Avro 504

{{Short description|1913 multi-role military aircraft family}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use British English|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox aircraft |name =Avro 504 |image = Avro 504K - Shuttleworth Uncovered 2015 (23172958672).jpg |type = Trainer, fighter, bomber |manufacturer = Avro |designer =  |first_flight=18 September 1913<ref name="Holmes">Holmes, 2005. p 23.</ref> |introduction = 1913 |retired = 1948 Royal Siamese Air Force |status =  |primary_user = Royal Flying Corps |more_users = Royal Naval Air Service |produced = 1913–1932 |number_built = 11,303 including Japanese, Soviet and other foreign production<ref>{{cite web |url=http://britishaviation-ptp.com/avro504.html |title=Avro 504 |website=britishaviation-ptp.com |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223742/http://britishaviation-ptp.com/avro504.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }}

The '''Avro 504''' is a single-engine biplane bomber made by the Avro aircraft company and under licence by others. Production during World War I totalled 8,970 and continued for almost 20 years,<ref name="Holmes"/> making it the most-produced aircraft of any kind that served in any military capacity during the First World War. More than 10,000 were built from 1913 until production ended in 1932.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://britishaviation-ptp.com/avro504_foreignderiv.html |title=Avro 504 (Foreign Derivatives) |website=britishaviation-ptp.com |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620170040/http://www.britishaviation-ptp.com/avro504_foreignderiv.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BAE Systems">{{Cite web |title=Avro 504J & Avro 504K |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/heritage/avro-504j---avro-504k |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=BAE Systems {{!}} International |language=en}}</ref>

==Design and development== thumb|Technical drawing First flown from Brooklands by Fred "Freddie" Raynham on 18 September 1913,<ref name="Jackson Avro p53">Jackson 1990, p.52.</ref> powered by an {{cvt|80|hp}} Gnome Lambda seven-cylinder rotary engine, the Avro 504 was a development of the earlier Avro 500, designed for training and private flying. It was a two-bay all-wooden biplane with a square-section fuselage. [[File:Avro 504 by ndrwfgg.jpeg|thumb|Avro 504K from the Shuttleworth Collection]]

===Manufacturers=== The following companies are recorded as manufacturing the Avro 504 under licence.<ref>''Flight'' 1954 p87</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gregorie |first1=Martin C. |title=The Avro 504K |url=http://www.gregorie.org/gregories/history/avro_504k.htm |website=Martin Gregorie's Home Page |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

* A. V. Roe and Co Ltd., Park Works, Newton Heath, Manchester; and at Hamble Aerodrome, near Southampton, Hants * Australian Aircraft and Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia * Bleriot and SPAD Aircraft Works, Addlestone * The Brush Electrical Engineering Co Ltd, Loughborough * Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * The Eastbourne Aviation Co Ltd, Eastbourne * Aero Historic, Parana, Argentina * Fabrica Militar de Aviones, Cordoba, Argentina * Frederick Sage and Co Ltd, Peterborough and London * The Grahame-White Aviation Co Ltd, Hendon Aerodrome, London * Harland and Wolff Ltd, Belfast * The Henderson Scottish Aviation Factory, Aberdeen * Hewlett and Blondeau Ltd, Luton * Humber Limited, Coventry * Morgan and Co, Leighton Buzzard * Nakajima Hikoki Seisaku Sho, Ohta-Machi, Tokyo, Japan * Parnall & Sons, Bristol * Regent Carriage, Fulham * S. E. Saunders Ltd, East Cowes, Isle of Wight * Savages Ltd, King's Lynn, * SABCA, Brussels, Belgium * The Sunbeam Motor Car Co Ltd, Wolverhampton * TNCA, Balbuena field in Mexico City * Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, Japan * KEA, Greece<ref>{{cite book |author=L.S. Skartsis |title= Modern Greece's Machines: A Comprehensive Guide to Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers (1700 to Present)|url=https://www.academia.edu/166113877/Modern_Greeces_Machines_A_Comprehensive_Guide_to_Greek_Vehicle_and_Machine_Manufacturers_1700_to_Present_|year= 2026 |location= Athens}}{{ISBN|978-618-00-6734-7}}(open access eBook)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Avro 504N/O | publisher=Hellenic Air Force| url=https://www.haf.gr/en/history/historical-aircraft/avro-504no/| access-date=13 May 2026}}</ref>

== Operational history == [[File:Foster Mount Avro504.jpg|thumb|Foster-mounted Lewis gun on night fighter Avro 504K]] [[File:StateLibQld 1 111320 Flight Commander Smith flies for the Peace Loan, 1919.jpg|thumb|"Flight Commander Smith flies for the Peace Loan" ''Queenslander Pictorial'' (1919)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=Peace Loan Aeroplane crashes in Gympie (1919) {{!}} State Library Of Queensland |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/peace-loan-aeroplane-crashes-gympie-1919 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.slq.qld.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>]] Small numbers of early aircraft were purchased by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) prior to the start of the First World War, and were taken to France when the war started. One of the RFC aircraft was the first British aircraft to be shot down by the Germans, on 22 August 1914. The pilot was 2nd Lt. Vincent Waterfall and his navigator Lt Charles George Gordon Bayly (both of 5 Sqn RFC)<ref>"[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/478797 Casualty Details:Vincent Waterfall]". ''Commonwealth War Graves Commission''. Retrieved 10 January 2010.</ref><ref name="Jackson Avro p56">Jackson 1990, p.56.</ref> The RNAS used four 504s to form a special flight to bomb the Zeppelin works at Friedrichshafen on the shores of Lake Constance. Three set out from Belfort in north-eastern France on 21 November 1914, carrying four {{cvt|20|lb|0}} bombs each. While one aircraft was shot down, the raid was successful, with several direct hits on the airship sheds and the destruction of the hydrogen generating plant.<ref name="Mason Bomber p21">Mason 1994, p.21.</ref>

Soon obsolete as a frontline aircraft, it came into its own as a trainer, with thousands being built during the war, with the major production types being the 504J and the mass production 504K, designed with modified engine bearers to accommodate a range of engines to cope with engine shortages. 8,340 Avro 504s had been produced by the end of 1918.<ref name="Bruce ptII p87">Bruce 16 July 1954, p.87.</ref>

In the winter of 1917–18 it was decided to use converted 504Js and 504Ks to equip Home Defence squadrons of the RFC, replacing ageing B.E.2cs, which had poor altitude performance. These aircraft were modified as single-seaters, armed with a Lewis gun above the wing on a Foster mounting, and powered by {{cvt|100|hp}} Gnome or {{cvt|110|hp}} Le Rhône engines. 274 converted Avro 504Js and Ks were issued to eight home defence squadrons in 1918, with 226 still being used as fighters at the end of the First World War.<ref name="Mason Fighter">Mason 1992, p.127.</ref>

Following the end of the war, while the type continued in service as the standard trainer of the RAF, large numbers of surplus aircraft were available for sale, both for civil and military use. More than 300 504Ks were placed on the civil register in Britain. Used for training, pleasure flying, banner towing and even barnstorming exhibitions (as was ongoing in North America following World War I with the similar-role, surplus Curtiss JN-4s and Standard J-1s); civil 504s continued flying in large numbers until well into the 1930s.

The embryonic air service of the Soviet Union, formed just after the First World War, used both original Avro 504s and their own ''Avrushka'' (" Little Avro") copy of it for primary training as the '''U-1''' in the early 1920s, usually powered by Russian-made copies of the Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine. This Russian version of the 504 was replaced by what would become the most produced biplane in all of aviation history, the Polikarpov Po-2, first known as the '''U-2'''; the type remained in Soviet service till the late 1920s, and much later elsewhere.

Although Avro 504s sold to China were training versions, they participated in battles among warlords by acting as bombers with the pilot dropping hand grenades and modified mortar shells {{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}.

The improved, redesigned and radial-engined 504N with a new undercarriage was produced by Avro in 1925. After evaluation of two prototypes, one powered by the Bristol Lucifer and the other by the Armstrong-Siddeley Lynx, the Lynx-powered aircraft was selected by the RAF to replace the 504K. 592 were built between 1925 and 1932, equipping the RAF's five flying training schools, while also being used as communication aircraft. The 504N was also exported to the armed forces of Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Greece, Siam and South Africa, with licensed production taking place in Denmark, Belgium, Canada, Siam, Japan and Greece.

The RAF's 504Ns were finally replaced in 1933 by the Avro Tutor, with small numbers continuing in civilian use until 1940, when seven were impressed into RAF service, where they were used for target- and glider-towing.

The 504 was the first British aeroplane to strafe troops on the ground<ref name ="Bruce pt I p43">Bruce 9 July 1954, p.43.</ref> as well as the first British aircraft to make a bombing raid over Germany.<ref name="Holmes"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindqvist |first=Sven |title=A history of bombing |date=2001 |publisher=New Press |isbn=1-56584-625-7 |location=New York |oclc=44794868}}</ref> It was also the first Allied aeroplane to be downed by enemy anti-aircraft fire and was the first aircraft flown by many future aces, including Billy Bishop.

The 504 is easily recognisable because of the single skid between the wheels, referred to as the "toothpick" in the RAF.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Variants== [[File:Aviation in Britain Before the First World War RAE-O572.jpg|thumb|Early 504 with 80 horsepower Gnome Lambda engine]] *'''504''': {{convert|80|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome Lambda engine. :Original model *'''504A''': :Modified with smaller ailerons and broader struts. {{cvt|80|hp}} Gnome engine. *'''504B''' :Version for RNAS with larger fin. {{convert|80|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome or Le Rhône engine. *'''504C''' :Single-seat anti-zeppelin aircraft for the RNAS. The 504C was fitted with an extra fuel tank, in place of the observer. *'''504D''' :Single-seat anti-zeppelin aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps. Six built. *'''504E''' :{{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome Monosoupape engine. Ten built. *'''504F''' :{{convert|75|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Rolls-Royce Hawk engine. One built. *'''504G''' :Two-seat weapons training variant of the Type 504B for the RNAS. The Avro 504G was intended as a bombing/gunnery trainer, with provision for a Scarff ring mounted on the upper longerons, though the final ten delivered had no provision for a gun. Fitted with one 80 hp Gnome powerplant. 50 built and delivered between June 1917 and January 1918. 30 built by Avro and 20 constructed by The Regent Carriage Company. *'''504H''' :504C modified for catapult trials. 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome engine. *'''504J''' :504A modified to mount a {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome engine. thumb|This Avro 504K was the first aeroplane in Iceland, taken there in 1919 *'''504K''' :Two-seat training aircraft. The 504K had a universal mount to take different engines. Single-seat fighter ('''Comic''') conversion used for anti-zeppelin work. Several were assembled in Australia by Australian Aircraft & Engineering.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Stewart|title=Military Aircraft of Australia|date=1994|publisher=Aerospace Publications|location=Weston Creek, Australia|isbn=1875671080|pages=216}}</ref> {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Clerget 9B, {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome Monosoupape or {{convert|110|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Le Rhône 9J engines. [[File:Avro Dyack used by QANTAS ca. 1921.jpg|thumb|Qantas 504K Dyak (c. 1921)]] *'''504K Mk.II''' :Hybrid trainer based on 504K fuselage with 504N undercarriage and wings and powered by rotary engine. Built under licence in Mexico as '''Avro Anahuac'''.<ref name="Jackson avro p105">Jackson 1990, p.105.</ref> *'''504L''' :Floatplane version. {{convert|150|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bentley BR1, {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Clerget or {{convert|110|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Le Rhône engines. thumb|504L floatplane (1920) *'''504M''' :Three-seat cabin biplane. Only one was ever built. {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome engine. *'''504N''' :Two-seat training aircraft. Redesigned postwar trainer for RAF with {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine. 598 built. thumb|504N left side view *'''504O''' :Floatplane version of 504N. First aircraft to fly above the Arctic Circle in 1923 Oxford Expedition. *'''504P''' :Unbuilt version of the 504N with side-by-side seating.<ref name="Jackson Avro p127">Jackson 1990, p.127.</ref> *'''504Q''' :Three-seat cabin biplane. The 504Q was built for the Oxford University Arctic Expedition. Only one was ever built, powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine. *'''504R Gosport''' :Reworked trainer with revised, lightweight structure. Five prototypes flown 1926 to 1927 with various engines (100 hp/75 kW Gnome Monosoupape, 100 hp/75 kW) Avro Alpha, (140 hp/104 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major and (150 hp/110 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose), with the Mongoose chosen for production aircraft. Ten were sold to Argentina, with 100 more built by FMA under licence in Argentina. Twelve were exported to Estonia, remaining in service until 1940, and an unknown number to Peru.<ref name="Jackson Avro p129-33">Jackson 1990, p. 129-133.</ref> thumb|504R Gosport *'''504S''' :Two-seat training aircraft. Built under licence in Japan by Nakajima. *'''540''' :Observer training version of 504K for Japan. *'''582''' :Experimental version of 504N, with new wings of RAF 30 aerofoil section, Frise ailerons on the bottom mainplanes, wing struts reduced to a "K" arrangement and a simplified undercarriage. Converted back to 504N standard in 1928 for Bristol Titan engine test bed. *'''585''' :504R modified with 504N undercarriage and {{convert|90|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Avro Alpha engine. *'''598 Warregull''' :Two-seat trainer based on 504N for Australia, not built. *'''599 Warregull II''' :Redesigned version of Type 598, not built. *'''Yokosuka K2Y1''' :Japanese version of the Avro 504N, given the long designation '''Yokosuka Navy Type 3 Primary Trainer''', powered by a {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Mitsubishi-built Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose radial piston engine, 104 built. thumb|Yokosuka K2Y (1938) *'''Yokosuka K2Y2''' :Improved version of the K2Y1, powered by a {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gasuden Jimpu 2 radial piston engine. 360 built (K2Y1 and K2Y2).<ref name="Mikesh p276">Mikesh and Abe 1990, p. 276.</ref> Watanabe built aircraft were given the long designation '''Watanabe Navy Type 3-2 Land-based Primary Trainer'''. *'''U-1 (Uchebnyi – 1)''' ''Avrushka'' :Russian copy of the 504K. Over 700 built.<ref name="Jackson Avro p104">Jackson 1990, p. 104.</ref><ref name="BAE Systems" /> *'''MU-1 (Morskoy Uchebnyi – 1)<ref name="BAE Systems" />''' :Russian seaplane version. *'''Orlogsværftet Flyvemaskineværksted LB.I''' – Danish production at the Royal Naval Dockyard (''Orlogsværftet'')<ref name="danish">{{cite web |title=DANISH AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE |url=http://www.ole-nikolajsen.com/DANISH%20MILITARY%20%20AIRCRAFT%20PRODUCTION.pdf |website=ole-nikolajsen.com |access-date=29 December 2018 |location=Copenhagen |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815194359/http://www.ole-nikolajsen.com/DANISH%20MILITARY%20%20AIRCRAFT%20PRODUCTION.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> *'''I1A''' :Brazilian Navy designation of the 504K.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brazilian Military Aircraft Designations |url=https://designation-systems.net/non-us/brazil.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=designation-systems.net}}</ref> *'''I2A''' :Brazilian Navy designation of the 504N and 504O.<ref name=":0" /> *'''B.F.4''' :({{langx|th|บ.ฝ.๔}}) Royal Siamese Air Force designation for the 504N.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai Military Aircraft Designations |url=https://designation-systems.net/non-us/thailand.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=designation-systems.net}}</ref>

==Operators== ;{{Flagu|Afghanistan}} *Afghan Air Force

;{{Flagu|Argentina}} *Argentine Army Aviation Service – purchased 10 directly from Avro, with a further 34 license-built by FMA from 1928 to 1937. In service until 1938.<ref>Magnusson 2007, p. 155</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gacetaeronautica.com/gaceta/wp-101/?p=5991 |title=Catálogo Ilustrado de Aeronaves de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina |last1=Ay |first1=Carlos |language=es |date=15 August 2013 |website=Gaceta Aeronautica}}</ref><ref group=n>The 504 is listed in several sources as having been used by the Argentine Air Force. This is because its predecessor, the ''Army Aviation Service'', was established in 1912 and dissolved in 1945 when the Air Force was created.</ref>

;{{Flagu|Australia}} *Australian Flying Corps **No. 5 (Training) Squadron in the United Kingdom **No. 6 (Training) Squadron in the United Kingdom **No. 7 (Training) Squadron in the United Kingdom **No. 8 (Training) Squadron in the United Kingdom **Central Flying School AFC at Point Cook, Victoria *Royal Australian Air Force **No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF at Point Cook<ref name="Wilson" /> *Western Australian Airways *Qantas (Queensland And Northern Territory Aerial Service) ;{{Flagu|Belgium}} *Belgian Air Force purchased 50 British-built 504Ks from 1920 to 1922, with a further 27 being built under license by SABCA<ref name="Jackson Avro p88">Jackson 1990, p.88.</ref> These were replaced by the 504N, 17 being built by Avro in 1929–31,<ref name="Jackson Avro p123">Jackson 1990, p.123.</ref> and 31 being built under license.<ref name="Jackson Avro p124">Jackson 1990, p.124.</ref> ;{{Flagu|Bolivia}} *Bolivian Air Force 11 Avro 504R Gosport ;{{Flagu|Brazil}} *Brazilian Air Force *Brazilian Naval Aviation ;{{flagu|Canada|1921}} *Royal Canadian Air Force ;{{Flagu|Chile}} *Chilean Air Force *Chilean Navy ;{{flagicon|Republic of China}} Republic of China *Chinese Nationalist Air Force ;23px|link=Reorganized National Government of China China-Puppet * Military Aviation of the Peacebuilding Army operated at least one in the trainer role. ;{{Flagu|Denmark}} *Royal Danish Air Force *Royal Danish Navy ;{{Flagu|Estonia}} *Estonian Air Force ;{{Flagu|Finland}} *Finnish Air Force ;{{flagu|Greece|old}} *Hellenic Air Force *Hellenic Navy ;{{Flagu|Guatemala}} *Guatemalan Air Force

;{{flagicon|India|British}} British India ;{{Flagu|Iran}}

*Imperial Iranian Air Force ;{{Flagu|Ireland}} *Irish Air Service *Irish Air Corps ;{{Flagu|Japan}} *Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ;{{flagu|Latvia}} *Latvian Air Force *Aizsargi ;{{flagu|Malayan Union|name=Federated Malay States}} ;{{Flagu|Mexico}} *Mexican Air Force **Models made in Mexico were called "''Avro Anáhuac''" ;{{Flagu|Mongolia}} *Mongolian People's Army Air Corps ;{{flagu|Netherlands}} *Dutch Army Aviation Group – *Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force ;{{Flagu|New Zealand}} *New Zealand Permanent Air Force ;{{Flagu|Norway}} *Norwegian Army Air Service ;{{Flagu|Peru}} *Peruvian Air Force ;{{Flagu|Poland}} *Polish Air Force – 1 Avro 504K (captured from the Soviets in 1920).<ref>Morgała, Andrzej (1997). ''Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1918–1924'' [Military aircraft in Poland 1918–1924] (in Polish). Warsaw: Lampart. p. 118. {{ISBN|83-86776-34-X}}.</ref> ;{{Flagu|Portugal}} *Portuguese Air Force *Portuguese Navy ;{{flagu|Russian Empire|1914}} * Imperial Russian Air Service ;{{flagu|South Africa|1928}} *South African Air Force ;{{USSR}} * Soviet Air Force – With original British-built examples, and Soviet built U-1 ''Avrushka'' copy. ;{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Kingdom of Spain *Spanish Navy *Spanish Republican Navy ;{{Flagu|Sweden}} *Swedish Air Force *Swedish Navy ;{{Flagu|Switzerland}} *Swiss Air Force ;{{flagu|Thailand|name=Siam}} (Thailand) *Royal Siamese Air Force – 40 Avro 504N (at least).<ref>Garlicki, Jarosław (2001). ''Historia lotnictwa wojskowego Królestwa Tajlandii w latach 1912 – 1945. Część 2.'' "Militaria i Fakty". 1-2/2001, p. 34-35 {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *Royal Thai Navy<ref name="worldairforces.com">{{citation|url=http://www.worldairforces.com/countries/thailand/thl.html|title=World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL)|access-date=30 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125054737/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/thailand/thl.html|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> ;{{Flagu|Turkey}} *Turkish Air Force – Two aircraft ;{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} *Royal Flying Corps *Royal Air Force *Royal Naval Air Service ;{{flagu|United States|1912}} *American Expeditionary Force *United States Army Air Service ;{{Flagu|Uruguay}} *Uruguayan Air Force

==Surviving aircraft and replicas== ;Australia [[File:Qantas Replica Mascot Airport.JPG|thumb|Qantas Avro 504K replica with Sunbeam engine displayed at Qantas Domestic Terminal]] [[File:G-BYKV-E3747 (16432335898).jpg|thumb|Replica Avro 504K on display at RAAF Museum.]]

* A3-4 – 504K on static display at the Australian War Memorial in Campbell, Australian Capital Territory. It was initially given the serial number H2174 before being sent to Australia in 1918–19. It was donated to the memorial in August 1929. It was loaned to Qantas in 1965 and restored to resemble the first Qantas aircraft. It was restored to original condition and returned to the Australian War Memorial in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504K two-seat biplane elementary trainer : A3-4|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RELAWM11080|website=Australian War Memorial|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> * Replica – 504K on static display at the Qantas Founders Outback Museum in Longreach, Queensland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qantas Founders Museum Aircraft Collection |url=http://qfom.com.au/about/qantas-founders-museum-aircraft-collection |website=Qantas Founders Museum |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725235525/https://qfom.com.au/about/qantas-founders-museum-aircraft-collection/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Built in 1988, it is marked as G-AUBG and represents the first Qantas Avro 504K.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Replica – 504K on static display at the Sydney Airport in Sydney. Built in 1988, it is marked as G-AUBG and represents the first Qantas Avro 504K.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Replica – 504K on static display at the RAAF Museum in Point Cook, Victoria. It uses an original engine, fittings, and instruments and is marked as E3747.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro 504K E3747 |url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/sites/default/files/minisite/static/7522/RAAFmuseum/exhibitions/training_hang/avro.htm |website=RAAF Museum |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

;Canada * H2453 – 504K on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. It was previously registered as G-CYFG and before that owned by Cole Palen.<ref>{{cite web|title=AVRO 504K (G-CYFG)|url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-504k-cyfg.php|website=Canada Aviation and Space Museum|publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hine">{{cite web|last1=Hine|first1=Colin|title=Canada Aviation and Space Museum Aircraft: Avro 504K RCAF Registrations: G-CYFG & G-CYCK|url=http://documents.techno-science.ca/documents/CASM-Aircrafthistories-Avro504K.pdf|access-date=23 May 2017|date=August 2013}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * Replica – 504K on static display at the Base Borden Military Museum at CFB Borden near Angus, Ontario. It is on loan from the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, was previously registered as G-CYCK, and before that was owned by J.S. Appleby.<ref>{{cite web|title=AVRO 504K (G-CYCK)|url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-504k-cyck.php|website=Canada Aviation and Space Museum|publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107060217/http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-504k-cyck.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hine" />

;Finland * AV-57 – 504K in storage at the Finnish Airforce Museum in Tikkakoski, Jyväskylä.<ref>{{cite web|title=KUVIA BREGUET-PROJEKTISTA|url=http://ilmavoimamuseo.fi/tietoja-museosta/restaurointiprojektit/kuvie-breguet-projektista|website=Suomen Ilmavoimamuseo|access-date=23 May 2017|language=fi|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703204555/http://ilmavoimamuseo.fi/tietoja-museosta/restaurointiprojektit/kuvie-breguet-projektista|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504K|url=http://www.ilmailumuseot.fi/tuotteet.html?id=20737/233033|website=Ilmailumuseot.fi|access-date=23 May 2017|language=fi}}</ref>

;New Zealand * A202 – 504K airworthy at The Vintage Aviator in Masterton, Wellington. It was purchased by the New Zealand Permanent Air Force in 1925, and subsequently operated as a civilian aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aircraft ZK-ACU Data |url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/ZK-ACU.html |website=Airport-Data.com |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier – Avro 504K, c/r ZK-ACU |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=18573 |website=Aerial Visuals |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prince |first1=Ivan |last2=Cowan |first2=Brendan |title=RNZAF Avro 504K 201 to 206 & RAF Serials |url=http://www.adf-serials.com.au/nz-serials/nzavro504.htm |website=NZDF Serials |access-date=16 July 2021 |date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716021532/http://www.adf-serials.com.au/nz-serials/nzavro504.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Norway * Unknown – 504K on static display at the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodø, Nordland. It was in service from July 1921 to 1928 and has been on display at the museum since 1995. It is painted with the registration number 103, which belonged to 504A that crashed in 1919.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504|url=http://luftfartsmuseum.no/fly/avro-504-3|website=Norsk Luftfartsmuseum|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819092719/http://luftfartsmuseum.no/fly/avro-504-3/|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Russia * Replica – 504K airworthy in Russia. It was previously on display at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWI – Aircraft|url=http://www.militaryaviationmuseum.org/ww1-aircraft.html|website=Military Aviation Museum|access-date=23 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002071155/http://www.militaryaviationmuseum.org/ww1-aircraft.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N504K]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=504K|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|access-date=23 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> It has been given the serial number "H5991" and is painted in Royal Flying Corps colors.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

;United Kingdom * BK892 – 504K airworthy at the Shuttleworth Collection in Old Warden, Bedfordshire. It was originally given the serial number H5199, but was converted to a 504N and sold into civilian ownership. However, it was later impressed into RAF service during World War II as a glider tug, at which point it was given a new serial number. Again returned to civilian use after the war, it was used in the filming of Reach for the Sky.<ref>{{cite web|title=AVRO 504K|url=http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/avro504k|website=Shuttleworth|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605132813/http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/avro504k/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier – Avro 504K, s/n BK892 RAF, c/n R3/LE/61400, c/r G-ADEV|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=64108|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GINFO Search Results [G-ADEV]|url=https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=1&mode=detailnosummary&fullregmark=ADEV|website=Civil Aviation Authority|access-date=23 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * D7560 – 504K on static display at the Science Museum in London.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504K biplane D7560 with 130hp Clerget engine, c 1917.|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/aeronautics/1920-52.aspx|website=Science Museum|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703181724/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/aeronautics/1920-52.aspx|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> * H2311 – 504K on static display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504K Plane|url=http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8418749/avro-504k-plane-aeroplane|website=Science Museum|access-date=23 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier – Avro504, s/n H2311 RAF, c/n H2311, c/r G-ABAA|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=63930|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> * Composite – 504K on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. It is made up of the fuselage of G-EBJE and the wings of G-EBKN.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504K|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/avro-504k|website=Royal Air Force Museum|publisher=Trustees of the Royal Air Force Museum|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Simpson|first1=Andrew|title=INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [E449]|url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/74-A-26-Avro-504K-E449.pdf|website=Royal Air Force Museum|access-date=23 May 2017|date=2014}}</ref> * Replica – 504K on static display at the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge, Surrey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro 504K (replica) |url=http://www.brooklandsmuseum.com/explore/our-collection/aircraft/avro-504k-replica |website=Brooklands Museum |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718023003/https://www.brooklandsmuseum.com/explore/our-collection/aircraft/avro-504k-replica |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marked as G-AACA, it was originally built as a taxiable replica for the 1970s BBC TV series 'Wings'; later acquired by the RAF Museum, Hendon and stored at RAF Henlow then loaned to Brooklands Museum c.1987. Later donated to Brooklands Museum, fitted with an original rotary engine and restored to represent one of two 504s used by the Brooklands School of Flying in the late 1920s and early 1930s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Replica – 504J on static display at Solent Sky in Southampton, Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Exhibits |url=http://www.solentsky.org/exhibitions |website=Solent Sky |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> It is marked as C4451 and was built by ADJ, BAPC No 210.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} *Replica-504K built by Pursang in Argentina in 2010, bought by Eric Vernon-Roe, grandson of Alliot Vernon-Roe, founder of Avro, and then to the UK. Registered as G-EROE, it displays with the Great War Display Team.

;United States * A201 – 504 under restoration at Blue Swallow Aircraft in Earlysville, Virginia.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Replica – 504 under construction at Blue Swallow Aircraft in Earlysville, Virginia<ref>{{cite news|last1=Von Reuter|first1=Jennifer|title=Company Making Antique Airplanes|url=http://www.nbc29.com/Global/story.asp?s=11087577|access-date=24 May 2017|work=NBC29.com|publisher=Frankly Media|date=22 September 2009|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052210/http://www.nbc29.com/Global/story.asp?s=11087577|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Gaertner|first1=John|title=Building The Avro 504... A 25 Year Dream|work=WW1 Aero}}</ref> * Replica – 504K on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. It was built in 1966–1967 by the Royal Canadian Air Force's Aircraft Maintenance & Development Unit and arrived at the museum in May 2003. It was previously registered as G-CYEI.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avro 504K|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197405/avro-504k/|website=National Museum of the US Air Force|access-date=23 May 2017|date=7 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hine" />

==Specifications (Avro 504K)== [[File:Dux U-1 - MU-1 1923.svg|thumb|Dimensioned drawing of Russian Avro 504K copy known as ''Avrushka'' (Little Avro) U-1/MU-1 (reverse engineered by Sergey Ilyushin c. 1923)]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=''The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft'',<ref name="Donald World p77">{{cite book |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=The encyclopedia of world aircraft |date=1997 |publisher=Prospero Books |location=Ottawa |isbn=9781856053754 |edition=Updated |page=77}}</ref> '' and Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I''<ref>{{cite book |title=Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I|first=W. E. De. B. |last=Whittaker |contribution=forward |contributor=John W.R. Taylor |date=1990 |publisher=Military Press |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0517033760 |pages=50–51}}</ref> |prime units?=imp  |crew=2 |length ft=29 |length in=5 |length note= |span ft=36 |span in=0 |span note= |height ft=10 |height in=5 |height note= |wing area sqft=330 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil= |empty weight lb=1231 |empty weight note= |gross weight lb=1829 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb= |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity={{cvt|25.5|impgal|USgal l|0}} fuel; {{cvt|6|impgal|USgal l|0}} castor oil |more general=  |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=Le Rhône 9J |eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine |eng1 hp=110 |eng1 note=

|prop blade number=2 |prop name=Avro fixed-pitch wooden propeller |prop dia ft=9 |prop dia in=0 |prop dia note={{cvt|8|ft|8|in|1}} pitch  |max speed mph=95 |max speed note=at sea level ::::{{cvt|87|mph|kn km/h}} at {{cvt|8000|ft}} ::::{{cvt|85|mph|kn km/h}} at {{cvt|10000|ft}} |cruise speed mph=74 |cruise speed note=at 75% power at {{cvt|8000|ft}} ::::{{cvt|71|mph|kn km/h|0}} at 75% power at {{cvt|10000|ft}} |stall speed mph=40 |stall speed note= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed note= |range miles=250 |range note= |ferry range miles= |ferry range note= |endurance=<br /> :*2 hours at sea level at maximum speed :*2 hours 8 minutes at {{cvt|8000|ft}} at maximum speed :*3 hours at {{cvt|10000|ft}} at maximum speed :*3 hours 42 minutes at {{cvt|8000|ft}} at cruise speed :*4 hours 15 minutes at {{cvt|10000|ft}} at cruise speed |ceiling ft=16000 |ceiling note= |climb rate ftmin=700 |climb rate note= |time to altitude=<br /> :* {{cvt|3500|ft}} in 5 minutes :* {{cvt|8000|ft}} in 10 minutes :* {{cvt|10000|ft}} in 16 minutes |wing loading lb/sqft=5.54 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass={{cvt|0.06|hp/lb}} |more performance= |armament= 1 fixed .303 Lewis atop upper wing (single-seat night fighter variants) }}

==Notable appearances in media==  {{Main|Aircraft in fiction#Avro 504}}

==See also== * German language page on the Soviet-produced U-1 ''Avrushka'' * Sempill Mission {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent|  |related= *La Cierva C-6 |similar aircraft= * Curtiss JN-4 * Polikarpov U-2, the Soviet U-1 ''Avrushka's'' replacement (late 1920s) * Standard J |lists= *List of interwar military aircraft *List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps *List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force *List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force |see also= }}

== Footnotes == {{Reflist|group=n}}

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== *{{cite magazine|last1=Andersson|first1=Lennart|title=Histoire de l'aéronautique persane, 1921–1941: La première aviation du Chah d'Iran |magazine=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=July 1998 |issue=76 |pages=2–12 |trans-title=History of the Persian Air Force, 1921–1941: The First Aircraft of the Shah of Iran |language=French |issn=1243-8650}} * {{cite magazine |last=Bruce |first= J. M.|title=The Avro 504: Historic Military Aircraft No. 8, Part I |magazine=Flight |date=9 July 1954|pages=41–44|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201998.html| format = pdf }} *{{cite magazine |last=Bruce |first= J. M.|title= The Avro 504: Historic Military Aircraft No. 8, Part II|magazine=Flight |date=16 July 1954|pages=83–88 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202060.html | format = pdf }} *{{cite book |title=Warplanes of the First World War – Fighter, Volume One, Great Britain |last=Bruce |first= J. M.|publisher=Macdonald|year= 1965 |location= London}} * {{cite book|editor=Donald, David|title = The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft|year = 1997|publisher = Aerospace Publishing|isbn=1-85605-375-X}} * {{cite magazine |last=Gerdessen |first=Frederik |title=Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945 |magazine=Air Enthusiast |issue=18 |date=April–July 1982 |pages=61–76 |issn=0143-5450}} * {{cite book |last= Holmes |first= Tony |title=Jane's Vintage Aircraft Recognition Guide |year= 2005 |publisher=Harper Collins|location=London |isbn = 0-00-719292-4 }} * {{cite book |title=Avro Aircraft since 1908 |last= Jackson|first= A. J. |orig-date= 1965|edition=Second |publisher=Putnam|year=1990|location=London |isbn= 0-85177-834-8}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Klaauw|first1=Bart van der|title=Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War |magazine=Air Enthusiast |date=March–April 1999 |issue=80 |pages=54–59 |issn=0143-5450}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Lopes|first1=Mario C.|title=Les avions Avro au Portugal: des inconnu aux plus célèbres|magazine=Avions|date=November 1999 |issue=80 |pages=36–41 |trans-title=Portuguese Avro Aircraft: From the Unknown to the Most Famous|language=French |issn=1243-8650}} * {{cite magazine |last=Magnusson |first=Michael |title=FMA : from 1945: The Story of Fabrica Militar de Aviones, Argentina: Part 1 |magazine=Air-Britain Archive |date=Winter 2007 |pages=155–158 |issn=0262-4923}} *{{Cite book|author=Mason, Francis K|title=The British Fighter since 1912|year=1992|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn= 1-55750-082-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Mason, Francis K|title=The British Bomber since 1914|year=1994|publisher=Putnam Aeronautical Books|location=London|isbn= 0-85177-861-5}} * {{cite book |title= Japanese Aircraft 1910–1914|last=Mikesh |first=Robert C. |author2=Shorzoe Abe |year=1990 |publisher= Putnam|location=London |isbn=0-85177-840-2 }} *{{cite magazine|last=Owers|first=Colin|title=Australian 504s|magazine=Air Enthusiast|date=1991|issue=44 |pages=62–69 |issn=0143-5450}} *{{cite magazine|last=Prins|first=François|title=Pioneering Spirit: The QANTAS Story |magazine=Air Enthusiast |date=Spring 1994|issue=53 |pages=24–32 |issn=0143-5450}} * {{cite book |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |editor= Taylor, M. J. H.|publisher= Jane's Publishing Company}} * {{cite magazine |last=Thomas |first= Andrew |title=In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation |magazine=Air Enthusiast |issue=94 |date=July–August 2001 |pages=8–9 |issn=0143-5450}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Wauthy|first1=Jean-Luc|last2=de Neve|first2=Florian|name-list-style=amp|title=Les aéronefs de la Force Aérienne Belge, deuxième partie 1919–1935|magazine=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=June 1995 |issue=305 |pages=28–33 |issn=0757-4169|language=fr|trans-title=Aircraft of the Belgian Air Force}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Avro 504}} *[http://www.histarmar.org/AVIACION/EloyMartin/EO20c/E020c.pdf Argentine AVRO 504 (Spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193420/http://www.histarmar.org/AVIACION/EloyMartin/EO20c/E020c.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} *[http://www.avro504.org/ Avro 504 site] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206085324/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/avro-504k.cfm RAF Museum Hendon/London] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131110/http://www.biplanes.de/bilderserien/ora_avro/index.php Biplanes.de German language page with Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's Avro 504 reproduction] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071123113743/http://www.biplanes.de/bilderserien/ora_avro_2/index.php Biplanes.de German language page with assembly photos of ORA's Avro 504 reproduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG4LX8Smc5w YouTube Video of Old Rhinebeck's Avro 504 reproduction in flight] *[https://greek-war-equipment.blogspot.com/2010/10/1920-1936-avro-504.html Avro 504 in Greek service] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150620225037/http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/avro-504k/ Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's Avro 504 page]

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