{{Short description|Church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{good article}} {{Infobox Bach composition | title = {{lang|de|Ihr werdet weinen und heulen}} | bwv = 103 | type = Church cantata | image = Christiana Mariana von Ziegler.jpg | caption = Christiana Mariana von Ziegler, {{nowrap|author of the cantata text}} | occasion = Jubilate Sunday | performed = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1725|04|22|df=y}}|location=Leipzig}} | movements = 6 | text_poet = {{nowrap|Christiana Mariana von Ziegler}} | bible = {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=John|chapter=16|verse=20}} | chorale = by Paul Gerhardt | vocal = {{plainlist| * {{abbr|SATB|soprano, alto, tenor and bass}} choir * solo: alto, tenor and bass }} | instrumental = {{hlist | trumpet | flauto piccolo | 2 oboes d'amore | 2 violins | viola | continuo }} }} '''{{lang|de|Ihr werdet weinen und heulen}}''' (You shall weep and wail),<ref name="Dellal" /> '''{{abbr|BWV|Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (catalogue of Bach's works)}}{{nbsp}}103''', is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, a church cantata for the third Sunday after Easter, called Jubilate.
Bach composed the cantata in his second year as {{langr|de|Thomaskantor}} in Leipzig and first performed it on 22 April 1725. It is the first of nine cantatas on texts by Christiana Mariana von Ziegler, which Bach composed at the end of his second annual cycle of cantatas in Leipzig. Based on the Gospel reading from the Farewell Discourse, where Jesus, announcing that he will leave, says "your sorrow shall be turned into joy", Bach contrasts music of sorrow and joy, notably in the unusual first movement, where he inserts an almost operatic recitative of Jesus in the fugal choral setting. The architecture of the movement combines elements of the usual concerto form with the more text-related older form of a motet. Bach scores an unusual flauto piccolo (descant recorder in D) as an obbligato instrument in an aria contemplating the sorrow of missing Jesus, who is addressed as a doctor who shall heal the wounds of sins. Bach scores a trumpet in only one movement, an aria expressing the joy about the predicted return of Jesus. The cantata in six movements closes with a chorale, the ninth stanza of Paul Gerhardt's hymn "{{langr|de|Barmherzger Vater, höchster Gott}}".
== History and words ==
Bach composed the cantata in Leipzig for the Third Sunday after Easter, called Jubilate. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle of Peter, "Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=1 Peter|chapter=2|verse=11|range=–20}}), and from the Gospel of John, Jesus announcing his second coming in the so-called Farewell Discourse, saying "your sorrow shall be turned into joy" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=John|chapter=16|verse=16|range=–23}}). For this occasion Bach had already composed in 1714 {{lang|de|''Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen'', BWV 12 |italic=unset}}, which he used later as the basis for the movement {{langr|la|Crucifixus}} in his Mass in B minor.<ref name="Dürr" />
In his second year in Leipzig, Bach composed chorale cantatas between the first Sunday after Trinity and Palm Sunday, but for Easter he returned to cantatas on more varied texts, possibly because he lost his librettist.<ref name="Wolff" /> Nine of his cantatas for consecutive occasions in the period between Easter and Pentecost are based on texts by Christiana Mariana von Ziegler, this one being the first of the series especially written for Bach.<ref name="Hofmann" /> He had possibly commissioned them in 1724 for his first cantata cycle but not composed them at that time, because of his exceptional workload in creating the ''St John Passion''.<ref name="Gardiner 2006" />
The librettist begins with a quotation from the Gospel, verse 20, and concludes with the ninth stanza of Paul Gerhardt's hymn "{{langr|de|Barmherzger Vater, höchster Gott}}" (1653).<ref name="chorale text" /> Her own poetry reflects, in a sequence of recitatives and arias, in two movements sadness at the loss of Jesus, and in two others joy at his predicted return. Bach edited her writing considerably, for example in movement 4, excising two lines of four and rephrasing the others.<ref name="Dürr" /> Ziegler published her text in 1728 in the collection {{lang|de|Versuch in gebundener Schreibart}}.<ref name="Ziegler" />
Bach first performed the cantata on 22 April 1725 with the Thomanerchor. For later performances, he revised the instrumentation, replacing the flauto piccolo by a flauto traverso.<ref name="Wolff" />
== Scoring and structure ==
thumb|upright=0.8|The size of a D-descant recorder (sixth flute) is between the two smallest ones illustrated here. The cantata in six movements is scored for three vocal soloists (alto, tenor and bass), a four-part choir, trumpet, flauto piccolo (descant recorder in D), two oboes d'amore, two violins, viola and continuo.<ref name="Dürr" />
# Chorus and arioso (bass): {{lang|de|Ihr werdet weinen und heulen|italic=no}} # Recitative (tenor): {{lang|de|Wer sollte nicht in Klagen untergehn|italic=no}} # Aria (alto): {{lang|de|Kein Arzt ist außer dir zu finden|italic=no}} # Recitative (alto): {{lang|de|Du wirst mich nach der Angst auch wiederum erquicken|italic=no}} # Aria (tenor): {{lang|de|Erholet euch, betrübte Sinnen|italic=no}} # Chorale: {{lang|de|Ich hab dich einen Augenblick|italic=no}}
== Music == The cantata begins in B minor, illustrating sorrow, but in movement 4 shifts to the relative major key of D major, illustrating the theme of consolation in Ziegler's text.<ref name="Dürr" />
The opening chorus has an unusual structure, which includes an arioso passage for the bass voice. All instruments except the trumpet play a ritornello, after which a choral fugue pictures the weeping and wailing of the text in unrelated musical material, rich in chromaticism. In great contrast the following line, "{{langr|de|aber die Welt wird sich freuen}}" (But the world will rejoice),<ref name="Dellal" /> is conveyed by the chorus embedded in a repeat of the first part of the ritornello. The sequence is repeated on a larger scale: this time the fugue renders both lines of the text as a double fugue with the second theme taken from the ritornello, then the ritornello is repeated in its entirety. The bass as the vox Christi (voice of Christ) sings three times, with a sudden tempo change to adagio, "{{langr|de|Ihr aber werdet traurig sein}}" (But you will be sad)<ref name="Dellal" /> as an accompagnato recitative. Musicologist Julian Mincham noted: "This recitative is a mere eight bars long but its context and piteousness give it enormous dramatic impact. Bach's lack of respect for the conservative Leipzig authorities' dislike of operatic styles in religious music was never more apparent!"<ref name="Mincham" /> Klaus Hofmann compares the recitative's "highly expressive melody and harmony" to Bach's Passions.<ref name="Hofmann" /> Finally, the extended sequence of fugue and ritornello with chorus returns transposed, on the text "{{langr|de|Doch eure Traurigkeit soll in Freude verkehret werden}}" (Yet your sorrow shall be changed into joy).<ref name="Dellal" /> According to Alfred Dürr, the architecture of the movement is a large scale experiment combining elements of the older style of a text-related motet with the form of a concerto of instrumental groups and voices, as typically used by Bach.<ref name="Dürr" />
thumb|John Eliot Gardiner, 2007 John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage with the Monteverdi Choir in 2000, notes that Bach's "strategy is to superimpose these opposite moods, binding them in a mutually enlightening whole and emphasising that it is the same God who both dispenses and then ameliorates these conditions.<ref name="Gardiner" />
Movement 2 is a secco recitative for tenor, concluding in an arioso section with a "deeply moving" melisma on the word "{{langr|de|Schmerzen}}" (sorrows).<ref name="Mincham" /> Movement 3, "{{langr|de|Kein Arzt ist außer dir zu finden}}" (Besides You is no doctor to be found)<ref name="Dellal" /> is an aria for alto with the obbligato flauto piccolo, which according to Mincham, employing a "figuration ever striving upwards, moderates the underlying sense of potential tragedy".<ref name="Mincham" /> The alto recitative "marks a change of scene", it begins in B minor, like the opening chorus, but modulates to D-major and ends with a wide-ranging coloratura marking the word "{{langr|de|Freude}}" (joy).<ref name="Hofmann" /><ref name="Mincham" /> Movement 5, "{{langr|de|Erholet euch, betrübte Sinnen}}" (Recover now, O troubled feelings),<ref name="Dellal" /> picks up the joyful coloraturas, supported by the trumpet and fanfares in triads in the orchestra;<ref name="Hofmann" /> Mincham notes that the trumpet "bursts upon us with an energy, acclamation and jubilation unheard, so far, in this work".<ref name="Mincham" /> The cantata is closed with a four-part setting of the chorale, sung to the melody of "{{langr|de|Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit}}"<ref name="chorale melody" /> which Bach used frequently, including in his ''St Matthew Passion''.<ref name="Mincham" />
== Recordings == The entries of the following table are taken from the listing on the Bach Cantatas Website.<ref name="Oron" /> For several recordings, the name of the bass soloist is not provided. Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by green background.
{{Cantata discography header|work=''Ihr werdet weinen und heulen'' |show_orchestra_type=yes }}
{{Cantata discography row | id = Ramin | title = ''Bach Made in Germany Vol. 1 - Cantatas IV'' | conductor = {{sortname|Günther|Ramin}} | choir = Thomanerchor | orchestra = Gewandhausorchester | soloists = {{plainlist| * Eva Fleischer * Gert Lutze }} | label = Eterna | year = {{Start date|1951}} | orchestra_type = }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Werner | title = ''Les Grandes Cantates de J. S. Bach Vol. 22'' | conductor = {{sortname|Fritz|Werner}} | choir = Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Heilbronn | orchestra = Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra | soloists = {{plainlist| * Barbara Scherler * Georg Jelden * Jakob Stämpfli }} | label = Erato | year = {{Start date|1966}} | orchestra_type = }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Hellmann | title = ''Bach Kantaten, Vol. 8: BWV 103, BWV 85, BWV 86, BWV 144'' | conductor = {{sortname|Diethard|Hellmann}} | choir = Bachchor Mainz | orchestra = Bachorchester Mainz | soloists = {{plainlist| * {{nowrap|Marie-Luise Gilles}} * Kurt Equiluz }} | label = DdM-Records Mitterteich | year = late 1960s? | orchestra_type = }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Leonhardt | title = ''J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk · Complete Cantatas · Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 26 – BWV 103–106'' | conductor = {{sortname|Gustav|Leonhardt}} | choir = {{plainlist| * Knabenchor Hannover * Choir of King's College }} | orchestra = Leonhardt-Consort | soloists = {{plainlist| * Paul Esswood * Kurt Equiluz * Max van Egmond }} | label = Teldec | year = {{Start date|1980}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Rilling | title = {{lang|de|Die Bach Kantate Vol. 32}} | conductor = {{sortname|Helmuth|Rilling}} | choir = Gächinger Kantorei | orchestra = Bach-Collegium Stuttgart | soloists = {{plainlist| * Doris Soffel * Peter Schreier * Walter Heldwein }} | label = Hänssler | year = {{Start date|1981}} | orchestra_type = }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Leusink | title = ''Bach Edition Vol. 12 – Cantatas Vol. 6'' | conductor = {{sortname|Pieter Jan|Leusink}} | choir = Holland Boys Choir | orchestra = Netherlands Bach Collegium | soloists = {{plainlist| * Sytse Buwalda * Knut Schoch * Bas Ramselaar }} | label = Brilliant Classics | year = {{Start date|1999}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Gardiner | title = ''Bach Cantatas Vol. 24: Altenburg/Warwick / For the 3rd Sunday after Easter (Jubilate) / For the 4th Sunday after Easter (Cantate)'' | conductor = {{sortname|John Eliot|Gardiner}} | choir = {{plainlist| * Monteverdi Choir * Choir of Clare * Choir of Trinity College }} | orchestra = English Baroque Soloists | soloists = {{plainlist| * William Towers * Mark Padmore * Julian Clarkson }} | label = Soli Deo Gloria | year = {{Start date|2000}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Koopman | title = ''J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 14'' | conductor = {{sortname|Ton|Koopman}} | orchestra = Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir | soloists = {{plainlist| * Bogna Bartosz * Jörg Dürmüller * Klaus Mertens }} | label = Antoine Marchand | year = {{Start date|2001}} | orchestra_type = Period }}
{{Cantata discography row | id = Herreweghe | title = ''J. S. Bach: Wir danken dir, Gott"'' | conductor = {{sortname|Philippe|Herreweghe}} | choir = Collegium Vocale Gent | orchestra = | soloists = {{plainlist| * Deborah York * Ingeborg Danz * Mark Padmore * Peter Kooy }} | label = Harmonia Mundi France | year = {{Start date|1999}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Suzuki | title = ''J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 36 (Cantatas from Leipzig 1725) – BWV 6, 42, 103, 108'' | conductor = {{sortname|Masaaki|Suzuki}} | orchestra = Bach Collegium Japan | soloists = {{plainlist| * Robin Blaze * Gerd Türk * Dominik Wörner }} | label = BIS | year = {{Start date|1999}} | orchestra_type = Period }} {{Cantata discography row | id = Lutz | title = {{lang|de|J. S. Bach: Kantate BWV 103 "Ihr werdet weinen und heulen"}} | conductor = {{sortname|Rudolf|Lutz}} | choir = | orchestra = Schola Seconda Pratica | soloists = {{plainlist| * Ruth Sandhoff * Andreas Weller }} | label = Gallus Media | year = {{Start date|2010}} | orchestra_type = Period }}
{{End}}
== References ==
{{reflist | 30em | refs =
<ref name="Dellal">{{cite web | last = Dellal | first = Pamela | author-link = Pamela Dellal | url = https://www.emmanuelmusic.org/bach-translations/bwv-103 | title = BWV 103 – Ihr werdet weinen und heulen | publisher = Emmanuel Music | access-date = 25 August 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="Dürr">{{cite book | last = Dürr | first = Alfred | author-link = Alfred Dürr | others = Translated by Richard D. P. Jones | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m9JuwslMcq4C&pg=PA309 | chapter = Ihr werdet weinen und heulen, BWV 103 | title = The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2006 | pages = 309–311 | isbn = 978-0-19-929776-4 }}</ref>
<ref name="Gardiner">{{Cite AV media notes | last = Gardiner | first = John Eliot | author-link = John Eliot Gardiner | url = https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_SDG107 | title = Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 12, 103, 108, 117, 146 & 166 | publisher = Soli Deo Gloria (at Hyperion Records website) | year = 2005 | access-date = 11 May 2019 }}</ref>
<ref name="Gardiner 2006">{{cite web | last = Gardiner | first = John Eliot | author-link = John Eliot Gardiner | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Gardiner-P26c%5Bsdg121_gb%5D.pdf | title = Cantatas for Whit Monday / Holy Trinity, Long Melford | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | pages = 10–11 | year = 2006 | access-date = 16 May 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="Hofmann">{{cite web | last = Hofmann | first = Klaus | author-link = Klaus Hofmann | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Suzuki-C36c%5BBIS-SACD1611%5D.pdf | title = Ihr werdet weinen und heulen / Ye shall weep and lament, BWV 103 | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | pages = 6–7 | year = 2007 | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="Mincham">{{cite web | last = Mincham | first = Julian | url = https://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-45-bwv-103 | title = Chapter 45 BWV 103 Ihr werdet weinen und heulen / You shall weep and wail, though the world will rejoice. | publisher = jsbachcantatas.com | year = 2010 | access-date = 25 August 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="Oron">{{cite web | last = Oron | first = Aryeh | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV103.htm | title = Cantata BWV 103 Ihr werdet weinen und heulen | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | year = 2015 | access-date = 18 August 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="Wolff">{{cite web | last = Wolff | first = Christoph | author-link = Christoph Wolff | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Koopman-C14c%5BAM-3CD%5D.pdf | title = Conclusion of the second yearly cycle (1724–25) of the Leipzig church cantatas | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | page = 2 | access-date = 12 June 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Ziegler">{{cite book | last = Ziegler | first = Christiane Mariane von | url = http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Ziegler,+Christiana+Mariana+von/Gedichte/Versuch+in+gebundener+Schreib-Art/%5BWidmung%5D | title = Versuch in gebundener Schreib-Art | location = Leipzig | date = 1728 | language = de }}</ref>
<ref name="chorale text">{{cite web | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Texts/Chorale078-Eng3.htm | title = Barmherzger Vater, höchster Gott / Text and Translation of Chorale | year = 2006 | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="chorale melody">{{cite web | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/CM/Was-mein-Gott-will-das-gscheh-allzeit.htm | title = Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref>
}}
== Sources == * [https://www.bachvereniging.nl/en/bwv/bwv-103/ Ihr werdet weinen und heulen, BWV 103]: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information) * {{IMSLP|work=Ihr werdet weinen und heulen, BWV 103 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)}} * [http://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000128?lang=en Ihr werdet weinen und heulen BWV 103; BC A 69 / Sacred cantata (4th Sunday of Easter)] Bach Digital * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308060019/http://atticbooks.co.uk/default%284%29.htm Ihr werdet weinen und heulen, BWV 103] Downloadable score (pdf) with modern clefs by atticbooks, 2016 * [http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/faculty/bach/BWV103.html BWV 103 Ihr werdet weinen und heulen]: English translation, University of Vermont * [http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~wfb/cantatas/103.html BWV 103 Ihr werdet weinen und heulen]: text, scoring, University of Alberta
{{Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{Bach cantatas|state=expanded}} {{authority control}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ihr werdet weinen und heulen'', BWV 103}}
Category:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Category:1725 compositions