Longrakered trevally

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} {{Speciesbox | image = Ulua mentalis.JPG | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn | author1 = Smith-Vaniz, W.F. | author2 = Williams, I. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = ''Ulua mentalis'' |errata=2017 | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T46081422A115391667 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T46081422A46664514.en }}</ref> | taxon = Atropus mentalis | authority =([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1833) | range_map = Ulua mentalis distribution.png | range_map_caption = Approximate range of the longrakered trevally | synonyms = ''Caranx mentalis'' Cuvier, 1833 ''Leioglossus carangoides'' [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1851 ''Caranx lioglossus'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1860 ''Caranx mandibularis'' [[William John Macleay|Macleay]], 1882 ''Ulua mandibularis'' (Macleay, 1882) ''Ulua mentalis'' Cuvier, 1833 ''Ulua richardsoni'' [[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1908 | synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus|genus=Atropus|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> }}

The '''longrakered trevally''' ('''''Atropus mentalis'''''), also known as the '''cale cale trevally''' and '''heavyjawed kingfish''', is a [[species]] of [[Marine biology|marine]] fish in the jack and horse mackerel [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Carangidae]]. The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west Pacific Oceans, from Mozambique and Madagascar in the west, to Japan and northern Australia in the east. A large species growing to a recorded length of 1 m, the longrakered trevally is distinguished by is protruding lower [[jaw]], elongated [[gill raker]]s and lack of [[Ichthyology terms#V|villiform]] teeth on its tongue. It is an inshore species, restricted to [[coastal]] and [[estuarine]] regions, where it preys on fishes and [[crustacean]]s. Little is known of the species [[reproductive cycle]] or growth. The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to [[fisheries]] and is often taken as bycatch in [[finfish]] and [[prawn]] [[trawl]]s, as well as by [[angling|recreational fishermen]].

==Taxonomy and naming== The longrakered trevally is one of five [[species]] in the genus ''[[Atropus]]'', one of around thirty genera in the jack and horse mackerel family [[Carangidae]], which in turn is part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carangiformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{BioRef |fotw5 |pages=380–387}}</ref>

The longrakered trevally was first [[scientific classification|scientifically described]] by the famed French [[naturalist]] [[Georges Cuvier]] in his 1833 volume ''[[Histoire Naturelle des Poissons]]''. Cuvier based his description off the designated [[holotype]] specimen collected from the [[Red Sea]] near the port city of [[Massawa]] in Eritrea. Cuvier named the species ''Caranx mentalis'', with the [[specific epithet (zoology)|specific epithet]] derived from the Latin word for "chin".<ref name=Cuvier1833>{{cite book|last=Cuvier|first=G.|title=Histoire naturelle des poissons Vol. 9|year=1833|publisher=Pitois-Levrault|location=Strasbourg|page=512|author2=A. Valenciennes }}</ref> In 1908 the American [[ichthyologist]]s [[David Starr Jordan]] and [[John Otterbein Snyder|John Snyder]] described ''Ulua richardsoni'' and in the process erected a new [[genus]] for the [[species]].<ref name=Jordan1908>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=D.S.|author2=Snyder, J. |title=Descriptions of three new species of carangoid fishes from Formosa|journal=Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum|year=1908|volume=4|issue=2|pages=37–40|doi=10.5962/p.48327 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Subsequent review has shown the designation of a new genus to be correct, however ''U. richardsoni'' was found to be [[junior synonym|synonymous]] with ''A. mentalis''. [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] rules state that the first description takes priority, thus the combination of ''Ulua mentalis'' was accepted.<ref name = CofF/> Finally, the species was placed into ''[[Atropus]]'' in 2022.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kimura, S.|author2= Takeuchi, S.|author3= Yadome, T. |year=2022|title= Generic revision of the species formerly belonging to the genus ''Carangoides'' and its related genera (Carangiformes: Carangidae)|journal= Ichthyological Research|volume= 69|issue=4|pages= 433-487 |doi=10.1007/s10228-021-00850-1}}</ref> Between 1833 and 1908, three other redescriptions were published, with [[William John Macleay|William Macleay]]'s ''Caranx mandibularis'' entering common usage before priority was established.<ref name=Nichols1920>{{cite journal|last=Nichols|first=J.T.|title=On the genus ''Citula''|journal=Copeia|year=1920|volume=79|issue=79|pages=11–14|doi=10.2307/1435668|jstor=1435668}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Luther|first=G.|title=''Ulua mandibularis'' (Macleay) (Carangidae, Pisces), a new record from the Indian seas|journal=Indian Journal of Fisheries|year=1968|volume=15|issue=1 & 2|pages=181–197|url=http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJF/article/view/13287/6678|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

The species is [[common name|commonly]] referred to as the 'longrakered trevally' or 'heavyjawed kingfish' in reference to the protruding lower jaw, with the name 'cale cale trevally' also used, predominantly in Australia.<ref name = "fishbase">{{FishBase | Atropus | mentalis | year = 2012 | month = October}}</ref>

==Description== [[File:Ulua mentalis darwin.jpg|thumb|left|The protruding lower jaw is characteristic of the longrakered trevally]]The longrakered trevally is a large fish, reported to reach 1m in length, however is commonly seen at lengths below 60 cm.<ref name=fishbase /> The longrakered trevally has a body shape typical of many trevallies in the genera ''Carangoides'' and ''Caranx'', having a compressed [[oval|oblong]] body, with the convexity of the forehead increasing with age. The lower [[jaw]] protrudes beyond the upper jaw, giving a pronounced '[[chin]]', which becomes stronger as the fish grows, and is diagnostic of the species.<ref name = "FAO_CP">{{cite book |last= Smith-Vaniz |first= W.|editor= Carpenter, K.E. |editor2=Niem, V.H.|title= The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae)|chapter-url= ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4160e/y4160e00.pdf|series= FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes |year= 1999|publisher= FAO|location= Rome|isbn= 92-5-104301-9|pages= 2659–2757|chapter= Carangidae}}</ref> The jaws of the species contain narrow bands of [[Ichthyology terms#V|villiform]] teeth, with no teeth present on the tongue, a feature which distinguishes it from the [[Ulua aurochs|silvermouth trevally]]. The [[gill raker]]s of the longrakered trevally are also distinctive, being elongated and feather like, extending into the mouth to the [[tongue]].<ref name = "Lin1999">{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei |author2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | year = 1999 | url = http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/38.1/33-68.pdf | access-date = 2011-01-16 }}</ref> There are 74–86 gill rakers in total. The [[dorsal fin]] is in two parts; the first having 7–8 [[Fin spine|spines]] and the second 1 spine and 20 to 22 [[soft ray]]s. The [[anal fin]] has 2 detached spines followed by 17 to 18 soft rays.<ref name = "FAO_CP"/> Both the soft dorsal and anal fins are elongated, sometimes to filaments in juveniles, with the dorsal fin being longest and occasionally extending to the [[caudal fin]]. The [[pectoral fin]]s are falcate and extend beyond the intersection of the curved and straight part of the [[lateral line]].<ref name = "Gunn">{{cite journal | last = Gunn | first = John S. | title = A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters | journal = Records of the Australian Museum Supplement| volume = 12 | pages =1–78 | year = 1990 | doi = 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92| doi-access = free }}</ref> The lateral line has a moderate anterior arch, with the straight section containing 0–5 [[scale (zoology)|scales]] followed by 26–38 [[scute]]s. The breast area is devoid of scales from the [[operculum (fish)|operculum]] to behind the [[pelvic fin]]s and extends up to the base of the pectoral fins. There are 24 [[vertebrae]] in total.<ref name = "FAO_CP"/><ref name = "Lin1999"/>

The longrakered trevally is a blue green to olive green above fading to a silvery white below. A dark diffuse blotch is present on the upper operculum in large individuals, but is faint or absent in smaller fish. The [[cheek]]s, lower jaw, inside of the mouth and tongue are all silver in smaller specimens. The spinous dorsal fin is dusky to black, while the soft dorsal and anal fins are dusky to pale green. In larger individuals the lobes of both these fins are dark, however in small specimens the filamentous of the dorsal fin rays are black while the anal fin rays white. The caudal fin is dusky. Juveniles may have 7–8 dark vertical crossbands across their body.<ref name=Gunn/>

==Distribution and habitat== The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and West Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean the species ranges from as far south as Mozambique and Madagascar, north to the [[Red Sea]] and [[Persian Gulf]] and east to India, [[South East Asia]] and Indonesia. The species has also been recorded from offshore islands including the Seychelles and Maldives. The species has a restricted range in the west Pacific; in the south it is known from [[Queensland, Australia]], and recently [when?] has been recorded from Japan in the north.<ref name=Motomura2007>{{cite journal|last=Motomura|first=H.|author2=S. Kimura |author3=Y. Haraguchi |title=Two Carangid Fishes (Actinopterygii: Perciformes), ''Caranx heberi'' and ''Ulua mentalis'', from Kagoshima – the First Records from Japan and Northernmost Records for the Species|journal=Species Diversity|year=2007|volume=12|issue=4|pages=223–235|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008512905|access-date=18 October 2012|doi=10.12782/specdiv.12.223|doi-access=free|hdl=10232/21744|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The first recorded occurrence of the longrakered trevally in Japan during 2007 was of juveniles, with authors concluding schools had been carried on the [[Kuroshio Current]] from China or Taiwan, and the species did not breed in Japan.<ref name=Motomura2007/>

The longrakered trevally inhabits shallow [[coastal]] waters,<ref name=FAO_CP /> and is known to enter [[estuarine]] waters as juvenile.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Suyatna|first=I. |author2=A.A. Bratawinata |author3=A.S. Sidik |author4=A. Ruchaemi|title=Demersal fishes and their distribution in estuarine waters of Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan|journal=Biodiversitas|year=2010|volume=11|issue=4|pages=204–210|doi=10.13057/biodiv/d110407 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the Persian Gulf, studies found the species to predominately inhabit waters of {{cvt|30–50|m|-1}} depth.<ref name=Nourouzi2007>{{cite journal|last=Nourouzi|first=H.|author2=Valinasb, T. |title=Distribution pattern of ''Nemipterus japonicus'', ''Carangoides malabaricus'' and ''Ulua mentalis'' in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan province waters)|journal=Pajouhesh & Sazandegi|year=2007|volume=76|issue=3|pages=118–125|url=http://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/560138676D16.pdf|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

==Biology and fishery== [[File:Cale cale trevally darwin.jpg|thumb|Longrakered trevally are occasionally caught by anglers]]The ecology and [[reproduction|breeding biology]] of the longrakered trevally is poorly understood, with only a few studies recording aspects of its feeding. In Mozambique the species was recorded as feeding on [[crustacean]]s, while adults also took small fishes as prey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=W.|title=Fichas FAO de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca. Guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Moçambique|year=1990|publisher=FAO|location=Roma|page=424 |author2=I. Sousa |author3=C. Silva |author4=A. de Freitas |author5=J.M. Poutiers |author6=W. Schneider |author7=T.C. Borges |author8=J.P. Feral |author9=A. Massinga}}</ref> In the Solomon Islands the species is known to predominantly take fish as prey in lagoons, however at times drops fish from its diet.<ref name=Blaber1990>{{cite journal|last=Blaber|first=S.J.M. |author2=D.A. Milton |author3=N.J.F. Rawlinson|title=Diets of Lagoon Fishes of the Solomon Islands: Predators of Tuna Baitfish and Trophic Effects of Baitfishing on the Subsistence Fishery|journal=Fisheries Research|year=1990|volume=8|issue=3|pages=263–286|doi=10.1016/0165-7836(90)90027-S|bibcode=1990FishR...8..263B }}</ref> The fine gill rakers on the longrakered trevally have also led to some authors suggesting the possibility of [[filter feeding]] on [[plankton]].<ref name = "Oman">{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John E. | title = Coastal Fishes of Oman | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1995 | location = Honolulu | page = 183 | isbn = 0-8248-1808-3 }}</ref>

The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to [[fisheries]], with catch statistics not kept by the [[FAO]]. Throughout its range it is taken with [[gill net]]s, [[trawl]]s traps, handlines, and other types of artisanal gear.<ref name=FAO_CP /> For the most part it is taken as [[bycatch]], and has been recorded in Indian finfish catches<ref name=Naomi2011>{{cite journal|last=Naomi|first=T.S. |author2=R.M. George |author3=Seeram, M.P. |author4=Sanil, N.K. |author5=Balachandran, K. |author6=Thomas, V.J. |author7=Geetha, P.M. |title=Finfish diversity in the trawl fisheries of southern Kerala|journal=Marine Fisheries Information Service|year=2011|volume=207|pages=11–21|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8860/1/11-21.pdf|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> as well as Australian and Persian Gulf [[shrimp]] and [[prawn]] trawl fisheries.<ref name=Stobutzki2001>{{cite journal|last=Stobutzki|first=I. |author2=M. Miller |author3=D. Brewer|title=Sustainability of fishery bycatch: a process for assessing highly diverse and numerous bycatch|journal=Environmental Conservation|year=2001|volume=28|issue=2|pages=167–181|doi=10.1017/S0376892901000170|bibcode=2001EnvCo..28..167S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Paighambari|first=S.Y. |author2=Yousef, S. |author3=Daliri, M.|title=The By-catch Composition of Shrimp Trawl Fisheries in Bushehr Coastal Waters, the Northern Persian Gulf|journal=Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)|year=2012|volume=3|issue=7|pages=27–36}}</ref> The abundance of the longrakered trevally in Persian Gulf shrimp catches led to a study of its abundance in the [[Bandar Charak]] area of Iran, where in this region alone a [[biomass]] of 652 [[tonnes]] was estimated.<ref name=Nourouzi2007/> The longrakered trevally is occasionally taken by [[angling|recreational fishermen]] by lure or bait methods, however not a common catch.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=G.|title=How to Catch Australia's Favourite Saltwater Fish|year=2010|publisher=AFN|location=Croydon, Victoria|isbn=978-1-86513-179-5|page=144}}</ref> Remains of the species have been found in [[archeological site]]s in the [[UAE]], suggesting the longrakered trevally has been exploited throughout [[prehistory]] in this region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Beech|first=M.|title=Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates|year=2003|publisher=Trident Press|page=336|editor=Potts, DT |editor2=Naboodah, H.A. |editor3=Hellyer, P|chapter=The Development of Fishing in the UAE: a Zooarcheological Perspective}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|33em}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Atropus mentalis}} {{Wikispecies|Ulua|Ulua mentalis}}

*{{cite web|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Longraker-Trevally-Ulua-mentalis |title=Longraker Trevally (''Ulua mentalis'')|website=australianmuseum.net.au |publisher=Australian Museum Online}} *{{EOL |1012124 |Longrakered trevally}}

[[Category:Fish described in 1833|longrakered trevally]] [[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier|longrakered trevally]] [[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]