Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut, BWV 113

{{Short description|Chorale cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{good article}} {{Infobox Bach composition | name = {{lang|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}} | bwv = 113 | type = Chorale cantata | composer = J. S. Bach | image = Gelijkenis van een farizeeër en een tollenaar, RP-P-OB-44.953.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | caption = 18th-century depiction of Pharisee and tax collector | occasion = {{nowrap|Eleventh Sunday after Trinity}} | performed = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1724|08|20|df=y}}|location=Leipzig}} | movements = 8 | chorale = {{based on|"{{langr|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}}"|Bartholomäus Ringwaldt}} | vocal = {{abbr|SATB|soprano, alto, tenor and bass}} choir and solo | instrumental = {{hlist | 2 oboes d'amore | flauto traverso | 2 violins | viola | continuo }} }} '''{{lang|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}}''' (Lord Jesus Christ, O highest good),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} '''{{abbr|BWV|Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (catalogue of Bach's works)}}{{nbsp}}113''', is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for the eleventh Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 20 August 1724. It is based on the eight stanzas of the 1588 hymn "{{langr|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}}" by Bartholomäus Ringwaldt, a penitential song.

The cantata belongs to Bach's chorale cantata cycle, the second cantata cycle during his tenure as Thomaskantor that began in 1723. Unusually for the cycle, the cantata text remains close to the chorale poetry, retaining the first, second, fourth and last stanzas unchanged and using quotations from other stanzas; the text of the fourth stanza is interspersed with contemporary lines by an unknown librettist, who also paraphrased the remaining stanzas. The first movement is a chorale fantasia, while the middle solo movements alternate arias and recitative. The work is closed by a four-part chorale setting. The cantata is scored for four vocal soloists, a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes d'amore, flauto traverso, strings and basso continuo.

== History, hymn and words == Bach composed the cantata in Leipzig for the Eleventh Sunday after Trinity as part of his chorale cantata cycle.{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}}{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle to the Corinthians, on the gospel of Christ and his (Paul's) duty as an apostle ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=1 Corinthians|chapter=15|verse=1|range=–10}}), and from the Gospel of Luke, the parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke|chapter=18|verse=9|range=–14}}).{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}}{{sfn|Dürr|1981}}

The text of the cantata is based on the eight stanzas of Bartholomäus Ringwaldt's 1588 hymn of the same name,{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}} a song of penitence related to the tax collector's prayer "{{langr|de|Herr, sei mir armem Sünder gnädig}}" (God be merciful to me a sinner).{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} While some attributed the melody also to Ringwaldt, Sven Hiemke says in his foreword to the Carus edition that the composer is unknown but it dates to the same period.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

An unknown librettist retained more text unchanged than in most works of the chorale cantata cycle which usually feature original poetry only in the outer movements. The poet used stanzas 1, 2, 4 and 8 unchanged, inserting recitative for the fourth movement. He paraphrased the ideas of the remaining stanzas to arias and a recitative, retaining the beginning of stanzas 3 and 7. Stanzas 5 and 6 were treated most freely, including ideas from the epistle, such as the promise of mercy which is only asked but not promised in the chorale. The poet referred to several verses from different gospels to underscore that thought, {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke|chapter=15|verse=2}} in both 5 and 6, {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=9|verse=2}} (parallel {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke|chapter=7|verse=48}}) in 5, and {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=11|verse=28}} in 6, paraphrased as "{{langr|de|Er ruft: Kommt her zu mir, die ihr mühselig und beladen}}" (He calls: come here to Me, you who are weary and burdened).{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} The last verse also appears in Handel's ''Messiah'', turned in the third person: "Come unto Him, all ye that labour", in the soprano section of ''He shall feed His flock like a shepherd''.

Bach led the Thomanerchor in the first performance on 20 August 1724.{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}}{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

== Music == === Structure and scoring === Bach structured the cantata in eight movements. Both text and tune of the hymn are retained in the outer movements, a chorale fantasia and a four-part closing chorale.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes d'amore (Oa), flauto traverso (Ft), two violin parts (Vl), one viola part (Va), and basso continuo.{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}}{{sfn|Dürr|1981}}

In the following table of the movements, the scoring, keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr. The continuo, which plays throughout, is not shown.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}}

{{Classical movement header | show_text_source = yes | work = {{lang|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}} | instruments1 = Winds | instruments2 = Strings }}

{{Classical movement row | id = m1 | number = 1 | title = {{langr|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}} | text_source = Ringwaldt | type = Chorale fantasia | vocal = SATB | instruments1 = 2Oa | instruments2 = {{nowrap|2Vl Va}} | key = B minor | time = {{music|time|3|4}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m2 | number = 2 | title = {{langr|de|Erbarm dich mein in solcher Last}} | text_source = Ringwaldt | type = Chorale | vocal = A | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 2Vl Va | key = {{nowrap|F-sharp minor}} | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m3 | number = 3 | title = {{langr|de|Fürwahr, wenn mir das kömmet ein}} | text_source = anon. | type = Aria | vocal = B | instruments1 = 2Oa | instruments2 = | key = A major | time = {{music|time|12|8}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m4 | number = 4 | title = {{langr|de|Jedoch dein heilsam Wort, das macht}} | text_source = Ringwaldt, anon. | type = Chorale and recitative | vocal = B | instruments1 = | instruments2 = | key = E minor | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m5 | number = 5 | title = {{langr|de|Jesus nimmt die Sünder an}} | text_source = anon. | type = Aria | vocal = T | instruments1 = Ft | instruments2 = | key = D major | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m6 | number = 6 | title = {{langr|de|Der Heiland nimmt die Sünder an}} | text_source = anon. | type = Recitative | vocal = T | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 2Vl Va | key = | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m7 | number = 7 | title = {{langr|de|Ach Herr, mein Gott, vergib mirs doch}} | text_source = anon. | type = Aria | vocal = S A | instruments1 = | instruments2 = | key = E minor | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | id = m8 | number = 8 | title = {{langr|de|Stärk mich mit deinem Freudengeist}} | text_source = Ringwaldt | type = Chorale | vocal = SATB | instruments1 = 2Oa | instruments2 = 2Vl Va | key = B minor | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{End}}

=== Movements === ==== 1 ==== The opening chorus, "{{langr|de|Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut}}" (Lord Jesus Christ, O highest good),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} is an unusual opening for the chorale cantata cycle, because the voices are set in homophony, with the chorale tune in the soprano, in an unusual triple meter and sometimes embellished.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} The lines of the chorale are separated by independent ritornellos of the orchestra,{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} with a theme derived from the chorale melody. A solo violin in virtuoso figuration plays throughout, while the oboes and the other strings are silent during the vocal passages except for the final line.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

==== 2 ==== In the second movement, "{{langr|de|Erbarm dich mein in solcher Last}}" (Have mercy on me burdened so),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} the unchanged second stanza of the chorale is sung by the alto, unadorned and in common time.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} The voice is part of a trio, with the violins in unison and the continuo; this is a setting similar to movements that Bach transcribed to Schübler Chorales.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} A main motif of the instruments, used in imitation, is a stepwise descending fourth which appears in the chorale tune. It can be seen as illustrating the end of the gospel reading, "he that humbleth himself" or as the burden of the sinner.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

==== 3 ==== thumb|upright=0.6|Oboe d'amore In the first aria, "{{langr|de|Fürwahr, wenn mir das kömmet ein}}" (Truly, when it comes to pass),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} the bass is accompanied by two oboes d'amore. The theme is related to the chorale tune, but turned to the major mode and in a swinging {{music|time|12|8}} time. The voice picks up the same theme and elaborates the word "{{langr|de|gewandelt}}" (changed) in an extended coloratura.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} The oboes often play in parallels of thirds and sixths, creating a pastoral mood that conveys the idea of consolation, a key word in the text. In contrast, a motif of chromatic steps upwards illustrate "{{langr|de|Zittern, Furcht}}" (trembling, fear).{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

The musicologist Boyd noted a similarity of the movement to the aria {{langr|la|Et in Spiritum sanctum}} from Bach's later Mass in B minor; both are for the bass, in a compound time, in A major and with two oboes.{{sfn|Mincham|2010}}

==== 4 ==== The fourth movement combines the chorale stanza, "{{langr|de|Jedoch dein heilsam Wort, das macht mit seinem süßen Singen}}" (However your healing Word, with its sweet singing, acts),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} interspersed with free recitative.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} The bass sings the chorale text to the chorale tune and the new lines as secco recitative. The chorale passages are accompanied by continuous coloraturas from the continuo that illustrate the text's "sweet singing" and a "laughing and leaping heart".{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

==== 5 ==== The second aria, "{{langr|de|Jesus nimmt die Sünder an}}" (Jesus takes sinners to himself),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} is accompanied by an obbligato flute, as in the cantatas of the two preceding weeks, ''Was frag ich nach der Welt'', BWV 94, and ''Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott'', BWV 101.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} The flute acts in dialogue with the voice. The last line of the text is the last line of the chorale stanza, but without its melody.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

==== 6 ==== The recitative, "{{langr|de|Der Heiland nimmt die Sünder an}}" (The Savior takes sinners to himself),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} is accompanied by the strings, after four movements without them. They enter in the second measure on the words "{{langr|de|wie lieblich klingt das Wort in meinem Ohren!}}" (how sweetly this word rings in my ears!),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} called a "magical moment" by Craig Smith.{{sfn|Smith|2024}} The recitative culminates in the prayer of the tax collector.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}}

==== 7 ==== The last aria, "{{langr|de|Ach Herr, mein Gott, vergib mirs doch}}" (Ah Lord, my God, forgive),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} is set for two voices and continuo, focused on the text without ritornellos like a chorale concerto of the 17th century. The chorale melody in embellished form appears in several lines, even on words other than the original text.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} The voices often sing in coloraturas and parallels, illustrating the chorale's final idea of "{{langr|de|kindlicher Gehorsam}}" (childlike obedience).{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}

==== 8 ==== The final stanza of the chorale, "{{langr|de|Stärk mich mit deinem Freudengeist}}" (Strengthen me with your joyful Spirit),{{sfn|Dellal|2024}} is set for four parts.{{sfn|Dürr|1981}} It is softened by passing eighth-notes in the lower voices.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}}{{sfn|Dahn|2024}}

== Manuscripts and publication == An original score of the cantata is preserved.{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} The cantata was first published in 1876 in the first complete edition of Bach's work, the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe; the volume in question was edited by Alfred Dörffel.{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}}{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} In the Neue Bach-Ausgabe it was published in 1986, edited by Ernest May,{{sfn|Hiemke|2017}} with a critical report in 1985.{{sfn|Bach Digital|2024}}

== Recordings == A list of recordings is provided on the Bach Cantatas Website.{{sfn|Oron|2024}}{{sfn|Muziekweb|2024}} Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performance are shown with a green background.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- |+ Recordings of ''Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Conductor / Choir / Orchestra ! scope="col" | Soloists ! scope="col" | Label ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Orch. type |- {{Cantata discography row | id = Rilling | title = ''Die Bach Kantate Vol. 48'' | conductor = {{sortname|Helmuth|Rilling}} | choir = Gächinger Kantorei | orchestra = Bach-Collegium Stuttgart | soloists = {{plainlist| * Arleen Augér * Gabriele Schreckenbach * Adalbert Kraus * Niklaus Tüller }} | label = Hänssler | year = {{Start date|1973}} | orchestra_type = }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Leonhardt | title = ''J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 6'' | conductor = {{sortname|Gustav|Leonhardt}} | choir = {{ubl | Knabenchor Hannover | Collegium Vocale Gent }} | orchestra = Leonhardt-Consort | soloists = {{plainlist| * soloist of the Knabenchor Hannover * René Jacobs * Kurt Equiluz * Max van Egmond }} | label = Teldec | year = {{Start date|1981}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Leusink | title = ''Bach Edition Vol. 4 – Cantatas Vol. 1'' | conductor = {{sortname|Pieter Jan|Leusink}} | choir = Holland Boys Choir | orchestra = Netherlands Bach Collegium | soloists = {{plainlist| * Ruth Holton * Sytse Buwalda * Knut Schoch * Bas Ramselaar }} | label = Brilliant Classics | year = {{Start date|1999}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Koopman | title = ''J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 11'' | conductor = {{sortname|Ton|Koopman}} | orchestra = Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir | soloists = {{plainlist| * Sibylla Rubens * Annette Markert * Christoph Prégardien * Klaus Mertens }} | label = Antoine Marchand | year = {{Start date|1999}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Gardiner | title = ''J. S. Bach: Trinity Cantatas II''{{sfn|McElhearn|2002}} | conductor = {{sortname|John Eliot|Gardiner}} | choir = Monteverdi Choir | orchestra = English Baroque Soloists | soloists = {{plainlist| * Magdalena Kožená * William Towers * Mark Padmore * Stephan Loges }} | label = Soli Deo Gloria | year = {{Start date|2000}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Suzuki | title = ''J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 24 Cantatas from Leipzig 1724'' | conductor = {{sortname|Masaaki|Suzuki}} | orchestra = Bach Collegium Japan | soloists = {{plainlist| * Yukari Nonoshita * Robin Blaze * Gerd Türk * Peter Kooy }} | label = BIS | year = {{Start date|2002}} | orchestra_type = Period }} |}

== References == {{reflist | 20em}}

=== Cited sources === * {{cite web | url = http://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000138?lang=en | title = Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut BWV 113; BC A 122 | publisher = Bach Digital | date = 2024 | ref = {{sfnref|Bach Digital|2024}} }} * {{cite web | last = Dahn | first = Luke | url = https://www.bach-chorales.com/BWV0113_8.htm | title = BWV 113.8 | website = bach-chorales.com | date = 2024 | access-date = 11 August 2024 }} * {{cite web | last = Dellal | first = Pamela | author-link = Pamela Dellal | url = https://www.emmanuelmusic.org/bach-translations/bwv-113 | title = BWV 113 – Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut | publisher = Emmanuel Music | date = 2024 | access-date = 11 August 2024 }} * {{cite book | last = Dürr | first = Alfred | author-link = Alfred Dürr | title = Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach | date = 1981 | publisher = Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag | isbn = 3-423-04080-7 | volume = 1 | edition = 4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/diekantatenvonjo0002durr/page/412 412–414] | language = de | url = https://archive.org/details/diekantatenvonjo0002durr/page/412 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hiemke | first = Sven | url = https://www.carusmedia.com/images-intern/medien//30/3111300/3111300x.pdf | chapter = Foreword | title = Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut / Lord Jesu Christ, thou highest good / BWV 113 | publisher = Carus-Verlag | date = 2017 | page = 4 | access-date = 11 August 2024 }} * {{cite web | last = McElhearn | first = Kirk | url = https://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev//2002/Feb02/bach_cantatas_gardiner_dvd.htm | title = Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Bach Cantatas | website = musicweb-international.com | date = February 2002 | access-date = 11 August 2024 }} * {{cite web | last = Mincham | first = Julian | url = https://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-12-bwv-113 | title = Chapter 12 BWV 113 Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut | website = jsbachcantatas.com | date = 2010 | access-date = 29 August 2022 }} * {{cite web | last = Oron | first = Aryeh | url = https://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV113.htm | title = Cantata BWV 113 Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut, BWV 113 | date = 2024 | website = Bach Cantatas Website | access-date = 11 August 2024 }} * {{cite web | last = Smith | first = Craig | author-link = Craig Smith (conductor) | url = https://www.emmanuelmusic.org/bach-notes/bwv-113 | title = Bach Cantata Notes / BWV 113 | publisher = Emmanuel Music | date = 2024 | access-date = 11 August 2024 }} * {{cite web | url = https://www.muziekweb.nl/en/Link/U00000621873/CLASSICAL/Cantata-for-soloists-4-choir-and-orchestra-BWV-113-%22Herr-Jesu-Christ-du-h%C3%B6chstes-Gut%22 | title = Cantata for soloists [4], choir and orchestra BWV.113, "Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut" | publisher = Muziekweb | date = 2024 | access-date = 11 August 2024 | ref = {{sfnref|Muziekweb|2024}} }}

== External links == * {{IMSLP|work=Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut, BWV 113 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)}} * [https://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV113.htm Cantata BWV 113 Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut] history, scoring, sources for text and music, translations to various languages, discography, discussion, Bach Cantatas Website * [https://www.uvm.edu/~classics/faculty/bach/BWV113.html BWV 113 Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut] English translation, University of Vermont * [https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~wfb/cantatas/113.html BWV 113 Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut] text, scoring, University of Alberta

{{DEFAULTSORT:Herr Jesu Christ Du Hochstes Gut Bwv 113}} Category:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Category:1724 compositions Category:Chorale cantatas