{{Short description|Swiss botanist (1778–1841)}} {{redirect|DC.|other uses|DC (disambiguation)}} {{For|A. L. P. P. de Candolle|Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox scientist | other_names = Augustin Pyrame de Candolle | image = Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841), botaniste genevois, professeur à l'Académie, recteur de 1830 à 1832.jpg | caption = Portrait by Joseph Hornung, 1839 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1778|2|4}} | birth_place = [[Geneva]], [[Republic of Geneva]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1841|9|9|1778|2|4}} | death_place = Geneva, [[Switzerland]] | relatives = [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle]] (son); [[Casimir de Candolle]] (grandson); [[Richard Émile Augustin de Candolle]] (great-grandson) | field = [[Botany]], [[agronomy]], [[phytogeography]], [[chronobiology]] | workplaces = [[University of Montpellier]], Collège de Genève | education = [[Collège de Genève]] | known_for = [[de Candolle system|System of Taxonomy]], Principle of "Nature's War" | author_abbrev_bot = '''DC.''' | patrons = [[Georges Cuvier]] | awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1833); associate member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] }} <!-- For future edits, consider avoid fill up the lead with unwanted, unreliable sources, because as per Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Order_of_article_elements, the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. --> '''Augustin Pyramus''' (or '''Pyrame''') '''de Candolle''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|k|æ|n|ˈ|d|ɒ|l}}, {{IPAc-en|US|k|ɒ̃|ˈ|d|ɔː|l}}, {{IPA|fr|kɑ̃dɔl|lang}}; 4 February 1778{{snd}}9 September 1841) was a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[botany|botanist]]. [[René Louiche Desfontaines]] launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a [[herbarium]]. Within a couple of years de Candolle had established a new genus, and he went on to document hundreds of plant families and create a new natural plant classification system. Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, he also contributed to related fields such as [[phytogeography]], [[agronomy]], [[paleontology]], medical botany, and [[economic botany]].
De Candolle originated the idea of "Nature's war", which influenced [[Charles Darwin]] and the principle of [[natural selection]].{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=283}} De Candolle recognized that multiple species may develop similar characteristics that did not appear in a common evolutionary ancestor; a phenomenon now known as [[convergent evolution]]. During his work with plants, de Candolle noticed that plant leaf movements follow a near-24-hour cycle in constant light, suggesting that an internal [[circadian rhythm|biological clock]] exists. Though many scientists doubted de Candolle's findings, experiments over a century later demonstrated that "the internal biological clock" indeed exists.
De Candolle's descendants continued his work on plant classification; son [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|Alphonse]] and grandson [[Casimir de Candolle]] contributed to the ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'', a catalog of plants begun by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.
==Early life==
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle was born on 4 February 1778 in [[Geneva]], [[Republic of Geneva]], to Augustin de Candolle, a former official, and his wife, Louise Eléonore Brière. His family descended from one of the ancient families of [[Provence]] in France, but relocated to Geneva at the end of the 16th century to escape religious persecution.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
At age seven de Candolle contracted a severe case of [[hydrocephalus]], which significantly affected his childhood.{{sfn|Brewster|Taylor|Phillips|Kane|1842|p=253}} Nevertheless, he is said to have had great aptitude for learning, distinguishing himself in school with his rapid acquisition of knowledge in classical and general literature and his ability to write fine poetry. In 1794, he began his scientific studies at the [[Collège de Genève]], where he studied under [[Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher]], who later inspired de Candolle to make botanical science the chief pursuit of his life.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
==Career in botany==
He spent four years at the Geneva Academy, studying science and law according to his father's wishes. In 1798, he moved to Paris after Geneva had been annexed to the French Republic. His botanical career formally began with the help of [[René Louiche Desfontaines]], who recommended de Candolle for work in the [[herbarium]] of [[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle]] during the summer of 1798.{{sfn|Gray|Sargent|1889|pp=292–293}} The position elevated de Candolle's reputation and also led to valuable instruction from Desfontaines himself.{{sfn|Gray|Sargent|1889|pp=292–293}} de Candolle established his first genus, ''Senebiera'', in 1799.{{sfn|Gray|Sargent|1889|pp=292–293}}
De Candolle's first books, ''Plantarum historia succulentarum'' (4 vols., 1799) and ''Astragalogia'' (1802), brought him to the notice of [[Georges Cuvier]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]. de Candolle, with Cuvier's approval, acted as deputy at the [[Collège de France]] in 1802. Lamarck entrusted him with the publication of the third edition of the ''Flore française'' (1805–1815),{{efn|The ''Flore française'' (third edition) was published in 1805 in 5 volumes, and reissued in 1815 together with a sixth volume as a supplement{{sfn|de Lamarck|de Candolle|1815}}}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}{{sfn|Williams|Knapp|2010|p=181}} and in the introduction entitled ''Principes élémentaires de botanique'', de Candolle proposed a natural method of plant classification as opposed to the artificial [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaean]] method.{{sfn|Waggoner|2000}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The premise of de Candolle's method is that taxa do not fall along a linear scale; they are discrete, not continuous.{{sfn|Stevens|1994|p=79}} Lamarck had originally published this work in 1778, with a second edition in 1795. The third edition, which bears the name of both Lamarck and de Candolle, was in reality the work of the latter, the former having only lent his name and access to his collection.{{sfn|Martius|1843}}
In 1804, de Candolle published his ''Essai sur les propriétés médicales des plantes'' and was granted a doctor of medicine degree by the medical faculty of Paris. Two years later, he published ''Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum''. de Candolle then spent the next six summers making a botanical and agricultural survey of France at the request of the French government, which was published in 1813. In 1807, he was appointed professor of botany in the medical faculty of the [[University of Montpellier]], where he would later become the first chair of botany in 1810. His teaching at the University of Montpellier consisted of field classes attended by 200–300 students, starting at 5:00 am and finishing at 7:00 pm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Candolle|first1=Augustin-Pyramus|last2=Candaux|first2=Jean-Daniel|last3=Drouin|first3=Jean-Marc|date=Autumn 2004|title=Memoires et Souvenirs (1878–1841)|jstor=4331909|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=37|issue=3|pages=603–604}}</ref>
During this period, de Candolle became a close acquaintance of the Portuguese [[polymath]], [[José Correia da Serra]], who was Portuguese ambassador to Paris and who circulated in an international network of thinkers ranging from the Briton [[Joseph Banks]] to the Americans [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[William Bartram]], and the French scholars [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] and [[Georges Cuvier]]. Correia's endorsement of the idea of emphasizing similarity and symmetry in classifying plants influenced de Candolle, who acknowledged as much in his writing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diogo|first1=Maria Paula|last2=Carneiro|first2=Ana|last3=Simões|first3=Ana|date=1 June 2001|title=The Portuguese naturalist Correia da Serra (1751–1823) and his impact on early nineteenth-century botany|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010350218005|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|language=en|volume=34|issue=2|pages=353–393|doi=10.1023/A:1010350218005|s2cid=14138084|issn=1573-0387|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=American Catholic Historical Researches|date=1905|title=Abbe Correa de Serra, the Priest Ambassador of Portugal to the United States, 'The Most Enlightened Foreigner That Ever Visited This Country,' 'The Most Extraordinary Man Living', and 'Claimed as One of the Fathers of Our Country|journal=The American Catholic Historical Researches|volume=1|issue=1 |pages=30–43}}</ref>
While in [[Montpellier]], de Candolle published his ''[[Théorie élémentaire de la botanique]]'' (Elementary Theory of Botany, 1813),{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} which introduced a new classification system and the word [[Taxonomy (biology)|''taxonomy'']].{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=20}} Candolle moved back to Geneva in 1816 and in the following year was invited by the government of the Canton of Geneva to fill the newly created chair of natural history.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
[[File:Genève-Maison Candolle (1).jpg|thumb|de Candolle family home in [[Geneva]]]] De Candolle spent the rest of his life in an attempt to elaborate and complete his natural system of botanical classification. de Candolle published initial work in his ''Regni vegetabillis systema naturale'', but after two volumes he realized he could not complete the project on such a large scale. Consequently, he began his less extensive ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'' in 1824. However, he was able to finish only seven volumes, or two-thirds of the whole.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Even so, he was able to characterize over one hundred families of plants, helping to lay the empirical basis of general botany.{{sfn|Sachs|Balfour|Garsney|1890|pp=127–128}} Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, throughout his career he also dabbled in fields related to botany, such as [[phytogeography]], [[agronomy]], [[paleontology]], medical botany, and [[economic botany]].{{sfn|Emerson|1842|pp=225–226}}
In 1827, he was elected an associated member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|Royal Institute of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00004771 |title=Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778–1841) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>
==Later life==
Augustin de Candolle was the first of four generations of botanists in the de Candolle dynasty.{{sfn|Trelease|1924|p=55}} He married Mademoiselle Torras and their son, [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle]], eventually succeeded to his father's chair in botany and continued the ''Prodromus''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} [[Casimir de Candolle]], Augustin de Candolle's grandson, also contributed to the ''Prodromus'' through his detailed, extensive research and characterization of the plant family [[Piperaceae]].{{sfn|Trelease|1924|p=60}} Augustin de Candolle's great-grandson, [[Richard Émile Augustin de Candolle]], was also a botanist.{{sfn|Trelease|1924|p=61}} Augustin de Candolle died on 9 September 1841 in [[Geneva]], after being sick for many years.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} That same year, he was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1841&year-max=1841&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=12 April 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
In 2017, a book<ref>P. Bungener, P. Mattille & M.W. Callmander (2017). ''Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle: une passion, un Jardin''. Lausanne, Genève, éditions Favre & CJBG http://www.editionsfavre.com/info.php?isbn=978-2-8289-1644-2</ref> was written in [[French language|French]] about his life and one of his greatest contributions, the [[Conservatory and Botanical Garden of the City of Geneva|Botanical Garden of Geneva]].
==Legacy==
He is remembered in the plant genera ''[[Candollea]]'' and ''[[Candolleodendron]]'',{{sfn|Isely|2002|p=147}} several plant species like ''[[Eugenia candolleana]]'' or ''[[Diospyros candolleana]]'' and the mushroom ''[[Psathyrella candolleana]]''.<ref name="Evenson 1997">{{cite book |author=Evenson VS. |title=Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAeDeyqZLq0C&pg=PA136 |year=1997 |publisher=Big Earth Publishing |isbn=978-1-56579-192-3 |page=136}}</ref> ''Candollea'', a scientific journal that publishes papers on systematic botany and phylotaxonomy,{{sfn|Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques}} was named after de Candolle and his descendants in honor of their contribution to the field of botany.{{sfn|Trelease|1924|p=60}} He was a mentor to the French-Mexican botanist [[Jean-Louis Berlandier]] and is credited with encouraging [[Marie-Anne Libert]] to investigate cryptogamic flora.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maroske|first1=Sara|last2=May|first2=Tom W.|author-link2=Tom May (mycologist)|date=1 March 2018|title=Naming names: the first women taxonomists in mycology|journal=Studies in Mycology|series=Leading women in fungal biology|volume=89|pages=63–84|doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.001|pmid=29910514|issn=0166-0616|pmc=6002341}}</ref>
===Classification system=== {{Main|De Candolle system}} De Candolle was the first to put forward the idea of "Nature's war",{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=283}} writing of plants being "at war one with another" with the meaning of different species fighting each other for space and resources.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=265}} [[Charles Darwin]] studied de Candolle's "natural system" of classification in 1826 when at the [[University of Edinburgh]],{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=43}} and in the [[inception of Darwin's theory]] in 1838 he considered "the warring of the species", adding that it was even more strongly conveyed by [[Thomas Malthus]],<ref name="134e">{{cite web | title = Darwin transmutation notebook D pp. 134e–135e | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR123.-&pageseq=112 | access-date = 10 September 2022 }}</ref> producing the pressures that Darwin later called [[natural selection]].{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=265}} In 1839, de Candolle visited Britain and Darwin invited him to dinner, allowing the two scientists the opportunity to discuss the idea.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=283}}
De Candolle was also among the first to recognize the difference between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs. He ascribed plant morphology as being related to the number of organs and their positions relative to each other rather than to their various physiological properties. Consequently, this made him the first to attempt to attribute specific reasons for structural and numerical relationships amongst organs, and thus to distinguish between major and minor aspects of plant symmetry.{{sfn|Sachs|Balfour|Garsney|1890|pp=127–128}} To account for modifications of symmetry in parts of different plants, an occurrence that could hinder the discovery of an evolutionary relationship, de Candolle introduced the concept of [[homology (biology)|homology]].{{sfn|Allaby|2010|p=87}}
===Chronobiology=== {{further|Chronobiology|Circadian rhythm}} De Candolle also made contributions to the field of [[chronobiology]]. Building upon earlier work on plant [[circadian]] leaf movements contributed by such scientists as [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] and [[Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau]]. De Candolle observed in 1832 that the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' had a free-running period of leaf opening and closing of approximately 22–23 hours in constant light, significantly less than the approximate 24-hour period of the Earth's light-dark cycles.{{sfn|McClung|2006}}{{sfn|Eckardt|2005}} Since the period was shorter than 24 hours, he hypothesized that a different clock had to be responsible for the rhythm; the shortened period was not entrained—coordinated—by environmental cues, thus the clock appeared to be endogenous.{{sfn|Moore-Ede|1986|pp=R741–R742}} Despite these findings, a number of scientists continued to search for "factor X", an unknown exogenous factor associated with the Earth's rotation that was driving circadian oscillations in the absence of a light dark schedule, until the mid-twentieth century.{{sfn|Albrecht|2010|pp=3–4}} In the mid-1920s, [[Erwin Bunning]] repeated Candolle's findings and came to similar conclusions, and studies that showed the persistence of [[circadian rhythm]] in the South Pole and in a space lab further confirmed the existence of oscillations in the absence of environmental cues.{{sfn|Albrecht|2010|pp=3–4}}
== Published works == {{refbegin|2}} * ''Reticularia rosea'' (1798) * [http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=SB438C361799V1 ''Historia Plantarum Succulentarum'' (4 vols., 1799)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902232758/http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=SB438C361799V1 |date=2 September 2006 }} * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/517#/summary ''Astragalogia'' (1802)] * {{cite book|last1=de Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=de Candolle|first2=AP|author-link1=Lamarck|author-link2=AP de Candolle|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|orig-year=1805|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3rd|url=https://archive.org/details/florefrancaiseou11815lama|language=fr}} ** Introduction: ''Principes élémentaires de botanique'' p. 61 *** also published separately as: – *** {{cite book|last1=de Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=de Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|author-link1=Lamarck|author-link2=AP de Candolle|title=Principes élémentaires de botanique et de physique végétale|date=1805|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw8nJ0KKpNMC|format=extract}} ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=kITs9o6ZWdoC vol. I ] ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=-BcAAAAAQAAJ vol. II ] ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ vol. III ] ** [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/71270#/summary vol. IV Part I] * {{cite book |last1=Lamarck |first1=Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de |url=http://archive.org/details/florefrancaiseou11815lama |title=FLORE FRANÇAISE, OU, Descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France : disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse, et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique |last2=Candolle |first2=Augustin Pyramus de |date=1815 |publisher=Desray |volume=1 |language=fr |trans-title=SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL PLANTS WHICH ARE NATURALLY GROWING IN FRANCE, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO A NEW METHOD OF ANALYSIS, And preceded by a Statement of Elementary Principles of Botany}} ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=pYTiP3RlkToC vol. V ] Supplementary volume, volume index page 650 * [http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK495F38R321805V1 ''Les liliacées'' vols. 1–4, (1805–1808)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519135504/http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK495F38R321805V1 |date=19 May 2011 }} of 8 * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8511237 ''Essai sur les propriétés médicales des plantes comparées avec leurs formes extérieures et leur classification naturelle'' (1804)] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6624#/summary ''Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum'' (1806)] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jhu4AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA262 ''Mémoire sur la Géographie des Plantes de France, Considerée dans Ses Rapports avec la Hauteur Absolue'' (1817)] * {{cite book|last=de Candolle|first=AP|author-link=A. P. de Candolle|year=1819|orig-year=1813|edition=2nd|title=Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary|publisher=Déterville}} ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/193841 2nd ed. 1819]) * ''Flore du Mexique'' (1819) transcribed in Hervé M. Burdet, "Le récit par Augustin Pyramus de Candolle de l'élaboration de la Flore du Mexique, dite aussi Flore des dames de Genève," ''Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid'', 54 (1996) 575–88. * {{cite book|last1=de Candolle|first1=Augustin Pyramus|author-link=Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|title=Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum 2 vols.|date=1818–1821|publisher=Treuttel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/59874#/summary}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4-AAAAcAAJ Essai Élémentaire de Géographie Botanique (1820)] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/32221#/summary A. P. de Candolle and K. Sprengel. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany. W. Blackwood, Edinburgh,1821.] * {{cite book |last1=de Candolle |first1=A. P. |author-link=Augustin Pyramus de Candolle |title=Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols. |date=1824–1873 |publisher=Treuttel et Würtz |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/286#/summary }} ** First seven volumes 1824–1839, continued by [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle]] {{refend}}
== See also == * [[:Category:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]]
{{botanist|DC.}}
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} ;Books * {{cite book |last=Albrecht |first=Urs |title=The Circadian Clock |pages=1–35 |year=2010 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4419-1262-6 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-1262-6_1 |chapter=A History of Chronobiological Concepts }}<!--|access-date=20 April 2011--> * {{cite book |last=Allaby |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Allaby |title=Plants: Food, Medicine, and the Green Earth |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6102-0 }} * {{cite book|last1=Buek|first1=H.W.|title=Genera, species et synonyma Candolleana: alphabetico ordine disposita, seu Index generalis et specialis ad A.P. Decandolle, Prodromum systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis|date=1840–1874|publisher=Sumptibus librariae Nauckianae|location=Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39627#/summary}} * {{cite book |last1=Desmond |first1=Adrian |author1-link=Adrian Desmond |last2=Moore |first2=James |author2-link=James Moore (biographer) |title=Darwin |year=1991 |location=London |publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group |isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Asa |author-link1=Asa Gray |last2=Sargent |first2=Charles |author-link2=Charles Sprague Sargent |title=Scientific papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent |year=1889 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=https://archive.org/details/scientificpaper00sarggoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/scientificpaper00sarggoog/page/n302 292] |access-date=15 May 2011 }} * {{cite book |last=Isely |first=Duane |author-link=Duane Isely |title=One Hundred and One Botanists |year=2002 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-283-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an6r8m0JfV8C&pg=PA147 |access-date=13 April 2011 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sachs |first1=Julius |author-link=Julius von Sachs |last2=Balfour |first2=Isaac Bayley |author-link2=Isaac Bayley Balfour |last3=Garsney |first3=Henry Edward Fowler |title=History of Botany (1530–1860) |year=1890 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_botany_%281530%E2%80%931860%29/Book_1/Chapter_3#126 |access-date=6 May 2011 }} * {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurcharan |title=Plant systematics: an integrated approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-57808-351-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA20 |access-date=13 April 2011 }} * {{cite book |last=Stevens |first=Peter Francis |author-link=Peter F. Stevens |title=The development of biological systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system |year=1994 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-06440-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh9HXVALm9oC&pg=PA79 |access-date=13 April 2011 }} * {{cite book|title=Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm|year=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26772-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH5B3ifHmuwC|editor1-last=Williams|editor1-first=D. M.|editor2-last=Knapp|editor2-first=Sandra|editor-link2=Sandra Knapp|access-date=15 February 2014}} * [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-4093-1_7#page-1 RJ Willis. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, and His Era; in The History of Allelopathy. Springer 2007]
;Encyclopaedias * {{EB1911 |wstitle=Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de |volume=5 |pages=180–181 }}
;Articles * {{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=David |last2=Taylor |first2=Richard |last3=Phillips |first3=Richard |last4=Kane |first4=Robert |title=Proceedings of Learned Societies: Royal Society Obituary Notice |journal=Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=March 1842 |volume=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XiUObxbsYQC&pg=PA253 }} * {{cite journal |last=Eckardt |first=Nancy A. |title=Temperature Entrainment of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock |journal=The Plant Cell |year=2005 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=645–647 |doi=10.1105/tpc.104.031336 |pmc=1069688|bibcode=2005PlanC..17..645E }} * {{cite journal |last=Emerson |first=George B |author-link=George Barrell Emerson |title=A Notice of Prof. Augustine Pyrame de Candolle |journal=The American Journal of Science and Arts |year=1842 |volume=42 |pages=217–226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 |access-date=16 May 2011 }} * {{cite journal|last=Martius|first=Carl Friedrich|author-link=Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|title=Notice of the Life and Labours of DeCandolle|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology|date=July 1843|volume=12|issue=74|pages=1–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoM5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1}} * {{cite journal |last=McClung |first=C. Robertson |title=Plant Circadian Rhythms |journal=The Plant Cell |year=2006 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=792–794 |pmid=16595397 |doi=10.1105/tpc.106.040980 |pmc=1425852 |bibcode=2006PlanC..18..792M }} * {{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Robert |last2=Eichler |first2=Victor |title=Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat |journal=Brain Research |date=July 1972 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=201–206 |pmid=5047187 |doi=10.1016/0006-8993(72)90054-6 }} * {{cite journal |last=Moore-Ede |first=MC. |title=Physiology of the circadian timing system: predictive versus reactive homeostasis |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |volume=250 |issue=5 |pages=R737–R752 |year=1986 |pmid=3706563 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.5.r737 }} * {{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Maynard S |title=Activity and distribution of certain wild mice in relation to biotic communities |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=245–277 |year=1926 |doi=10.2307/1373575|jstor=1373575 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Stephan |first1=Friedrich K |author-link=Friedrich Stephan |last2=Zucker |first2=Irving |title=Circadian Rhythms in Drinking Behavior and Locomotor Activity of Rats Are Eliminated by Hypothalamic Lesions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1583–1586 |year=1972 |pmid=4556464 |doi=10.1073/pnas.69.6.1583 |pmc=426753 |bibcode=1972PNAS...69.1583S |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Trelease |first=William |author-link=William Trelease |title=Four Generations of Memorable Botanists |journal=The Scientific Monthly |date=July 1924 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |jstor=7220 |bibcode=1924SciMo..19...53T }}
;Websites * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|International Plant Names Index|2009}} |title=de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1778–1841) |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]] |date=7 January 2009 |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=16855-1 |access-date=6 May 2011 }} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques}} |title=Candollea |work=Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques |publisher=Ville de Genève |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/publications_candollea.php |access-date=6 May 2011 }} * {{cite web |last=Waggoner |first=Ben |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html |title=Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) |date=7 July 2000 |work=University of California Museum of Paleontology |publisher=University of California |access-date=6 May 2011 |quote=Linnaeus freely admitted that this produced an "artificial classification", not a natural one, which would take into account all the similarities and differences between organisms. | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430160025/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html| archive-date= 30 April 2011 | url-status= live}} {{refend}}
== External links == {{wikisource|works=or}} * {{BHL author}} * {{OL author}} * {{Internet Archive author}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de}} [[Category:19th-century Swiss botanists]] [[Category:1778 births]] [[Category:1841 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century scientists from the Republic of Geneva]] [[Category:Bryologists]] [[Category:Chronobiologists]] [[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:People with hydrocephalus]] [[Category:Proto-evolutionary biologists]] [[Category:Pteridologists]] [[Category:Royal Medal winners]] [[Category:Botanists from Geneva]] [[Category:Swiss people of French descent]] [[Category:Swiss mycologists]] [[Category:Swiss taxonomists]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Geneva]] [[Category:18th-century botanists from the Republic of Geneva]] [[Category:Swiss people with disabilities]] [[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]] [[Category:Botanists from the Republic of Geneva]]