htm | title = Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Werde munter, mein Gemüte | publisher = Bach Cantatas website | access-date = 17 April 2013 }}</ref>
}}
== Sources == * {{IMSLP|work=Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal in das Reich Gottes eingehen, BWV 146 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)|cname=''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'', BWV 146}} * [https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000179?lang=en "''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal'' BWV 146; BC A 70 / Sacred cantata (4th Sunday of Easter)"] Bach Digital * [https://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV146.htm "Cantata BWV 146 ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal in das Reich Gottes eingehen''], history, scoring, sources for text and music, translations to various languages, discography, discussion, Bach Cantatas website * [https://www.uvm.edu/~classics/faculty/bach/BWV146.html "BWV 146 ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal''"], English translation, University of Vermont * [https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~wfb/cantatas/146.html "BWV 146 ''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal''], text, scoring, University of Alberta * {{Cite AV media notes | last = Gardiner | first = John Eliot | author-link = John Eliot Gardiner | url = https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_SDG107 | title = Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 12, 103, 108, 117, 146 & 166 | publisher = Soli Deo Gloria (at Hyperion Records website) | year = 2005 | access-date = 11 May 2019|ref=none }}
== External links == * [http://allofbach.com/en/bwv/bwv-146/ "''Wir müssen durch viel Trübsal in das Reich Gottes eingehen'', BWV 146"], performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wir Mussen Durch Viel Trubsal Bwv 146}} Category:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Category:Psalm-related compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Category:1726 compositions Category:1728 compositions