BRICS

{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization}} {{About|the intergovernmental organization|the investment grouping|BRIC (economics term)|other uses|}} {{pp-sock|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox organization | name = BRICS+ | full_name = Brazil • Russia • India • China • South Africa | formation = {{Plainlist| *{{Start date and age|2009|6|16|df=yes}} }} | image = | image_size = | caption = | logo = 18ª BRICS Summit 2026, New Delhi, India.png | logo_size = 250px | logo_alt = BRICS 2026 Indian Presidency logo | logo_caption = Logo of BRICS during India’s 2026 presidency | map = BRICS.svg | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Map key {{legend|#0072B2|BRICS member countries}} | map2_caption = | founding_location = {{ubl|Yekaterinburg, Russia|(1st BRIC summit)}} | named_after = First five member states' initials in English | type = Intergovernmental organization | purpose = Economic and political | fields = International politics | num_members = {{BRA}}<br/>{{CHN}}<br/>{{EGY}}<br/>{{ETH}}<br/>{{IND}}<br/>{{IDN}}<br/>{{IRN}}<br/>{{RUS}}<br/>{{RSA}}<br/>{{UAE}} | leader_title = Chairman (current) | leader_name = Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India | website = {{URL|https://www.brics2026.gov.in/}} | former_name = BRIC }}

'''BRICS''' is an intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries: Brazil, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="brics2026">{{Cite web| title = About Us – BRICS| access-date = 2026-05-10| url = https://www.brics2026.gov.in/about-us/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brics.br/en|title=BRICS Brasil - English|website=brics.br}}</ref> Its conceptual origins were articulated by Russian foreign minister Yevgeny Primakov in 1998, and can be traced to informal forums and dialogue groups such as RIC (Russia, India, and China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Ajay K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ |title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order. Perspectives from the Global South |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-73876-6 |editor-last=Raman |editor-first=G. Venkat |chapter=3. Evolution of BRICS. History and Politics |editor-last2=Sundriyal |editor-first2=Meenakshi |editor-last3=Mehra |editor-first3=Meeta Keswani |editor-last4=Kumar |editor-first4=Rajan}}</ref> BRIC was originally a term coined by British economist Jim O'Neill, and later championed by his employer Goldman Sachs in 2001, to designate a group of emerging markets.<ref name="Rana Foroohar"> {{cite magazine |author=Foroohar |first=Rana |date=10 November 2015 |title=Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken |magazine=TIME |url=https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092435/http://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="AY">{{Cite news |last=Xie |first=Ye |date=8 November 2015 |title=Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-08/goldman-s-bric-era-ends-as-fund-closes-after-years-of-losses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131044405/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-08/goldman-s-bric-era-ends-as-fund-closes-after-years-of-losses |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=10 November 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>

The bloc's inaugural summit was held in 2009 and featured the founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China;<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Andrew Fenton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nrnCwAAQBAJ |title=The BRICS: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872339-4 |language=en }}</ref> they adopted the acronym '''BRIC''' and formed an informal diplomatic group where their governments could meet annually at formal summits and coordinate multilateral policies.<ref name="OR">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=John |date=11 November 2024 |others=Research Briefing |title=The BRICS group: Overview and recent expansion |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-10136/CBP-10136.pdf |website=House of Commons Library, UK Parliament }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndzendze |first=Bhaso |date=24 August 2023 |title=Brics expansion: six more nations are set to join – what they're buying into |url=https://theconversation.com/brics-expansion-six-more-nations-are-set-to-join-what-theyre-buying-into-212200 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US }}</ref> South Africa joined the organization in September 2010, which was then renamed BRICS, and attended the third summit in 2011 as a full member.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-brics-who-are-its-members-2023-08-21/#:~:text=WHO%20ARE%20THE%20MEMBERS%3F,grouping%20became%20known%20as%20BRICS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118215023/https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-brics-who-are-its-members-2023-08-21/#:~:text=WHO%20ARE%20THE%20MEMBERS%3F,grouping%20became%20known%20as%20BRICS |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stuenkel |first=Oliver |author-link=Oliver Stuenkel |title=The BRICS and the Future of Global Order |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-7391-9321-1 |edition=2 |page=1}}</ref> Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states in 2024 in Russia.<ref name="GI">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence? |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2024)760368 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320115227/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/760368/EPRS_BRI(2024)760368_EN.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2024 |website=Think Tank, European Parliament}}</ref> Indonesia officially joined in early 2025, becoming the first Southeast Asian member.<ref name="Reuters-1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=Indonesia joins BRICS group of emerging economies |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/7/indonesia-joins-brics-group-of-emerging-economies |access-date=7 January 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The term '''BRICS+''' or '''BRICS Plus''' has been informally used to reflect new membership since 2024.<ref name="GI" /><ref name="BE" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Hung |date=1 November 2024 |title=The underestimated implications of the BRICS Summit in Russia |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/the-underestimated-implications-of-the-brics-summit-in-russia/ |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref>

Collectively, BRICS comprises more than a quarter of the global economy and nearly half the world's population.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Ferragamo |first=Mariel |title=What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding? {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-brics-group-and-why-it-expanding |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=www.cfr.org |date=18 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> BRICS has implemented initiatives that could reform the global financial system, such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS PAY and the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS Joint Statistical Publications |url=https://eng.rosstat.gov.ru/folder/75553 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117151635/https://eng.rosstat.gov.ru/folder/75553 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |website=Federal State Statistics Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petry |first1=Johannes |last2=Nölke |first2=Andreas |date=17 October 2024 |title=BRICS and the Global Financial Order: Liberalism Contested? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/brics-and-the-global-financial-order/012E5E36D61B671834AF92BCF8122EDA |journal=Elements in the Economics of Emerging Markets |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009498739 |isbn=978-1-009-49873-9 }}</ref> BRICS has also advanced de-dollarization to reduce the use of the U.S. dollar as reserve currency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quintana |first=Francisco J |date=1 September 2025 |title=Dollar dominance, de-dollarization, and international law |url=https://academic.oup.com/jiel/article/28/3/359/8270636 |journal=Journal of International Economic Law |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=359–381 |doi=10.1093/jiel/jgaf032 |issn=1369-3034 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In its first 15 years, BRICS has established almost 60 intragroup institutions and an extensive network including think tanks and dialogues.<ref name="FF">{{Cite journal |last1=Kirton |first1=John |author-link1=John Kirton |last2=Larionova |first2=Marina |year=2022 |title=The First Fifteen Years of the BRICS |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113678237/Kirton_20and_20Larionova-libre.pdf?1713882080=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_First_Fifteen_Years_of_the_BRICS.pdf&Expires=1737638598&Signature=ItrEWzfQyKMGEeyB-Hza8dwZQLgfP3GjSpHgBTyl5xiDy2LXYPZIIesvZRbEHs7fnMntxEyoUTdm5aGMSllQrZSIUOpbRFTCKINQKXod4a8aVNSrUY4d4O0tkfUeoU12HL9GDvMHdIXYIu8MYbrPOveqRNAnS14YsPCmPD6pKMhQ2tWBsYGslkIIbwUkD1SgsQr8fuElZy~9q~V3qqG3jmnj8wC2Rox-XQRaHvcShbmrslEEDuKDXqmtPK790HHxTzq4obIGVLL8XyYWPXnXcC01YrTl0sCI9gN82v170ZFYDgC3AlZMmjLYOubSJ6w~rw44U3bgcg5iYhSYbLh4OQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |journal=International Organisations Research Journal |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=7–30 |doi=10.17323/1996-7845-2022-02-01}}</ref>

Some commentators consider BRICS the alternative to the G7,<ref name="BE">{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Stewart |date=9 October 2024 |title=BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/brics-summit-emerging-middle-powers-g7-g20?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119200354/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/brics-summit-emerging-middle-powers-g7-g20?lang=en |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en }}</ref> and a major political force in the global international order.<ref name="auto"/> Others describe it as an incoherent affiliation of disparate countries centered on increasing anti-European and anti-American objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Keith |date=21 October 2024 |title=Can BRICS Finally Take On the West? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/10/21/brics-russia-china-kazan-summit-west-dollar/ |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref> Nevertheless, all five original members and Indonesia are also part of the G20. BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators and world leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolff |first=Richard D. |date=3 October 2022 |title=BRICS: the powerful global alliance |url=https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/brics-the-powerful-global-alliance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825163741/https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/brics-the-powerful-global-alliance |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=canadiandimension.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="USINPAC">{{Cite web |last=Maitra |first=Sumantra |date=18 April 2013 |title=BRICS – India is the biggest loser |url=http://usinpac.com/blog/admin/brics-india-is-the-biggest-loser/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028210231/http://usinpac.com/blog/admin/brics-india-is-the-biggest-loser/ |archive-date=28 October 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |publisher=USINPAC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blakeley |first=Grace |date=15 February 2023 |title=BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/02/bric-nationalism-is-no-alternative |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825163742/https://jacobin.com/2023/02/bric-nationalism-is-no-alternative |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Jacobin}}</ref><ref name="Coughlin">{{Cite news |last=Coughlin |first=Con |date=24 August 2023 |title=Brics is now a motley crew of failing states |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/08/24/brics-summit-india-china-russia-putin-xi-jinping/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825032303/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/08/24/brics-summit-india-china-russia-putin-xi-jinping/ |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gallagher |first1=Adam |last2=Cheatham |first2=Andrew |date=17 October 2024 |title=What's Driving a Bigger BRICS and What Does it Mean for the U.S.? |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/10/whats-driving-bigger-brics-and-what-does-it-mean-us |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250306212443/https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/10/whats-driving-bigger-brics-and-what-does-it-mean-us |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref>

==History== ===Founding=== Collective action in the political arena in the late 1990s was present before the economic rationale of BRICS.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raman |first1=G. Venkat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ |title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order. Perspectives from the Global South |last2=Kumar |first2=Rajan |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-73876-6 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Rajan |chapter=1. Introduction |editor-last2=Mehra |editor-first2=Meeta Keswani |editor-last3=Raman |editor-first3=G. Venkat |editor-last4=Sundriyal |editor-first4=Meenakshi}}</ref> The idea of a multipolar group like BRICS can be traced back to Yevgeny Primakov during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. He reiterated the idea in New Delhi in 1998.<ref name=":3" /> The forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) predated and played an important role in the creation of BRIC and subsequently BRICS.<ref name=":3" />[[File:New Development Bank HQ Shanghai.jpg|thumb|The New Development Bank, headquartered in Shanghai, China, is the premier institution of BRICS.<ref name="BA">{{Cite web |title=BRICS Architecture – BRICS 2023 |url=https://brics2023.gov.za/brics-architecture/ |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=brics2023.gov.za}}</ref>]] The term ''BRIC'', as compared to the alternate term ''CRIB'',<ref name=":0" /> was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, ''Building Better Global Economic BRICs'' by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.<ref>Jim O'Neill (30 November 2001).[https://www.goldmansachs.com/pdfs/insights/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf "Building Better Global Economic BRICs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202851/http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |date=14 July 2014}} . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagashybayeva |first=Gulnar |date=November 2016 |title=Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/brics/introduction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723194646/https://guides.loc.gov/brics/introduction |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|access-date=31 October 2024|title=Jim O'Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management|url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/pressroom/press-releases/2010/oneill-gsam|publisher=Goldman Sachs|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130193446/https://www.goldmansachs.com/pressroom/press-releases/2010/oneill-gsam|url-status=live}}</ref> O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for ''Project Syndicate'' he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".<ref name="PM24">{{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |date=17 October 2024 |title=The BRICS Still Don't Matter |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moscow-brics-summit-expanded-bloc-still-rudderless-and-ineffective-by-jim-o-neill-2024-10 |url-access=registration |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=Project Syndicate}}</ref><ref name="PM21">{{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |date=16 September 2021 |title=Will the BRICS Ever Grow Up? |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/brics-20-years-of-disappointment-by-jim-o-neill-2021-09 |url-access=registration |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=Project Syndicate}}</ref>

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2013 |title=Information about BRICS |url=http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710163822/http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=4 September 2017 |publisher=Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref> A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml "Cooperation within BRIC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619032104/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml |date=19 June 2009}}. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.</ref>

The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |date=16 June 2009 |title=First summit for emerging giants |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8102216.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |last=Bryanski |first=Gleb |date=26 June 2009 |title=BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619134448/https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions amid the Great Recession. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future,<ref name="BBC" /><ref name=reuters/> and ways developing countries, such as three-fourths of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.<ref name=reuters/>

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable".<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2009 |title=BRIC wants more influence |url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621022125/http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |archive-date=21 June 2009 |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=Euronews}}</ref> Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zhou |first=Wanfeng |date=16 June 2009 |title=Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/16/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

===2010 expansion=== In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Jack A. |date=21 January 2011 |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011 |work=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2010 |title=China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609013836/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=Reuters}}</ref> and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.<ref name="foreignpolicyjournal.com" /> The group was renamed ''BRICS'' to represent the addition of ''South Africa'' to the original four BRIC members.<ref>Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). [https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 "Update 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620043200/http://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |date=20 June 2017}}. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</ref> At the third BRICS summit in 2011 in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2010 |title=South Africa joins BRIC as full member |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228032338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |archive-date=28 December 2010 |access-date=14 April 2011 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2011 |title=BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717130455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=14 April 2011 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2011 |title=BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005531/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== New Development Bank === thumb|right|New Development Bank's logo [[File:PM in a family photograph during the BRICS Leaders Retreat Meeting, at Johannesburg, in South Africa on August 23, 2023 (1).jpg|thumb|South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023]] In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75{{nbsp}}billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryanski |first=Gleb |date=21 June 2012 |title=Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075723/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/21/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=5 December 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=28 March 2013 |title=Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120601/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> They planned to set up this New Development Bank (known at the time as the "BRICS Development Bank") by 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eckert |first=Paul |date=19 April 2013 |editor-last=Ricci |editor-first=Andrea |title=India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093058/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/04/19/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41{{nbsp}}billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia committed $18 billion each; and South Africa committed $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Lidia |last2=Soto |first2=Alonso |date=11 October 2013 |editor-last=Nomiyama |editor-first=Chizu |title=BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194824/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=Reuters.com}}</ref> In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100{{nbsp}}billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cascione |first1=Silvio |last2=Duarte |first2=Patricia |date=10 October 2013 |title=Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly' |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194821/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=Reuters.com}}</ref> However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.<ref name="rbth1">{{Cite web |last1=Samofalova |first1=Olga |date=14 April 2014 |title=BRICS countries to set up their own IMF |url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531200454/http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |work=Russia Beyond The Headlines}}</ref>

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100{{nbsp}}billion New Development Bank and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100{{nbsp}}billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2014 |title=Outcome of Brics summit-2014 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107747 |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília.<ref name="yn11j">[https://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html "BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712193150/http://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |date=12 July 2015}} . Yahoo!. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref>

=== Other initiatives === [[File:2024 BRICS Games opening ceremony 31.jpg|thumb|2024 BRICS Games in Russia]] Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (Institute of Geography and Statistics (Brazil), Federal State Statistics Service (Russia), the National Bureau of Statistics (China), the Central Statistics Office (India), and Statistics South Africa produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119201528/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=5 March 2017 |publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.<ref name="diplomat">{{Cite web |last=Rolland |first=Nadège |date=2 April 2015 |title=A Fiber-Optic Silk Road |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180928/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |work=The Diplomat}}</ref> Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jsis.washington.edu/news/reactions-u-s-cybersecurity-policy-bric-undersea-cable/#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20although%20the%20BRICS%20are,the%20responsibility%20of%20the%20author. | title=International Reactions to U.S. Cybersecurity Policy: The BRICS undersea cable | publisher=University of Washington | date=8 January 2016 | access-date=9 January 2025 | author=Lee, Stacie}}</ref>

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820144600/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> held in Brasília, Brazil.

thumb|Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022 The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15{{nbsp}}billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2020 |title=BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126173126/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=NDTV |agency=PTI}}</ref> During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |last2=Krishnan |first2=Ananth |date=15 September 2021 |title=India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916021840/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sarah |date=30 May 2023 |title=South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-vladimir-putin-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-brics-immunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616001351/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-vladimir-putin-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-brics-immunity/ |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2023 |title=South Africa's diplomatic dilemma with Putin |url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africas-diplomatic-dilemma-with-putin/a-65804176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612222322/https://www.dw.com/en/south-africas-diplomatic-dilemma-with-putin/a-65804176 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin would remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including the Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.<ref>Bartlett K. (19 July 2023). [https://www.npr.org/2023/07/19/1188568761/russia-putin-south-africa-brics-summit "Putin won't attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213130/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/19/1188568761/russia-putin-south-africa-brics-summit |date=21 July 2023}} ''NPR.org.'' Accessed 21 July 2023.</ref>

In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them.<ref name="FF" /> BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions and a network including think tanks and dialogues in various areas. The group has an agenda of over 30 subjects.<ref name="FF" /> These groups include: BRICS Business Council, BRICS Think Tanks Council, BRICS Women's Business Alliance, BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Academic Forum.<ref name="OR" /><ref name="BA" /> At Kazan the establishment of a BRICS Deep-Sea Resources International Research Center and a BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian's Regular Press Conference on October 24, 2024 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/fyrbt/lxjzh/202410/t20241024_11515512.html |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. www.mfa.gov.cn}}</ref>

In 2021, BRICS formally agreed to work together to build a satellite constellation and share remote sensing satellite data from this.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2021 |title=BRICS signs deal on cooperation in remote sensing satellite data sharing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/brics-signs-deal-on-cooperation-in-remote-sensing-satellite-data-sharing/articleshow/85449130.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |agency=PTI}}</ref> The constellation will have six existing satellites from China, Russia, and India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patranobis |first=Sutirtho |date=27 May 2022 |title=2 Indian satellites to be part of BRICS 'virtual constellation': Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/2-indian-satellites-to-be-part-brics-virtual-constellation-report-101653551552685.html |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2023, Russia proposed that the other BRICS members could build a joint research station on its space station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Chris |date=25 July 2023 |title=Russia proposes joint research module on space station for BRICS partners |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/25/europe/russia-space-station-module-for-brics-intl-scn-hnk/index.html |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== Discussions === BRICS has been involved in discussions related to areas of conflict and humanitarian crises such as Afghanistan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=XVI BRICS Summit |url=http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/241023-declaration.html |website=University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soltani |first=Mohammad Bashir |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS Members Support an Independent, Peaceful, War-Free Afghanistan |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-191337 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}</ref> Gaza, Lebanon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fheili |first=Mohammad Ibrahim |date=13 November 2024 |title=The Challenges for Lebanon if it Gets into Bed with BRICS |url=https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/the-challenges-for-lebanon-if-it-gets-into-bed-with-brics/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=International Policy Digest}}</ref> Sudan, Haiti,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Joint Statement of the BRICS Ministers of Foreign Affairs/International Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37860/joint+statement+of+the+brics+ministers+of+foreign+affairsinternational+relations |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Syria<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdenur |first=Adriana Erthal |date=September 2016 |title=Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict |url=https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/rising-powers-and-international-security-the-brics-and-the-syrian-conflict/ |journal=Rising Powers Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=109–133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=Fourth BRICS Summit - Delhi Declaration |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/19158/Fourth+BRICS+Summit++Delhi+Declaration |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> and Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Sachin |date=22 March 2025 |title=As Trump threat looms, Jaishankar backs BRICS in Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-not-involved-in-any-brics-effort-to-weaken-dollar-eam/articleshow/119319268.cms |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Júnior |first1=Laerte Apolinário |last2=Branco |first2=Giovana Dias |date=28 December 2022 |title=The BRICS countries and the Russia-Ukraine conflict |url=https://www.cartainternacional.abri.org.br/Carta/article/view/1286 |journal=Carta Internacional |language=pt |volume=17 |issue=3 |article-number=e1286 |doi=10.21530/ci.v17n3.2022.1286 |issn=2526-9038|doi-access=free }}</ref> NATO air strikes in Libya were discussed during the third summit.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monyae |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtwaEAAAQBAJ |title=The BRICS Order: Assertive or Complementing the West? |last2=Ndzendze |first2=Bhaso |date=8 February 2021 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan. Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-62765-2 |page=18 |language=en |chapter=1. Introduction: The Genealogies, Elements and Implications of a 'BRICS Order'}}</ref> In 2023, South African chair President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the Gaza war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Shola |date=21 November 2023 |title=BRICS condemns Israel war on Gaza in signal to the West |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/21/brics-condemns-israel-war-on-gaza-in-signal-to-the-west |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, a joint statement slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza was made by the foreign ministers of BRICS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=12 June 2024 |title=India joins other BRICS members in slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-joins-other-brics-members-in-slamming-israels-attacks-in-gaza/articleshow/110919130.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== 2024 expansion === thumb|Kazan hosted the first plenary session of the 16th BRICS Summit in the Outreach/BRICS+ format In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that six emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monteiro|first=Ana|date=29 December 2023|title=BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/brics-to-grow-as-saudi-iran-uae-egypt-ethiopia-join-ranks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231231210031/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/brics-to-grow-as-saudi-iran-uae-egypt-ethiopia-join-ranks|archive-date=31 December 2023|access-date=9 January 2024|website=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref name="BC">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=24 August 2023 |title=Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/brics-2023-summit-new-members-saudi-uae-iran-b2398553.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825032330/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/brics-2023-summit-new-members-saudi-uae-iran-b2398553.html |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NM">{{Cite news |last1=du Plessis |first1=Carien |last2=Miridzhanian |first2=Anait |last3=Acharya |first3=Bhargav |date=24 August 2023 |title=BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/brics-poised-invite-new-members-join-bloc-sources-2023-08-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825005541/https://www.reuters.com/world/brics-poised-invite-new-members-join-bloc-sources-2023-08-24/ |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move|url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentinas-brics-membership-in-doubt-as-opposition-rejects-move.phtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828170311/https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentinas-brics-membership-in-doubt-as-opposition-rejects-move.phtml|archive-date=28 August 2023|access-date=28 August 2023|website=batimes.com.ar|date=24 August 2023}}</ref> On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join BRICS.<ref name="Argentinanot">{{Cite news|last=Bonelli|first=Matías|date=1 December 2023|title=Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS|trans-title=Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won't join BRICS|url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/diana-mondino-confirmo-que-la-argentina-no-ingresara-a-los-brics/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130205429/https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/diana-mondino-confirmo-que-la-argentina-no-ingresara-a-los-brics/|archive-date=30 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=El Cronista|language=es}}</ref> On 29 December 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.<ref name="Argentinanot2">{{Cite web|date=29 December 2023|title=El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-gobierno-de-javier-milei-oficializo-que-la-argentina-no-entrara-a-los-brics-nid29122023/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229134619/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-gobierno-de-javier-milei-oficializo-que-la-argentina-no-entrara-a-los-brics-nid29122023/|archive-date=29 December 2023|access-date=29 December 2023|website=La Nación|language=es}}</ref>

By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc, making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474 |access-date=8 January 2025 |publisher=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and it announced in mid-January that it was still considering the matter.<ref name="SA_reconsidering">{{Cite web|last1=El Dahan|first1=Maha|last2=Zhdannikov|first2=Dmitry|date=18 January 2024|title=Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-considering-brics-membership-sources-2024-01-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140859/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-considering-brics-membership-sources-2024-01-18/|archive-date=8 February 2024|access-date=23 March 2024|work=Reuters}}</ref> Though the official website lists Saudi Arabia as having joined the group in January 2025, unnamed sources continued to suggest that it had not decided whether to join.<ref name="brics2026"></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62696-saudi-mbs-on-brics-leaders-calling-him-to-abandon-us-dollar-in-oil-transactions|title=Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions|date=26 April 2024|website=Tactical Report|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145217/https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62696-saudi-mbs-on-brics-leaders-calling-him-to-abandon-us-dollar-in-oil-transactions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-sits-fence-over-brics-with-eye-vital-ties-with-us-2025-05-08/|title=Saudi Arabia sits on fence over BRICS with eye on vital ties with US|date=2025-05-08|accessdate=2026-05-25|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ismail|first=Sumayya|date=24 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/8/24/saudi-arabia-iran-to-join-brics-as-grouping-admits-six-new-members|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824170532/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/8/24/saudi-arabia-iran-to-join-brics-as-grouping-admits-six-new-members|archive-date=24 August 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> ''China Daily'' used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=杜娟|title=More nations interested in joining BRICS|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202407/17/WS66971e2da31095c51c50e7ae.html|access-date=19 July 2024|website=China Daily}}</ref>

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Izzah Aqilah |date=24 October 2024 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand become partner countries of BRICS |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-indonesia-vietnam-thailand-brics-asean-global-south-russia-china-4699841 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref> The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Carvalho |first=Gustavo |date=7 November 2024 |title=Reflections After the BRICS Summit: Membership, Payment Systems, and What Lies Ahead |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/reflections-after-brics-summit-membership-payment-systems-and-what-lies-ahead |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref> It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Stuenkel |first1=Oliver |last2=Treadwell |first2=Margot |date=21 November 2024 |title=Why Is Saudi Arabia Hedging Its BRICS Invite? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2024/11/brics-saudi-arabia-hedging-why?lang=en |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025 expansion === On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member,<ref name="Global China Daily-1">{{cite web |last=Jin |first=Zhou |date=7 January 2025 |title=China congratulates Indonesia on becoming full member of BRICS |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/07/WS677c119fa310f1265a1d942d.html |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=China Daily}}</ref> making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 10th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024.<ref name="Reuters-1">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2025 |title=Indonesia joins BRICS bloc as full member, Brazil says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/indonesia-join-brics-bloc-full-member-brazil-says-2025-01-06/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRIIC"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/1121/bric-or-briic-|title=globalEDGE Blog: BRIC or BRIIC?|website=globalEDGE|publisher=Michigan State University|date=28 September 2011|last=Jacquier|first=Ben|access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> or "BRICI", given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Indonesia Will Have 1.2 Billion Internet Users by 2015, Says Report by The Boston Consulting Group |date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Globenewswire |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2010/09/01/924454/0/en/Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-Indonesia-Will-Have-1-2-Billion-Internet-Users-by-2015-Says-Report-by-The-Boston-Consulting-Group.html |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=globenewswire.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gelling |first=Peter |date=8 July 2009 |title=Indonesia Ready to Join the Rising Powers Club |url=https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2009/07/08/indonesia_ready_to_join_the_rising_powers_club.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722214710/https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2009/07/08/indonesia_ready_to_join_the_rising_powers_club.html |archive-date=22 July 2009 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=realclearworld.com |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Carroll |first=Michael |date=31 August 2010 |title=BRICI Web users to double by 2015 |url=https://www.fierce-network.com/europe/brici-web-users-to-double-by-2015 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=fierce-network.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2010 |title=The Internet's New Billion. Digital consumers in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Indonesia |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/BCGInternetReport.pdf |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Boston Consulting Group |via=WSJ}}</ref>

The partnerships that were announced in the previous year went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on 17 January.<ref>Ministério das Relações Exteriores: [https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/nigeria-joins-brics-as-a-partner-country Nigeria joins BRICS as a partner country], published 17 January 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</ref>

=== 2026: Caution on further expansion === In May 2026, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that BRICS would not rush further expansion at the current stage, emphasizing the need to streamline the grouping's work following its recent enlargement. Lavrov noted that several countries have expressed interest either in becoming full-fledged members or partner countries, but BRICS members have agreed to proceed cautiously. He added that BRICS continues to attract strong international interest as "a model of the future multipolar world order."<ref>{{cite news |title=Will not rush expansion of BRICS: Russian FM Lavrov, says need to streamline forum's work |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/will-not-rush-expansion-of-brics-russian-fm-lavrov-says-need-to-streamline-forums-work/ |work=The Tribune India |agency=ANI |date=15 May 2026 |access-date=16 May 2026}}</ref>

== Statistics == BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population,<ref name="PC">{{Cite journal |last1=Afota |first1=Amandine |last2=Burban |first2=Valentin |last3=Diev |first3=Pavel |last4=Grieco |first4=Fabio |last5=Iberrakene |first5=Théo |last6=Ishii |first6=Karine |last7=Lopez-Forero |first7=Margarita |last8=Paul |first8=Quentin |last9=Sammeth |first9=Frank |last10=Valadier |first10=Cécile |date=13 February 2024 |title=Expansion of BRICS: what are the potential consequences for the global economy? |url=https://www.banque-france.fr/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/expansion-brics-what-are-potential-consequences-global-economy#:~:text=BRICS+%20carries%20significant%20demographic%20and,with%2028.2%25%20for%20the%20G7. |journal=Bank of France Bulletin |publisher=Bank of France |volume=Bulletin No. 250, article 2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226083644/https://www.banque-france.fr/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/expansion-brics-what-are-potential-consequences-global-economy |archive-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> and 25% of the world's landmass.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sarpong |first1=Emmanuel Frimpong |last2=Sibiri |first2=Hagan |date=19 December 2024 |title=Building a bloc from BRICS: Assessing China's strategic interests and influence |url=https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219162830/https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=Africa Policy Research Private Institute (APRI) |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019.<ref name="SC">{{Cite journal |last1=Hluszko |first1=Cleiton |last2=Ramos Huarachi |first2=Diego Alexis |last3=Castillo Ulloa |first3=Micaela Ines |last4=Salvador |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Puglieri |first5=Fabio Neves |last6=de Francisco |first6=Antonio Carlos |date=December 2024 |title=How do the BRICS approach sustainable concerns? A systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211464524001131 |journal=Environmental Development |language=en |volume=52 |article-number=101075 |doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101075|bibcode=2024EnvDe..5201075H |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2022, the BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%.<ref name="PC" /> Intra-BRICS trade was US$614.8{{nbsp}}billion as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liang |first=Yan |date=2 February 2024 |title=BRICS Expansion: Economic Cooperation and Implications |url=http://www.taiheinstitute.org/Content/2024/02-02/1954124404.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Taihe Institute}}</ref> BRICS+ countries have over 1200 satellites in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2024 |title=BRICS Heads of Space Agencies Meet in Moscow |url=https://brics-russia2024.ru/en/news/v-moskve-proshla-vstrecha-glav-kosmicheskikh-agentstv-stran-briks/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=brics-russia2024.ru BRICS 2024 |language=}}</ref> BRICS have 40 percent of existing internet users worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chandola |first1=Basu |last2=Patil |first2=Sameer |date=March 2025 |title=Balancing Development and Digital Harms: Assessing the BRICS Digital Agenda |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/balancing-development-and-digital-harms-assessing-the-brics-digital-agenda |website=Observer Research Foundation |series=ORF Issue Brief No. 789}}</ref> In 2022, more than 87% of Russians use digital payments followed by China at 86%, and then South Africa at 81% and Brazil at 77%, and lastly India at 35%.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.intracen.org/file/itcbricsdigitaleconomyreport2022pdf |title=BRICS Digital Economy Report 2022 |publisher=International Trade Centre |year=2022 |page=17 |chapter=Market trends in key digital economy segments |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> thumb|left|350px|A graph illustrating the estimated nominal '''GDP (nominal)''' share of the BRICS and G7 countries from 1990 to 2025 Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.g20.in/en/about-g20/about-g20.html|title=About G20|publisher=G20 India|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> with a combined nominal GDP of US$28{{nbsp}}trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65{{nbsp}}trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2{{nbsp}}trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430112801/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2024}} BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022.<ref name="WH">{{Cite journal |last1=Duric |first1=Ivan |last2=Glauben |first2=Thomas |year=2024 |title=BRICS: World Heavyweight in Agricultural Trade |url=https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2024/number/3/article/brics-world-heavyweight-in-agricultural-trade.html#footnote-003 |journal=Intereconomics |language=en |volume=2024 |issue=3 |pages=160–166 }}</ref> The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP.<ref name="WH" />

Taking into account the GDP PPP of the BRICS+, China accounts for 52%.<ref name="PC" /> Economically, the group represents $28.5{{nbsp}}trillion.<ref name="CS">{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Himanshi |date=13 November 2024 |title=Chabahar, Sanctions, and BRICS: Iran's New Path Forward with India |url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/136020-chabahar-sanctions-and-brics-irans-new-path-forward-with-india/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Iran Wire |language=en}}</ref> BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=22 October 2024 |title=Putin returns to world stage hosting 36 leaders at Brics summit in Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/oct/22/putin-brics-summit-russia-china-india-iran-kazan |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Sushil |last2=Shahid |first2=Afsah |last3=Agarwal |first3=Manmohan |date=20 December 2024 |title=Is BRICS Expansion Significant for Global Trade and GDP? |url=https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/article/139877/ |journal=BRICS Journal of Economics |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=5–36 |doi=10.3897/brics-econ.5.e139877 |issn=2712-7508 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gnidchenko |first=Andrey |date=12 September 2023 |title=Bargaining power, product differentiation, and currency patterns in intra-BRICS trade |url=https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/article/102638/ |journal=BRICS Journal of Economics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=285–299 |doi=10.3897/brics-econ.4.e102638 |issn=2712-7508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Mihika |last2=Naka |first2=Ikuno |date=2 January 2022 |title=Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |journal=Oxford Development Studies |language=en |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |issn=1360-0818|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:GDP BRICS G7.svg|thumb|400px| Percent of share of G7 and BRICS '''GDP (PPP)''' in world economy as from 1990 to 2022]] In 2024, the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=The ILO and the BRICS |url=https://www.ilo.org/about-ilo/how-ilo-works/ilo-and-multilateral-system/ilo-and-brics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106115632/https://www.ilo.org/about-ilo/how-ilo-works/ilo-and-multilateral-system/ilo-and-brics |archive-date=6 January 2025 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output.<ref name="CW" /> BRICS contribute to 45% of the global agricultural products.<ref name="SC" /> BRICS countries produce 42% of the world's wheat, 52% of rice, and 46% of soybeans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=South |first=Vox |date=6 November 2024 |title=Why is BRICS so popular among Global South countries? |url=https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english2023/opinion/202411/t20241108_165925.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=International Department of Central Committee of CPC}}</ref>

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045.<ref name="CW">{{Cite web |last=Seli |first=Yeshi |date=27 October 2024 |title=Why BRICS is a counterweight to 'Group of Seven' rich nations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Oct/27/why-brics-is-a-counterweight-to-group-of-seven-rich-nations |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2023 |title=BRICS Investment Report |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diae2023d1_en.pdf |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-002582-9}}</ref>{{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = GDP nominal share in percentage (as of 2022) | label1 = G7 | value1 = 43.70 | color1 = #0000FF | label2 = BRICS + | value2 = 28.70 | color2 = #FF0000 | label3 = Rest of world | value3 = 27.6 | color3 = #808080 }} {|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 95%" |- ! colspan ="3"|Comparison between BRICS and G7 Countries as of 2024 |- !Parameter !BRICS !G7 |- !No. of countries |5 |7 |- !Area (km²) |'''39.7{{nbsp}}million''' |21.7{{nbsp}}million |- !Population |'''3.3{{nbsp}}billion''' |0.8{{nbsp}}billion |- !Population Density (people/km²) | 83 | 37 |- !HDI |0.734 |'''0.92 ''' |- !GDP Growth Rate |{{increase}} '''4 to 5%''' |{{increase}} 1.5 to 2% |- !Nominal GDP (USD)<ref>{{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194731/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | 26.7{{nbsp}}trillion | '''45.3{{nbsp}}trillion''' |- !GDP PPP (USD) | '''51.6{{nbsp}}trillion''' | 48{{nbsp}}trillion |- !Exports (USD) |5.5{{nbsp}}trillion |'''6.7{{nbsp}}trillion''' |- !Imports (USD) |4.8{{nbsp}}trillion |'''8.5{{nbsp}}trillion''' |- !Military expenditures (USD) |0.48{{nbsp}}trillion |'''1.20{{nbsp}}trillion''' |} *<small>'''Bold''' indicates has higher value compared to other.</small> {{Clear}}

=== Comparison of G7 and BRICS countries in GDP (nominal) (1990–2030) === {{Main|List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)}}

* {{Color box|#ADD8E6|border=darkgray}} G7 countries * {{Color box|#FFCCCB|border=darkgray}} BRICS countries {{Static row numbers}}{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers sticky-header sort-under defaultright col1left col3left col5left col7left col9left" |- |+The top 15 largest economies in the world (GDP nominal from 1990 to 2030 in billions USD)<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2025|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April|access-date=24 April 2025|website=www.imf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN data 'Downloads' |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Downloads |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> !Country !1990 !Country !2000 !Country !2010 !Country !2020 !Country !2030 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{USA}} |5,963 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{USA}} |10,250 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{USA}} |15,048 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{USA}} |21,354 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{USA}} |37,153 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{flag|Japan|1947}} |3,185 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{JPN}} |4,968 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{CHN}} |6,138 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{CHN}} |15,103 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{CHN}} |25,827 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{DEU}} |1,604 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{DEU}} |1,967 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{JPN}} |5,759 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{JPN}} |5,054 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{IND}} |6,769 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{flag|France|1974}} |1,260 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}} |1,668 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{DEU}} |3,470 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{DEU}} |3,936 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{DEU}} |5,575 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}} |1,197 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{flag|France|1974}} |1,361 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{flag|France|1974}} |2,648 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}} |2,698 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{JPN}} |4,994 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{ITA}} |1,164 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{CHN}} |1,220 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}} |2,487 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{IND}} |2,674 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{nowrap|{{GBR}}}} |4,955 |- | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{CAN}} |596 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{ITA}} |1,150 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{BRA}} |2,208 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{FRA}} |2,645 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{FRA}} |3,754 |- | {{IRN}} |581 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{CAN}} |744 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{ITA}} |2,146 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{ITA}} |1,905 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{CAN}} |2,792 |- | {{ESP}} |536 | {{MEX}} |742 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{IND}} |1,675 | {{KOR}} |1,744 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{ITA}} |2,779 |- | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{flag|Brazil|1968}} |455 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{BRA}} |655 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{RUS}} |1,633 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{CAN}} |1,655 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{BRA}} |2,679 |- | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{CHN}} |397 | {{ESP}} |598 | style="background: #ADD8E6"| {{CAN}} |1,617 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{RUS}} |1,488 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{RUS}} |2,384 |- | {{AUS}} |324 | {{flag|South Korea|1997}} |597 | {{ESP}} |1,429 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{BRA}} |1,476 | {{ESP}} |2,201 |- | {{NLD}} |321 | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{IND}} |468 | {{AUS}} |1,254 | {{AUS}} |1,362 | {{AUS}} |2,181 |- | style="background: #FFCCCB"| {{IND}} |320 | {{NLD}} |417 | {{flag|South Korea|1997}} |1,192 | {{ESP}} |1,288 | {{MEX}} |2,151 |- | {{MEX}} |307 | {{AUS}} |400 | {{MEX}} |1,105 | {{MEX}} |1,121 | {{KOR}} |2,149 |- |}

== Rotating BRICS presidency == Leaders' meetings (or leaders' summits) are held once a year on a rotating basis.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Zhao |url=https://www.siis.org.cn/updates/cms/cms/202503/12165827ixcc.pdf |title=Decoding Greater BRICS Cooperation: A Non-Western Path to a Shared Development Community |last2=Qiyue |first2=Zhang |last3=Haijie |first3=Yu |last4=Ming |first4=Zhu |last5=Baozhi |first5=Cheng |date=March 2025 |publisher=Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) |volume=43 |pages=4, 5, 11}}</ref> The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025|reason=Is it on a rotating basis or is the next President Pro Tempore elected?}} Several ministerial meetings are held during the year, for example, between foreign ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, trade ministers, and energy ministers.<ref name=":4" /> Technical level meetings focus on project implementation and technical exchanges, such as the meeting of BRICS heads of national statistics offices.<ref name=":4" /> There are working groups on technology, culture, education, health, etc. Specialized forums exist, such as the BRICS Business Forum and the BRICS Think Tank Council.<ref name=":4" /> The BRICS has neither a permanent seat nor a secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2024 |editor-last=Holtzmann |editor-first=Hans-Dieter |editor2-last=Voort |editor2-first=Akim van der |title=BRICS Enlargement: A strategic move or a wake-up call for the West? |url=https://www.freiheit.org/publikation/brics-enlargement |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712184913/https://www.freiheit.org/publikation/brics-enlargement |archive-date=12 July 2025 |website=Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom |page=17 |access-date=1 May 2025 }}</ref>

In 2019, the President Pro Tempore position was held by the president of Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendar of Meetings/Events for South Africa's 2018 BRICS Chairship |url=http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730203248/http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 were the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime — especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.<ref name="BRICS Brazil" /> In 2024 BRICS President Pro Tempore was from Russia and their goals were: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS information portal |url=http://infobrics.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322122341/http://infobrics.org/ |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=BRICS |language=en}}</ref> India has the current Pro Tempore Presidency in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=Brasil Hands Over BRICS Presidency to India |url=https://brics.br/en/news/brasil-hands-over-brics-presidency-to-india |website=brics.br}}</ref>

== Leaders' summits == {{anchor|Summits}} The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via videoconference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

{| class="wikitable sortable." |- ! No. !! Dates !! Host country !! Host leader !! Location !! Notes !Declaration |- | 1st || 16 June 2009 || {{flagu|Russia}} || Dmitry Medvedev || Yekaterinburg ||The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note that at the time, South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=What is BRICS |url=https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731171007/https://africa-facts.org/what-is-brics/ |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=Africa Facts |language=en-US}}</ref> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/090616-leaders.html Joint Statement] |- | 2nd || 15 April 2010 || {{flagu|Brazil}} || {{nowrap|Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva}} || Brasília || The second summit continued the conversation on the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states. Guests: Jacob Zuma (former President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority).<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" /> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/100415-leaders.html Joint Statement] |- | 3rd || 14 April 2011 || {{flagu|China}} || Hu Jintao || Sanya || First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" /> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/110414-leaders.html Sanya Declaration] |- | 4th || 29 March 2012 || {{flagu|India}} || Manmohan Singh || New Delhi || The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how it could take advantage of that to help its economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state. The BRICS Cable announced; an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite book |title=Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies |date=15 March 2011 |publisher=Commonwealth |isbn=978-1-84859-100-4 |series=Economic Paper |pages=30–37 |chapter=How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy |doi=10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |access-date=3 November 2020 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848591004-6-en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231212740/https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/view/257/254/1926 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> |[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/19158/Fourth+BRICS+Summit++Delhi+Declaration Delhi Declaration] |- | 5th || {{nowrap|26–27 March 2013}} || {{nowrap|{{flagu|South Africa}}}} || Jacob Zuma || Durban || The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.<ref name="dx.doi.org" /> |[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/21482 eThekwini Declaration and Action Plan] |- | 6th || 14–17 July 2014 || {{flagu|Brazil}} || Dilma Rousseff || Fortaleza<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS |url=http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907140905/http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/07/04/a-cupula-de-durban-e-o-futuro-dos-brics/ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013 |publisher=Post-Western World}}</ref> || BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.<ref name="invitation2">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2014 |title=BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-leave-for-brazil-tomorrow-for-brics-summit/article1-1239519.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713100114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-leave-for-brazil-tomorrow-for-brics-summit/article1-1239519.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" /> | [http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/140715-leaders.html Fortaleza] [http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/140715-leaders.html Declaration and Action Plan] |- | 7th || 8–9 July 2015 || {{flagu|Russia}} || Vladimir Putin || Ufa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015 |url=http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325165310/http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/117306.html |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=7 November 2013 |publisher=UfaCity.info}}</ref> || Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" /> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/150709-ufa-declaration_en.html Ufa Declaration] |- | 8th || 15–16 October 2016 || {{flagu|India}} || Narendra Modi || Benaulim, Goa || Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" /> |[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/27491/Goa+Declaration+at+8th+BRICS+Summit Goa Declaration] |- | 9th || 3–5 September 2017 || {{flagu|China}} || Xi Jinping || Xiamen || Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They also covered and debated international and regional issues with one another.<ref name="What is BRICS {{!}} Africa Facts" /> |[https://www.mea.gov.in/uploads/publicationdocs/28912_xiamendeclaratoin.pdf Xiamen Declaration] |- | 10th || 25–27 July 2018 || {{flagu|South Africa}} || Cyril Ramaphosa || Johannesburg ||The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market. |[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/30190/10th_BRICS_Summit_Johannesburg_Declaration Johannesburg Declaration] |- | 11th || 13–14 November 2019 || {{flagu|Brazil}} || Jair Bolsonaro || Brasília<ref name="BRICS Brazil">{{Cite web |title=Theme and priorities |url=http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828170201/http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/2019-brazilian-presidency/theme-and-priorities |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=BRICS BRASIL 2019}}</ref>||The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime, both internationally and internally. |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/191114-brasilia.html Brasilía Declaration] |- | 12th || 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title=BRICS and the SCO summits postponed Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020 |url=https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/news/20200527/395729/BRICS-and-the-SCO-summits-postponed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002623/https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/news/20200527/395729/BRICS-and-the-SCO-summits-postponed.html |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=eng.brics-russia2020.ru}}</ref><br /> 17 November 2020 (video conference)<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-nov-17-cooperation-strengthening-global-stability-on-agenda/story-Io02j2Xpb81KAx03C13O1M.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005132156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-nov-17-cooperation-strengthening-global-stability-on-agenda/story-Io02j2Xpb81KAx03C13O1M.html |archive-date=5 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>|| {{flagu|Russia}} || Vladimir Putin || Saint Petersburg<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска |url=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5d3209879a7947184d6b66f9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719211012/https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5d3209879a7947184d6b66f9 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> || Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural and societal issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |title=BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-november-17/articleshow/78495022.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116003235/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/brics-summit-to-be-held-virtually-on-november-17/articleshow/78495022.cms |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> |[http://brics2022.mfa.gov.cn/eng/hywj/ODS/202203/t20220308_10649500.html Moscow Declaration] |- | 13th || 9 September 2021 (video conference) || {{flagu|India}} || Narendra Modi || New Delhi || Over 150 events and meetings were concluded during the year. These included the Leaders' Summit, the meeting of the Foreign Ministers, the meeting of the National Security Advisers and a total of close to 20 other Ministerial meetings including Finance, Trade, Industry, Agriculture, Energy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2025 |title=Brief on BRICS |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/BRICS-2025.pdf |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Nivedita Das |date=9 April 2021 |title=BRICS@15: India to Chair 13th BRICS Summit |url=https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/brics-15-india-to-chair-13th-brics-summit/?sphrase_id=1717569 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Valdai Discussion Club}}</ref> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/210909-New-Delhi-Declaration.html New Delhi Declaration] |- | 14th || 23 June 2022 (video conference) || {{flagu|China}} || Xi Jinping || Beijing ||A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket-type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals. |[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/35435/XIV+BRICS+Summit+Beijing+Declaration Beijing Declaration] |- | 15th || 22–24 August 2023 || {{flagu|South Africa}} || Cyril Ramaphosa ||Johannesburg|| Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.<ref name="BC" /><ref name="NM" /> On 29 December 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.<ref name="Argentinanot2" /> Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/saudi-arabia-has-not-yet-joined-brics-saudi-official-source-2024-02-01/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212204323/https://www.reuters.com/world/saudi-arabia-has-not-yet-joined-brics-saudi-official-source-2024-02-01/ |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/230823-declaration.html Johannesburg II Declaration] |- | 16th || 22–24 October 2024 || {{flagu|Russia}} || Vladimir Putin|| Kazan ||Delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations participated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=News conference following 16th BRICS Summit |url=https://brics-russia2024.ru/en/news/press-konferentsiya-po-itogam-xvi-sammita-briks/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=brics-russia2024.ru }}</ref> Attendance included 22 heads of state or government and UN Secretary-General.<ref name="KR">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2024)766243 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Think Tank, European Parliament |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207194250/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2024)766243 |url-status=live}}</ref> Discussions on membership and a new payments system aside, there were over 200 side meetings spread out through 2024.<ref name="KR" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendar |url=https://brics-russia2024.ru/en/calendar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220054135/https://brics-russia2024.ru/en/calendar/ |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=BRICS Summit Kazan. 22–24 October 2024. brics-russia2024.ru }}</ref> It was the first summit that Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates attended as member states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mahendra Kumar |date=2 January 2025 |title=BRICS 2024: Paving the Path for Economic Growth and Trade Cooperation |url=https://indiafoundation.in/articles-and-commentaries/brics-2024-paving-the-path-for-economic-growth-and-trade-cooperation/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=India Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Korostovtseva |first=Yekaterina |date=5 March 2024 |script-title=ru:Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства |trans-title=Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice |url=https://tass.ru/interviews/20149675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418041608/https://tass.ru/interviews/20149675 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=ru |trans-quote=The main event of Russia's chairmanship will, of course, be the 22–24 October BRICS summit in Kazan. |agency=TASS |script-quote=ru:«Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября».}}</ref> |[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/241023-declaration.html Kazan Declaration] |- | 17th || 6–7 July 2025 || {{flagu|Brazil}} || Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva || Rio de Janeiro ||It was the first meeting with Indonesia as a member state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2025 |title=Brasil assume a presidência do BRICS em 2025 |trans-title=Brazil assumes BRICS presidency in 2025 |url=https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/acompanhe-o-planalto/noticias/2025/01/brasil-assume-a-presidencia-do-brics-em-2025 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=Itamaraty |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2025 |title=Paes diz que reunião da cúpula do Brics será no Rio em 2025 |trans-title=Paes says BRICS summit meeting will be held in Rio in 2025 |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2024/12/06/paes-reuniao-da-cupula-do-brics.ghtml |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=Rio é anunciado como sede da reunião de cúpula do Brics em julho |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2025/02/15/reuniao-de-chefes-de-estado-do-brics-sera-no-rio-de-janeiro-diz-ministro-das-relacoes-exteriores.ghtml |work=g1.globo.com |language=pt}}</ref> The summit released a declaration on the importance of artificial intelligence regulation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=John |date=8 July 2025 |title=BRICS Leaders Highlight AI's Potential and Risks in Rio Declaration |url=https://www.apnews.com/article/brics-ai-innovation-digital-divide-2025 |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS Urges UN to Lead Global AI Regulation Efforts |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-66245678 |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en}}</ref> Prior to the leader's meeting, the group released a statement denouncing trade protectionism in the context of the second Trump administration's global tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Marc |date=29 April 2025 |title=BRICS ministers fail to reach joint statement, Brazil warns against protectionism |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/brics-ministers-fail-reach-joint-statement-brazil-warns-against-protectionism-2025-04-29/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> |[https://brics.br/en/documents/presidency-documents/250705-brics-leaders-declaration-en.pdf/@@download/file Rio Declaration]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS Summit signs historic commitment in Rio for more inclusive and sustainable governance |url=https://brics.br/en/news/brics-summit-signs-historic-commitment-in-rio-for-more-inclusive-and-sustainable-governance |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=brics.br |language=en}}</ref> |- | 18th || ''12–13 September 2026'' || {{flagu|India}} || Narendra Modi || TBD || | |}

==Member states== {{Main|Member states of BRICS}}

{{hatnote|Note: The countries are listed in order on BRICS' [https://www.brics2026.gov.in/about-us/#about_members official website].}} {{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=90 |{{getalias2|Brazil|flag alias}}|Brazil |{{getalias2|China|flag alias}}|China |{{getalias2|Egypt|flag alias}}|Egypt |{{getalias2|Ethiopia|flag alias}}|Ethiopia |{{getalias2|India|flag alias}}|India |{{getalias2|Indonesia|flag alias}}|Indonesia |{{getalias2|Iran|flag alias}}|Iran |{{getalias2|Russia|flag alias}}|Russia |{{getalias2|South Africa|flag alias}}|South Africa |{{getalias2|United Arab Emirates|flag alias}}|United Arab Emirates||}} {{Excerpt|Member states of BRICS#Member states}}

==Financial architecture== [[File:20045-Shanghai-Pano (cropped).jpg|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.]] right|thumb|The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil. The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting for about 70% of the organization's total.<ref name="BE" />

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

===New Development Bank===

{{Further|New Development Bank}}

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,<ref name="headq">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062235/http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/ "BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency"]}} . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014</ref> is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects<ref name="allabout">{{Cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Raj M. |last2=Vreeland |first2=James Raymond |date=17 July 2014 |title=What the new bank of BRICS is all about |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717190437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="hpos">{{Cite news |date=18 July 2014 |title=New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719184109/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=HuffPost}}</ref> with authorized lending of up to $34{{nbsp}}billion annually.<ref name="hpos" /> South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.<ref name="bill">{{Cite news |date=16 July 2014 |title=BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Russia & India Report |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526230615/https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bank has a starting capital of $50{{nbsp}}billion, with wealth increased to $100{{nbsp}}billion over time.<ref name="ready">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2014 |title=BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Russia & India Report |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928033428/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10{{nbsp}}billion each to bring the total to $50{{nbsp}}billion.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="ready" /> As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15{{nbsp}}billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201122225/https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=New Development Bank |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32{{nbsp}}billion for 96 projects.<ref name="BG">{{Cite web |last=Ferragamo |first=Mariel |date=12 December 2024 |title=What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-brics-group-and-why-it-expanding |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strohecker |first=Karin |date=2 September 2021 |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Edmund |title=BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312064641/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ |archive-date=12 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

=== BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement ===

{{Further|BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement}}

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="ready" /><ref name="rics">{{Cite news |date=17 July 2014 |title=BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925014216/https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Russia & India Report}}</ref> This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.<ref name="allabout" /><ref name="rics" /> Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biziwick |first1=Mayamiko |last2=Cattaneo |first2=Nicolette |last3=Fryer |first3=David |year=2015 |title=The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–324 |doi=10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208 |s2cid=153695521}}</ref> The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.<ref name="allabout" /> It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the ''Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement'', signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey.<ref>[http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002172250/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm |date=2 October 2016}} 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016</ref> It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

===BRICS payment system=== {{Main|BRICS PAY}}

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=DMPQ- BRICS payment system |url=https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121080257/https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2015 |title=Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=Russia & India Report |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050300/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |url-status=live }}</ref>

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.<ref name="Reuters1">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2015 |title=Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214126/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref> India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge === BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/currency/brics-to-discuss-common-currency-plan-south-african-foreign-minister-china-india-russia-16621991.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512224525/https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/currency/brics-to-discuss-common-currency-plan-south-african-foreign-minister-china-india-russia-16621991.htm |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/lula-confirma-criacao-de-uma-moeda-comum-do-brics-para-facilitar-trocas-comerciais/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153934/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/lula-confirma-criacao-de-uma-moeda-comum-do-brics-para-facilitar-trocas-comerciais/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=CNN Brasil|date=24 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brics-summit-leaders-eye-expansion-common-currency/live-66606155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153934/https://www.dw.com/en/brics-summit-leaders-eye-expansion-common-currency/live-66606155 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref> Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/common-currency-on-agenda-for-south-african-brics-summit/7090756.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512224523/https://www.voanews.com/a/common-currency-on-agenda-for-south-african-brics-summit/7090756.html |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref>

BRICS Bridge — a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY — makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of its CBDC exchange rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryanski |first=Gleb |date=10 October 2024 |title=Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-calls-brics-partners-create-alternative-imf-2024-10-10/ |website=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Putin's plan to dethrone the dollar |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2024/10/20/putins-plan-to-dethrone-the-dollar |access-date=26 November 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127074740/https://www.economist.com/international/2024/10/20/putins-plan-to-dethrone-the-dollar |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explainer: Putin's Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics |url=https://www.thebanker.com/Explainer-Putin-s-Swift-rival-a-bridge-too-far-for-Brics-1729858688 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=thebanker.com |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204001740/https://www.thebanker.com/Explainer-Putin-s-Swift-rival-a-bridge-too-far-for-Brics-1729858688 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebel |first=Francesca |date=24 October 2024 |title=Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/24/brics-kazan-summit-putin-russia/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A surprise new twist in Putin's currency wars |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2024/10/31/a-surprise-new-twist-in-putins-currency-wars |access-date=26 November 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral.<ref name="CD">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Thomas |date=14 December 2023 |title=China's de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/china-dedollarization-north-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107164940/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/china-dedollarization-north-africa/ |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia.<ref name="LC">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS Unveils Symbolic Banknote, Pushes for Local Currency Trade Amid Dollar Debate |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/brics-unveils-symbolic-banknote-pushes-for-local-currency-trade-amid-dollar-debate/3648619/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=25 October 2025 |title=Putin's BRICS Mock-Up Bill Sparks Debate, But No New Currency Yet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/putins-brics-mock-up-bill-sparks-debate-but-no-new-currency-yet/3649199/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

In parallel with institutional initiatives, a proposal has been put forward for a supranational currency known as ''UNIT'', designed by the International Reserve and Investment Asset System (IRIAS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birchgold.com/blog/news/the-unit/ |title=The Unit: A New Currency Project Proposed for BRICS |website=Birch Gold Group |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413093259/https://www.birchgold.com/blog/news/the-unit/ |archive-date=13 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each coin would be backed by a fixed reserve basket of 40% physical gold and 60% fiat currencies, with its value measured in a gold-equivalent standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wp.unitfoundation.org/ |title=The UNIT: A Supranational, Decentralized, Asset-Backed Unit of Account |website=The UNIT Foundation |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417183049/https://wp.unitfoundation.org/ |archive-date=17 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is designed to be decentralized, allowing qualified nodes (sovereign or private) to mint tokens by depositing the required assets. While not an official BRICS initiative, it has been discussed as a potential mechanism to facilitate cross-border trade and investment, reduce reliance on single-nation reserve currencies, and enhance financial multipolarity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://investingnews.com/brics-currency/ |title=BRICS Currency: What It Is and How It Could Impact the US Dollar |last=Petticrew |first=Austin |website=Investing News Network |date=25 April 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428172823/https://investingnews.com/brics-currency/ |archive-date=28 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Peace and security == {{AI-generated|section|date=October 2025|reason=Initial versions of the first and second paragraphs contained curly quotation marks, used ''highlight'' as a verb, and superficially analysed the Kazan Declaration.}} [[File:Destructions in Kharkiv after Russian attack, 2024-10-30 (11).jpg|thumb|Kharkiv, Ukraine after the Russian attack on 30 October 2024]] At the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan in October 2024, the Kazan Declaration was issued to encourage adherence to the UN Charter and support diplomatic efforts for a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Ukraine. It expressed deep concern over the humanitarian situation in the Palestinian Territory—particularly the escalation of violence in Gaza and the West Bank, noted alarm over the situation in Southern Lebanon, and called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS summit: Key takeaways from the Kazan declaration |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/factobox-main-points-brics-declaration-2024-10-23/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

At the BRICS session on Peace and Security during the 17th BRICS Summit in Brazil, a resolution was adopted in which BRICS nations "condemned in the strongest terms" the 2025 Pahalgam attack and called for terrorism to be combatted "in all its forms and manifestations, including the cross-border movement of terrorists, terrorism financing and safe havens." While Pakistan was not directly named, the ''Indian Express'' reported that the reference to cross-border terrorism was widely interpreted as aimed at Islamabad. The leaders further urged a stance of zero tolerance, stated that BRICS "rejected double standards in countering terrorism", and called for the "expeditious finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN framework", as well as "concerted actions against all UN-designated terrorists and terrorist entities."<ref name=":8" />

During the 12-day war between Israel and Iran in June 2025, the BRICS bloc—then chaired by Brazil—quickly condemned the joint US-Israeli attacks on Iran as a "violation of international law". However, following India's assumption of the BRICS chairmanship in December 2025, critics have noted that New Delhi's foreign policy interests appear to be influencing the alliance’s stance, as India navigates closer ties with the US and Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawal |first1=Shola |title=Is BRICS bloc divided over US-Israel attacks on Iran? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/is-brics-bloc-divided-over-us-israel-attacks-on-iran |work=Al Jazeera |date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

In January 2026, a joint military exercise Will For Peace 2026 brought together navies from BRICS Plus countries China, Iran, Russia and South Africa, alongside Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia and Indonesia participating as observers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cocks |first=Tim |date=10 January 2026 |title=China, Russia, Iran start 'BRICS Plus' naval exercises in South African waters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-russia-iran-start-brics-plus-naval-exercises-south-african-waters-2026-01-10/ |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2026 |title=South Africa defends BRICS naval drills as 'essential' amid tensions |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/10/south-africa-defends-brics-naval-drills-as-essential-amid-tensions |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=AlJazeera.com}}</ref>

Internal divisions became more apparent within the expanded BRICS bloc when the organization failed to issue a joint statement on the 2026 Iran war. Despite calls from Iran for a unified stance against the U.S.-Israel military campaign, the bloc remained deadlocked, largely due to the direct involvement of both Iran and the United Arab Emirates—who are on opposing sides of the conflict—as members.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Sudha |title=Why India Should Leverage BRICS to Call for Ceasefire in West Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/04/why-india-should-leverage-brics-to-call-for-ceasefire-in-west-asia/ |work=The Diplomat |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

== Environment == BRICS is considered a climate-critical group, even though the theme India has chosen for its presidency is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, and Sustainability”. This is considered a problem of the absence of climate justice. Global climate finance is $1.9 trillion per year, while $7.4 trillion is needed; very little is going to adaptation. The countries of the global south are struggling to find resources for climate action.

India’s BRICS presidency can be used to build a just climate financial system. It can be done through the New Development Bank and by a unified BRICS position on Carbon Markets. The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) entered full effect in 2026, and BRICS condemned it as “unilateral, punitive and discriminatory.” For India alone, it could reduce steel export revenue by $25 million this year, and the cost is set to rise sharply. To address the problem, BRICS can, for example, join Brazil’s Open Coalition on Compliance Carbon Markets as a bloc. The coalition was endorsed by 18 countries, including China, the EU, the U.K., and Canada. It is writing the rules about carbon credits globally. BRICS can join in shaping the rules from the inside instead of objecting from the outside.<ref>{{cite news |title=The BRICS Climate Stress Test: India’s Opportunity to Reshape Global Climate Finance Architecture |url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/05/the-brics-climate-stress-test-indias-opportunity-to-reshape-global-climate-finance-architecture/ |access-date=3 May 2026 |agency=The Diplomat |date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Reception == World analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Ruchir |date=November–December 2012 |title=Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138219/ruchir-sharma/broken-brics |url-status=live |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=91 |issue=November/December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220021001/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138219/ruchir-sharma/broken-brics |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pesek |first=William |date=24 June 2013 |title=China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy |url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-24/china-loses-control-of-its-frankenstein-economy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104194221/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-24/china-loses-control-of-its-frankenstein-economy.html |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arancibia |first=Juan Carlos |date=26 June 2013 |title=Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles |url=http://news.investors.com/investing-international-leaders/062613-661520-brazil-stocks-in-bear-market.htm |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109023642/http://news.investors.com/investing-international-leaders/062613-661520-brazil-stocks-in-bear-market.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |work=Investor's Business Daily |publisher=Investors.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2013 |title=Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21582256-emerging-market-slowdown-not-beginning-bust-it-turning-point |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726184521/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21582256-emerging-market-slowdown-not-beginning-bust-it-turning-point |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform,<ref>Jim Yardley (29 March 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/asia/brics-leaders-fail-to-create-rival-to-world-bank.html?_r=1 "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904205816/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/asia/brics-leaders-fail-to-create-rival-to-world-bank.html|date=4 September 2017}}. ''The New York Times''. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.</ref> and India and China's disputes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Dr. Andrew F. |last2=Farooq |first2=Asif B. |year=2016 |title=EXCERPT {{!}} A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/04/EXCERPT-Test-of-China-India-Cooperative-Dynamics-BRICS-003-04-2017-0005.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=81–86 |issn=2381-3652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175857/http://www.indrastra.com/2017/04/EXCERPT-Test-of-China-India-Cooperative-Dynamics-BRICS-003-04-2017-0005.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017 |via=IndraStra Global}}</ref> over territorial issues.<ref name="highwall">{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Khadija |date=3 April 2012 |title=Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/ND03Dj01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402171026/http://atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/ND03Dj01.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 July 2013 |work=Asia Times}}</ref> There is scope for multilateralism in space,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Archana |date=6 August 2023 |title=BRICS: Can it form multilateralism in Outer Space? |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/08/06/brics-can-it-form-multilateralism-in-outer-space/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref> and collaboration in the space governance sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=López |first=Laura Delgado |date=2 October 2023 |title=BRICS+ from Above: Why the Space Dimension of the Expanded Alliance Matters |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/brics-above-why-space-dimension-expanded-alliance-matters |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref>

ILO Director-General Guy Ryder has received the joint declarations and statements of the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS with a positive attitude over the years.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Guy Ryder welcomes BRICS countries' will to boost growth and decent work |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/guy-ryder-welcomes-brics-countries-will-boost-growth-and-decent-work |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2018 |title=ILO head praises BRICS countries' commitment to social dialogue |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_636211/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825163740/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_636211/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=International Labour Organization |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=ILO Director-General welcomes BRICS commitment to green jobs, skills development, workers' protection |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/ilo-director-general-welcomes-brics-commitment-green-jobs-skills |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> These statements cover decent work,<ref name=":5" /> social dialogue,<ref name=":6" /> green jobs, skills development, and workers' protection.<ref name=":7" />

=== Belgium === Christian E. Rieck of the Global Governance Institute writes in October 2024 that China's relative power distribution in BRICS is "4+1".<ref name="AF">{{Cite web |last=Rieck |first=Christian E. |date=30 October 2024 |title=A Fork in the Road? The Kazan Summit of the BRICS |url=https://www.globalgovernance.eu/publications/a-fork-in-the-road-the-kazan-summit-of-the-brics |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=globalgovernance.eu |series=GGI Briefing 6/2024 |publisher=Global Governance Institute |publication-place=Brussels}}</ref> He notes how China has pushed for enlargement, while India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the group's exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-Western stance.<ref name="AF" /> According to Rieck, although BRICS supports multipolarity and non-alignment, it also does not take an explicitly anti-Western stance.<ref name="AF" /> He also argues that BRICS' efforts to construct new financial architectures should not be actively challenged, as that will only be counter-productive, and that Europe should not feel threatened by BRICS. <ref name="AF" />

Alicia García-Herrero, who writes for the think tank Bruegel, argued that the West should note the anti-West sentiment developing amongst BRICS, and that the West needs to offer the Global South better economic deals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herrero |first=Alicia García |date=29 October 2024 |title=BRICS is becoming a more solid construction |url=https://www.bruegel.org/first-glance/brics-becoming-more-solid-construction |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Bruegel {{!}} The Brussels-based economic think tank |language=en}}</ref>

Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute wrote in November 2024 that the pivot toward BRICS by several countries in the Global South, especially visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU.<ref name="WU">{{Cite web |last=Brender |first=Reinhold |date=13 November 2024 |title=Why the BRICS Summit in Kazan should be a Wake-up Call for the EU |url=https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2024/11/Reinhold-Brender_Policy_Brief_364_vFinal.pdf?type=pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=EGMONT – The Royal Institute for International Relations |series=Egmont Policy Brief 364}}</ref> To address this, Brender argued that the EU should think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South.<ref name="WU" />

=== Brazil === In 2014, an opinion poll of 1881 respondents found that only 4% knew what BRICS stood for, while in 2019, only 3% of 1849 respondents knew what the acronym stood for.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Ivan Filipe |last2=Freitas |first2=Vinicius Ruiz Albino de |last3=Onuki |first3=Janina |date=November 2021 |title=The BRICS and Brazilian public opinion: soft balancing or economic strategy? |journal=Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |article-number=e012 |doi=10.1590/0034-7329202100212 |issn=0034-7329|doi-access=free }}</ref>[[File:14 11 2019 Diálogo dos Líderes com o Conselho Empresarial do BRICS e o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (49066644892).jpg|thumb|right|The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in November 2019]] [[File:14 11 2019 Almoço oferecido aos Líderes do BRICS (49066061897).jpg|thumb|right|Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders]]

=== Canada === Alissa Wang, co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-Western is not likely.<ref name="EB">{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Alissa |date=5 July 2023 |title=The Evolving BRICS |url=http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/biblio/wang-evolving-brics-230705.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010092056/http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/biblio/wang-evolving-brics-230705.html |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=brics.utoronto.ca University of Toronto}}</ref> The group consists of three democracies – Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes – Russia, China –, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance.<ref name="EB" /> Further, a BRICS expansion would strengthen the group economically, but political jointness could be negatively affected.<ref name="EB" />

=== China === In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.<ref name="BRICS Peace Defender">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422020755/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |archive-date=22 April 2013 |access-date=9 November 2013 |website=Business Day}}</ref>

In March 2025, the government-affiliated think tank Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) published a report where they said that BRICS was not an anti-Western entity but a non-Western entity seeking a "just and reasonable post-Western order".<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sim |first=Dewey |date=14 March 2025 |title=Not anti-western but 'non-Western': Brics urged to jointly face external shocks |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3302460/brics-not-anti-western-must-unite-against-external-shocks-chinese-think-tank |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

=== France === French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first Western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camut |first=Nicolas |date=20 June 2023 |title=Macron wants to crash summit with Russia, China and allies |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/france-emmanuel-macron-wants-to-attend-summit-with-russia-and-its-allies-french-fm-says/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-GB}}</ref> Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |date=26 July 2023 |title=Russia says France's participation in BRICS summit would be 'unsuitable' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russia-says-frances-participation-in-brics-summit-would-be-unsuitable/2954705 |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Anadolu Agency}}</ref>

=== Germany === A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haibin |first=Niu |date=September 2013 |title=Brics in Global Governance: A Progressive and Cooperative Force? |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/10227.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Friedrich Ebert Foundation}}</ref> German diplomat Reinhard Butikofer, following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, stated that developing countries may turn to BRICS "if Europe fails to prove its reliability and credibility as a fair partner".<ref name="AC">{{Cite news |last1=Sarpong |first1=Emmanuel Frimpong |last2=Sibiri |first2=Hagan |date=19 December 2024 |editor-last=Mare |editor-first=Ada |title=Building a bloc from BRICS: Assessing China's strategic interests and influence |url=https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115023204/https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=APRI – Africa Policy Research Institute |language=en-US }}</ref>

A Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom policy paper explains that while the expansion of BRICS is a wake-up call, the EU or Germany need not make any direct formal contact with BRICS until the goals of BRICS are officially defined.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Holtzmann |first1=Dr. Hans-Dieter |url=https://shop.freiheit.org/#!/Publikation/1910 |title=Policy Paper: Decoding BRICS. The beginning of a new world order |last2=Voort |first2=Akim van der |date=April 2025 |publisher=Friedrich Naumann Foundation |isbn=978-3-911204-14-9 |editor-last=Holtzmann |editor-first=Dr. Hans-Dieter |page=13 |chapter=Will the BRICS States or Donald Trump Reshape the Liberal World Order? |editor-last2=Voort |editor-first2=Akim van der}}</ref> "Western-oriented BRICS countries ... should be more closely integrated into global governance."<ref name=":2" />

=== India === {{AI-generated|section|date=October 2025|reason=Initial versions of the final paragraph used ''highlight'' as a verb and superficially analyzed Modi's affirmation of India's "humanity first" approach.}} [[File:PM Narendra Modi meeting President of China Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS Summit (2024) 01.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, October 2024]] In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.<ref>Prashad, Vijay 2014. ''The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South''. Verso. p10-11</ref>

Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception."<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=Modi Calls for Urgent Reform of UN Security Council, IMF |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Jul/15/modi-calls-for-urgent-reform-of-un-security-council-imf-636223.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2014 |title=Prime Minister's statement in 6th BRICS Summit on the Agenda – "Political Coordination: "International Governance & Regional Crises" |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/23632/Prime+Ministers+statement+in+6th+BRICS+Summit+on+the+Agenda++quotPolitical+Coordination+quotInternational+Governance+amp+Regional+Crisesquot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906225939/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/23632/Prime+Ministers+statement+in+6th+BRICS+Summit+on+the+Agenda++quotPolitical+Coordination+quotInternational+Governance+amp+Regional+Crisesquot |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures, including "institutionalized cooperation".<ref name="HB">{{Cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |author-link=Brahma Chellaney |date=18 October 2016 |title=Has BRICS been reduced to a talking shop? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/has-brics-been-reduced-to-a-talking-shop/story-fuwLqfVDJDOPyiaJ0roLIO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325035925/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/has-brics-been-reduced-to-a-talking-shop/story-fuwLqfVDJDOPyiaJ0roLIO.html |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world".<ref name="HB" />

The Sino-Indian border dispute, for example during the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, has been a bilateral non-issue for BRICS.<ref name="EL">{{Cite journal |last1=Papa |first1=Mihaela |last2=Verma |first2=Raj |year=2021 |title=Scenarios for BRICS Evolution in Light of the India–China Conflict |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=539–544 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.13010 |issn=1758-5899|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Raj |last2=Papa |first2=Mihaela |year=2021 |title=BRICS amidst India-China Rivalry |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=509–513 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12977 |issn=1758-5899|doi-access=free }}</ref> In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit.<ref name="EL" /> During the 2023 BRICS summit, China and India agreed to make efforts to address border issues. However, following the 2023 BRICS summit, China released a disputed map.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pramod |date=12 October 2023 |title=BRICS Summit 2023: Major Outcomes and Relevance – Australian Institute of International Affairs |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/brics-summit-2023-major-outcomes-and-relevance/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs}}</ref> Ashok Malik comments that amid new BRICS members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get a "distortionary ideological edge".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Ashok |author-link=Ashok Malik |date=20 October 2024 |title=BRICS: India's role is to ensure the grouping doesn't get a distortionary ideological edge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/brics-indias-role-is-to-ensure-the-grouping-doesnt-get-a-distortionary-ideological-edge/articleshow/114403224.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won't let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Maiorano |first1=Diego |last2=Kaur |first2=Kanika |date=13 November 2024 |title=India's Role in the BRICS: Navigating the Balance in a Changing World |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/indias-role-in-the-brics-navigating-the-balance-in-a-changing-world/#_ftnref8 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=India's Jaishankar on BRICS: "Because You Won't Let Us Into the G7 Club" |url=https://www.bricsforum.in/news-20240913-indias-jaishankar-on-brics-because-you-wont-let-us-into-the-g7-club |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=BRICS International Forum |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111133810/https://www.bricsforum.in/news-20240913-indias-jaishankar-on-brics-because-you-wont-let-us-into-the-g7-club |url-status=dead }}</ref> The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist.<ref name="CW" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Why BRICS? Jaishankar's sharp retort: 'Because you won't let us into G7 club' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-brics-jaishankar-s-sharp-retort-because-you-won-t-let-us-into-g7-club-101726159451821.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912174711/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-brics-jaishankar-s-sharp-retort-because-you-won-t-let-us-into-g7-club-101726159451821.html |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the Kazan summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that BRICS was never meant to be against anyone or be anti-western, and that it is only non-western.<ref name="AW">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2024 |title='Not anti-western but ...': Putin borrows PM Modi's words to describe Brics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/not-anti-western-but-putin-borrows-pm-modis-words-to-describe-brics/articleshow/114356100.cms |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At the Kazan summit the Prime Minister stated "We must be careful to ensure that this organization does not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=Brics must avoid being an anti-West group as it grows, says PM Modi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/brics-must-avoid-being-an-anti-west-group-as-it-grows-says-pm-modi-124102400534_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113214208/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/brics-must-avoid-being-an-anti-west-group-as-it-grows-says-pm-modi-124102400534_1.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term."<ref name="CS" />

The central bank of India, Reserve Bank of India, Governor Shaktikanta Das, stated in December 2024 that dedollarization for India was only a part of "derisking" Indian trade and reducing dependence on any one currency since that may become "problematic".<ref name="DD">{{Cite news |last=Varier |first=Aathira |date=6 December 2024 |title=De-dollarisation not our objective, says RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/de-dollarisation-is-not-our-objective-says-rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-124120601110_1.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> While a BRICS currency had been raised by a member state, nothing specific was decided.<ref name="DD" /> He also compared the Euro and stated how nations in Euro countries are located in proximity, while that is not the case with BRICS.<ref name="DD" /> This was in response to a question about President-elect Trump's warning about tariffs.<ref name="DD" /> Former ambassador D. Bala Venkatesh Varma, in an interview with the think tank India Foundation, states that India's stance in BRICS is "pro-India" and "claiming that BRICS is dominated by China is an exaggeration".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |others=Joyeeta Basu |title=BRICS Summit 2024:An Interview with Amb. D.B. Venkatesh Varma |url=https://indiafoundation.in/articles-and-commentaries/brics-summit-2024an-interview-with-amb-d-b-venkatesh-varma/ |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=India Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro on 7 July 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that India would give a "new form" to the BRICS grouping during its presidency in 2026. He proposed redefining BRICS as "Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability" and emphasized a people-centric approach, drawing parallels with India's G-20 presidency, where the Global South was prioritized. Modi affirmed that India would advance BRICS with a focus on "humanity first".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=7 July 2025 |title=India will give a 'new form' to BRICS grouping in 2026: PM Modi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-will-give-a-new-form-to-brics-grouping-in-2026-pm-modi/article69784800.ece |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Modi also called for the urgent reform of global institutions to reflect the realities of the 21st century, emphasized greater representation for the Global South, and criticized organizations like the UN Security Council and the World Trade Organization.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=BRICS leaders condemn April 22 Pahalgam attack: On terror, zero tolerance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brics-leaders-condemn-jk-pahalgam-attack-on-terror-zero-tolerance-10110505/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Iran === Iran's admission as a member in 2023 has been touted by the country as a "strategic success".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heiran-Nia |first=Javad |date=30 August 2023 |title=What Can Iran Achieve from BRICS Membership? |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/what-can-iran-achieve-from-brics-membership/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehdi |first=Syed Zafar |date=24 August 2023 |title=Iran calls BRICS membership 'strategic victory' amid tensions with US |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/iran-calls-brics-membership-strategic-victory-amid-tensions-with-us/2975235 |access-date=21 January 2025 |publisher=Anadolu Agency}}</ref> Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as president stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Dr Raisi at the 15th BRICS summit: World needs foundation of a fair system/ Benefits of Iran's membership in BRICS to make history/ Iran backs de-dollarization in economic relations of members, use of national currencies |url=https://president.ir/en/146283 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Official Website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran}}</ref> Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Mona Hojat |date=25 August 2023 |title=BRICS: new era for Iran |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/488308/BRICS-new-era-for-Iran |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Russia === [[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and President of the People’s Republic of China Xi Jinping before the restricted-format meeting of the 2024 BRICS Summit.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, 23 October 2024]] In 2015, President Vladimir Putin stated that despite BRICS being a young organisation, it has already been effective.<ref name="VP">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2015 |title=Message from Vladimir Putin at the start of Russia's presidency of the BRICS group |url=https://canada.mid.ru/en/press-centre/news/message_from_vladimir_putin_at_the_start_of_russia_s_presidency_of_the_brics_group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525173813/https://canada.mid.ru/en/press-centre/news/message_from_vladimir_putin_at_the_start_of_russia_s_presidency_of_the_brics_group/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=canada.mid.ru The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Canada |url-status=live }}</ref> The five countries "are playing an active part in shaping a multipolar world order and developing modern models for the world's financial and trading systems."<ref name="VP" />

In 2024, President Putin speaking at a BRICS forum said "BRICS is one of the key elements of the emerging multipolar world order, which increasingly reflects the interests and aspirations of the states of both the global South and the East ... we are engaged in an active dialogue in the BRICS plus/outreach format, and are working to establish a category of partner states".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Vladimir Putin describes BRICS as key element of emerging multipolar world order |url=https://tvbrics.com/en/news/vladimir-putin-describes-brics-as-key-element-of-emerging-multipolar-world-order/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=TV BRICS |language=en}}</ref> At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar.<ref name="LC" /> In a briefing in October 2024 Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman said that "BRICS framework is non-confrontational and constructive", and that "it is a viable alternative to a world living by someone else's, alien rules".<ref name="OR" /> New members have made BRICS into a stronger representative of the "Global South and East – or the Global Majority".<ref name="FM">{{Cite web |title=Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova, Moscow, October 2, 2024. The global significance of BRICS. |url=https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1973703/#15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127201332/https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1973703/#15 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation }}</ref> Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role.<ref name="FM" /> President Putin quoted Prime Minister Narendra Modi in saying that BRICS is not anti-western but non-western.<ref name="AW" />

A poll following the Kazan summit revealed that 39% of 1,500 respondents had never heard about BRICS.<ref name="PS">{{Cite web |last=Lissovolik |first=Yaroslav |date=8 November 2024 |title=A post-summit BRICS poll |url=https://brics-plus-analytics.org/a-post-summit-brics-poll/ |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=brics-plus-analytics.org BRICS+ Analytics}}</ref> Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening.<ref name="PS" /> In 2025, Victoria Panova, Head of the BRICS Expert Council—Russia, stated that while BRICS aims to make a fairer world order, it "doesn't have an aim of expansion as an aim in itself." The aim isn't to duplicate the UN's General Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=27 March 2025 |title=BRICS has features to make world order fair: Top Russian expert |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/brics-has-features-to-make-world-order-fair-top-russian-expert/articleshow/119570104.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In March 2025, President Putin suggested that BRICS countries could be a part of the Ukraine peace process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Russia's Putin says North Korea, BRICS should join Ukraine ceasefire talks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/28/russias-putin-says-north-korea-brics-should-join-ukraine-ceasefire-talks |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to Valdai Discussion Club's Dmitry Suslov in October 2024, there are many intra-BRICS disagreements.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Suslov |first=Dmitry |date=3 October 2024 |title=BRICS After Expansion |url=https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/brics-after-expansion/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Valdai Discussion Club}}</ref> Firstly, prior cooperation and current relationship with the West are major factors in making decisions where BRICS countries are concerned.<ref name=":1" /> Secondly, the speed of decision-making varies with respect to making changes in economic governance, say when it concerns a new currency or settlement mechanism.<ref name=":1" /> Third, bilateral relations between countries such as China and India and Saudi Arabia and Iran have not always been amicable.<ref name=":1" />

=== Ukraine === In an October 2024 interview with ''The Times of India'', President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that the Kazan summit in Russia was a total failure.<ref name="RZ">{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Rudroneel |date=28 October 2024 |title='There can't be neutrality between aggressor & victim. It only means you're with Russia': Zelenskyy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/there-cant-be-neutrality-between-aggressor-victim-it-only-means-youre-with-russia-zelenskyy/articleshow/114668253.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> President Zelensky also criticized the presence of the UN Secretary General at the summit.<ref name="RZ" /> The office of the UN secretary general clarified his participation, referring to BRICS's role "in boosting global co-operation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lukiv |first=Jaroslav |date=25 October 2024 |title=Ukraine's Volodymyr Zelensky snubs UN chief after his Russia trip |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyd4xg70ejo |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== United States === On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Isobel |date=9 April 2013 |title=Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/09/ten-questions-for-the-new-brics-bank/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002050021/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/09/ten-questions-for-the-new-brics-bank/ |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref>

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Frank |last2=Papa |first2=Mihaela |last3=Han |first3=Zhen |date=18 August 2023 |title=As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy? |url=https://theconversation.com/as-brics-cooperation-accelerates-is-it-time-for-the-us-to-develop-a-brics-policy-210021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927115736/https://theconversation.com/as-brics-cooperation-accelerates-is-it-time-for-the-us-to-develop-a-brics-policy-210021 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests.<ref name="CD" /> Replacing the dollar could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates, and undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions and SWIFT.<ref name="CD" />

Michael Kugelman writes in the BBC that "BRICS projects meant to reduce reliance on the US dollar likely aren't viable, because many member states' economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kugelman |first=Michael |date=25 October 2024 |title=Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2verz8ggo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105171801/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2verz8ggo |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Saibal |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS meeting highlights geopolitical aspirations, rivalries with West |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/brics-meeting-highlights-geopolitical-aspirations-rivalries-with-west/7836994.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BG" /> Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has largely dismissed BRICS efforts at dedollarisation.<ref name="BG" /> Following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, the US National Security Advisor stated that it does not possess a "serious challenge".<ref name="AC" />

In November 2024 in a post on Truth Social, United States president-elect Donald Trump threatened a 100% U.S. tariff on countries that pursued a BRICS currency or moved to favor another currency instead of the U.S. dollar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Kaanita |date=1 December 2024 |title=Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/30/politics/trump-brics-currency-tariff/index.html |access-date=1 December 2024 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=1 December 2024 |title=Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/dec/01/trump-threat-100-per-cent-tariffs-brics-nations-dollar |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As U.S. president he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term.<ref>{{Cite news |last=AP |date=22 January 2025 |title=Trump threatens 100% tariffs against BRICS countries if they try replacing U.S. dollar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-threatens-100-tariffs-against-brics-countries-if-they-try-replacing-us-dollar/article69126026.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Md Zakariya |date=21 January 2025 |title=Trump's big warning to India, Brics nations on Day 1 as US President |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-warning-brics-100-per-cent-tariff-de-dollarisation-125012100838_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121104744/https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-warning-brics-100-per-cent-tariff-de-dollarisation-125012100838_1.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Samiran |title="Go Find Another Sucker Nation": Trump Warns BRICS Against Dollar Move |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/donald-trump-brics-dollar-seemingly-hostile-countries-donald-trump-threatens-brics-with-100-tariff-7600289 |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Nicholas |date=14 February 2025 |title=Trump threatens a 100% tariff on 'dead' BRICS group if they 'play games with the dollar' |url=https://fortune.com/asia/2025/02/14/trump-threatens-brics-tariffs-challenge-us-dollar/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=Fortune Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="BRICS Is Dead, Will Impose 100% Tariff If Dollar Replaced", Warns Trump |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brics-is-dead-will-impose-100-tariff-if-dollar-replaced-warns-donald-trump-7705864 |access-date=16 February 2025 |publisher=NDTV |language=en |agency=Asian News International}}</ref> He went on to say that BRICS is silent following his "150%" tariff threat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |editor-last=Chitre |editor-first=Manjiri |title="Not Heard From Them": Trump Claims BRICS "Broke Up" After 150% Tariff Threat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/not-heard-from-them-trump-claims-brics-broke-up-after-150-tariff-threat-7760332 |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=18 February 2025 |title=Is BRICS Dead? Here's why it's far from over |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/is-brics-dead-heres-why-its-far-from-over/3752595/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia";<ref name="HN">{{Cite web |last=Nye Jr |first=Joseph S. |date=7 January 2025 |title=BRICS is hardly a new fulcrum of world politics |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/brics-is-hardly-a-new-fulcrum-of-world-politics/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Australian Strategic Policy Institute – The Strategist |language=en-AU}}</ref> the same goes for Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dzulhisham |first=Huzeir Ezekiel |date=4 December 2024 |title=Iran's Geopolitical Gamble in Turning to BRICS |url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/irans-geopolitical-gamble-in-turning-to-brics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205042822/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/irans-geopolitical-gamble-in-turning-to-brics/ |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=RSIS Nanyang Technological University |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness.<ref name="HN" /> Melissa Pistilli writes that at the 2024 BRICS summit, President Putin seemed to back away from "aggressive calls for de-dollarization [...] but rather to deter the "weaponization" of the US dollar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pistilli |first=Melissa |date=6 January 2025 |title=How Would a New BRICS Currency Affect the US Dollar? (Updated 2025) |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/how-would-new-brics-currency-affect-us-dollar-updated-2025 |website=Investing News Network – NASDAQ}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom === After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at ''The Daily Telegraph''—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.<ref name="Coughlin" /> In 2024, Jim O'Neill comments the grouping merely generates rhetoric and symbolism.<ref name="PM24" />

=== Global opinions === According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS, but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%), and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it |url=https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/brics-expansion-less-than-one-in-five-positive-about-it |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Gallup International Association |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423195305/https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/brics-expansion-less-than-one-in-five-positive-about-it |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International's research |url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/stavlennya-do-brics-doslidzhennya-rejtingu-z-gallup-international.html |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Rating (sociological group) |language=en}}</ref>

== Current leaders ==

Current leading member state representatives:<!--There's no encyclopaedic consistency on heads of state, government, or Saudi's de facto head--> <gallery mode=packed heights=200px> File:Foto oficial do Presidente da República Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (cropped) (2).jpg| '''Lula da Silva'''<br>{{flagicon|Brazil}} President of Brazil File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg| '''Vladimir Putin'''<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} President of Russia File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg| '''Narendra Modi'''<br>{{flagicon|India}} Prime Minister of India File:Xi Jinping meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026 (cropped 2).jpg| '''Xi Jinping'''<br>{{flagicon|China}} President of China{{efn|The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party is the top position in China, which is a one-party communist state.}} File:21.11.2025 – Presidente da República da África do Sul, Cyril Ramaphosa (54938010569) (cropped).jpg| '''Cyril Ramaphosa'''<br>{{flagicon|South Africa}} President of South Africa File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg| '''Abdel Fattah el-Sisi'''<br>{{flagicon|Egypt}} President of Egypt File:Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed Ali (cropped).jpg| '''Abiy Ahmed'''<br>{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} Prime Minister of Ethiopia File:Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait.jpg| '''Prabowo Subianto'''<br>{{flagicon|Indonesia}} President of Indonesia File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg| '''Masoud Pezeshkian'''<br>{{flagicon|Iran}} President of Iran{{efn|The Supreme Leader is the top position in Iran, which is a theocratic Islamic republic.}} File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan - 2024 (cropped).jpg| '''Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan'''<br>{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} President of the United Arab Emirates </gallery>

==See also== {{Div col}} *{{annotated link|Belt and Road Initiative}} *{{annotated link|BRICS Games}} *{{annotated link|Developing country}} *{{annotated link|East–West dichotomy}} *{{annotated link|Emerging power}} *{{annotated link|List of multilateral free-trade agreements}} *{{annotated link|MIKTA}} *{{annotated link|G7}} *{{annotated link|Potential superpowers}} *{{annotated link|Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}} *{{annotated link|ASEAN}} *{{annotated link|Mercosul}} *{{annotated link|BRICS PAY}} *{{annotated link|G20}} *{{annotated link|Hague Group}} *Member states of BRICS *{{annotated link|Non-Aligned Movement}} *{{annotated link|OPEC}} *List of BRICS summit attendees *List of country groupings *BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement *{{annotated link|BRICS Universities League}} *{{annotated link|CRINK}} *{{annotated link|Axis of Resistance}} *{{annotated link|Pix (payment system)}} {{Div col end}}

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == '''Secondary sources''' *{{Cite journal |last=Rewizorski |first=Marek |year=2016 |title=BRICS in the G20? The Involvement of Rising Powers in the Premier Forum of Global Governance |url=http://www.irjournal.pl/pdf-124586-52677?filename=BRICS%20in%20the%20G20_The.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=211–222 |doi=10.7366/020909611201611 |issn=0209-0961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206131921/http://www.irjournal.pl/pdf-124586-52677?filename=BRICS%20in%20the%20G20_The.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2025}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Gavrilenko |first1=Vladimir |last2=Shenshin |first2=Victor |year=2024 |title=BRICS Expansion: A Geopolitical Triumph of Partner Countries |url=https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/view/1087/292 |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Law Journal |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=9–53 |doi=10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-9-53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305151858/https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/download/1087/292 |archive-date=5 March 2025|doi-access=free }} *{{Citation |last=Alpher |first=Yossi |title=Israel and the BRICS |date=September 2014 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184175/a99d5052ba4147c043a40a58ba8077e1.pdf |publisher=Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center}} *{{Cite journal |last=Abdenur |first=Adriana Erthal |date=September 2016 |title=Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict |url=https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/rising-powers-and-international-security-the-brics-and-the-syrian-conflict/ |journal=Rising Powers Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=109–133}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Mihika |last2=and Naka |first2=Ikuno |date=2 January 2022 |title=Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |journal=Oxford Development Studies |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |issn=1360-0818|url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite web |last1=Patrick |first1=Stewart |last2=Hogan |first2=Erica |last3=Stuenkel |first3=Oliver |last4=Gabuev |first4=Alexander |last5=Tellis |first5=Ashley J. |last6=Zhao |first6=Tong |last7=Carvalho |first7=Gustavo de |last8=Gruzd |first8=Steven |last9=Hamzawy |first9=Amr |last10=Kebret |first10=Etsehiwot |last11=Noor |first11=Elina |last12=Sadjadpour |first12=Karim |last13=Al-Ketbi |first13=Ebtesam |last14=Mijares |first14=Victor |last15=Eguegu |first15=Ovigwe |date=31 March 2025 |title=BRICS Expansion and the Future of World Order: Perspectives from Member States, Partners, and Aspirants |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/03/brics-expansion-and-the-future-of-world-order-perspectives-from-member-states-partners-and-aspirants?lang=en |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}} *{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Stuti |date=22 August 2017 |title=BRICS Summits and Outlook on Terrorism |url=https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=1743&lid=1501 |website=Indian Council of World Affairs}} *{{Cite book |last=Stuenkel |first=Oliver |year=2015 |title=The BRICS and the Future of Global Order |publisher=Lexington Books |edition= |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0739193211}} '''Primary sources''' *[https://cdn.brics-russia2024.ru/upload/docs/BRICS24_JointStatisticalPublication_FINAL.pdf?17292326088792175 BRICS Joint Statistical Publication 2024]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241220002759/https://cdn.brics-russia2024.ru/upload/docs/BRICS24_JointStatisticalPublication_FINAL.pdf?17292326088792175 Archive] *[https://portalantigo.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livros/151104_brics_long_term_strategy.pdf Towards a long-term strategy for BRICS. A proposal by the BRICS Think Tanks Council]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126170353/https://portalantigo.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livros/151104_brics_long_term_strategy.pdf Archive] *[http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/BRICS-Membership-expansion-guiding-principles-criteria-and-standards-2023.pdf BRICS Membership Expansion Guiding Principles, Standards, Criteria and Procedures]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240129035407/http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/BRICS-Membership-expansion-guiding-principles-criteria-and-standards-2023.pdf Archive] *[https://www.cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/54865/BRICS_Bulletin_2024.pdf BRICS Economic Bulletin 2024]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250117041313/https://www.cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/54865/BRICS_Bulletin_2024.pdf Archive] *[https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/publications/media-releases/2023/brics-int-relations/BRICS%20bulletin.pdf BRICS Economic Bulletin 2023]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240806110126/https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/publications/media-releases/2023/brics-int-relations/BRICS%20bulletin.pdf Archive] *[https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-72.pdf BRICS Economic Bulletin 2021]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211231235432/https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-72.pdf Archive] *[https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/french/anx1_new.pdf BRICS Cooperation Outcomes] [https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/french/anx1_new.pdf 2021]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210909175005/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/french/anx1_new.pdf Archive] *[https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-52.pdf BRICS Counter Terrorism Action Plan 2021]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211205104650/https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-52.pdf Archive]

=== Declarations ===

* {{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=Kazan Declaration: ''Strengthening Multilateralism For Just Global Development And Security'' |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/38450/Kazan_Declaration__Strengthening_Multilateralism_For_Just_Global__Development_And_Security |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207044850/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/38450/Kazan_Declaration__Strengthening_Multilateralism_For_Just_Global__Development_And_Security |archive-date=7 December 2024}} * {{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/Declaration_2408.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829042258/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/Declaration_2408.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2023 |via=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} * {{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=XIV BRICS Summit Beijing Declaration |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/35435/XIV+BRICS+Summit+Beijing+Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623180746/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/35435/XIV+BRICS+Summit+Beijing+Declaration |archive-date=23 June 2022}} * {{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=XIII BRICS Summit- New Delhi Declaration |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/34236/XIII_BRICS_Summit_New_Delhi_Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909174738/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/34236/XIII_BRICS_Summit_New_Delhi_Declaration |archive-date=9 September 2021}} * {{Cite web |date=17 November 2020 |title=XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration |url=http://brics2022.mfa.gov.cn/eng/hywj/ODS/202203/t20220308_10649500.html#:~:text=We%20reaffirm%20the%20principles%20of,against%20the%20territorial%20integrity%20or |via=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China}}

=== BRICS academic review ===

* {{Cite journal |year=2018 |title=BRICS 2018. Tapping into Africa's Beating Drum |url=https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BRICS_Academic_Review.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031065821/https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BRICS_Academic_Review.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2024}} * {{Cite journal |year=2022 |title=BRICS: Economic Recovery, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Multilateralism |url=https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/BAR6_Combined-6.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126121639/https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/BAR6_Combined-6.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2025}} * {{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=BRICS & Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism |url=https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BAR%20Issue%208.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626001334/https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BAR%20Issue%208.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2024}} * {{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=BRICS & Russia: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security. |url=https://bricsthinktankscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BAR-Issue-9.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126122916/https://bricsthinktankscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BAR-Issue-9.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2025}}

==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * [http://infobrics.org/ BRICS information portal], a Joint website of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the BRICS member States * [https://brics.ibge.gov.br/publicacao.html BRICS Joint Statistical Publication] * [http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ BRICS Information Centre. University of Toronto]

=== Journals === * [https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour BRICS Law Journal] * [https://journals.uj.ac.za/index.php/jbs Journal of BRICS Studies] * [https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/ BRICS Journal of Economics]

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