Bumpnose trevally

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | image =Carangoides hedlandensis.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn | author1 = Smith-Vaniz, W.F. | author2 = Williams, I. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = ''Carangoides hedlandensis'' |errata=2017 | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T20429787A115374477| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20429787A65927733.en | access-date = 12 November 2022}}</ref> | taxon = Atropus hedlandensis | authority = ([[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1934) | range_map = Carangoides hedlandensis distribution.png | range_map_caption = Approximate range of the bumpnose trevally | synonyms = *''Olistus hedlandensis'' Whitley, 1934 *''Caranx hedlandensis'' (Whitley, 1934) *''Carangoides hedlandensis'' (Whitley, 1934) | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "fishbase"/> }}

The '''bumpnose trevally''' ('''''Atropus hedlandensis'''''), also known as the '''bumpnose kingfish''' or '''onion kingfish''', is a [[species]] of relatively small [[inshore]] [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] classified in the jack [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Carangidae]]. The bumpnose trevally is fairly common in the tropical and subtropical waters of the [[Indo-pacific|Indo-west Pacific]] region, ranging from [[South Africa]] in the west to [[Japan]] and [[Samoa]] in the east. It is a small species by carangid standards, reaching a maximum known length of {{cvt|32|cm}}, and can be distinguished from the similarly shaped ''[[Atropus armatus]]'' by a distinct 'bump' on the snout, which gives the fish its common name. The species inhabits [[coastal]] waters, often living along [[bay]]s and [[beach]]es, where it takes [[shrimp]], small [[crab]]s, and [[juvenile fish]] as prey. The bumpnose trevally is of minor importance to [[fisheries]] throughout its range, taken by hook and line, [[trawl]]s, and [[seine net]]s. It is also of minor importance to [[angling|anglers]], taken by baits from beaches and [[pier]]s, and is considered a modest [[table fish]].

==Taxonomy and naming== The bumpnose trevally is classified within the genus ''[[Atropus]]'', a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. ''Atropus'' falls into the jack and horse mackerel family [[Carangidae]], the Carangidae are part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carangiformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{BioRef |fotw5 |pages=380–387}}</ref>

The species, as it is currently accepted, was first described and [[scientific classification|classified]] by the [[Australia]]n [[ichthyologist]] [[Gilbert Percy Whitley]] in 1934 based upon a sample taken from [[Port Hedland]] in [[Western Australia]], which was designated to be the [[holotype]].<ref name = "Zoocat">{{cite book | last = Hosese | first = D.F. |author2=Bray, D.J. |author3=Paxton, J.R. |author4=Allen, G.R. | series = Zoological Catalogue of Australia |volume= 35.2 |title=Fishes | publisher = CSIRO | date = 2006 | location = Sydney | page = 1150 | isbn =978-0-643-09334-8 }}</ref> Whitley named the species ''Olistus hedlandensis'', placing the fish in what was at the time a valid genus of jacks. When ''Olistus'' was [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymised]] with ''Carangoides'', the fish was placed either in ''[[Caranx]]'' or ''[[Carangoides]]'', and was accepted as belonging in the latter, until 2022.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kimura, S.|author2= Takeuchi, S.|author3= Yadome, T. |year=2022|title= Generic revision of the species formerly belonging to the genus ''Carangoides'' and its related genera (Carangiformes: Carangidae)|journal= Ichthyological Research|volume= 69|issue=4|pages= 433-487 |doi=10.1007/s10228-021-00850-1}}</ref> The specific [[epithet]] refers to the type location of the species, Port Hedland.<ref name = "Zoocat"/> This was not the first time the fish had been described though, with [[Georges Cuvier]] applying the name ''Olistus malabaricus'' to the species in 1833, which would give it priority over Whitley's name.<ref name = "Williams">{{cite journal | last = Williams | first = F. |author2=Venkataramani, V.K. | title = Notes on Indo-Pacific carangid fishes of the genus ''Carangoides'' Bleeker II. The ''Carangoides armatus'' group | journal = Bulletin of Marine Science | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 501–511 | date = 1980 }}</ref> However, when ''Olistus'' was merged into ''Carangoides'', a taxonomic [[homonym]] was created with ''[[Carangoides malabaricus]]'', thus Whitley's name has been accepted to overcome this problem. The bumpnose trevally is very similar to ''[[Carangoides armatus]]'', and appears to have been misidentified as such many times, with 1980 review of the two species finding many misidentified fish in museum collections.<ref name = "Williams"/>

==Description== The bumpnose trevally is one of the smaller members of the genus ''Atropus'', growing to a known maximum of {{cvt|32|cm}} in length.<ref name = "fishbase">{{FishBase | Atropus | hedlandensis | year = 2019 | month = August}}</ref> It is quite similar in appearance to a number of co-occurring trevallies, especially ''Atropus armatus'' and ''[[Atropus atropos]]'', with the simplest identifying feature being the distinct break in the contour ('bump') of the [[interorbital region]], which becomes more pronounced with increasing size.<ref name = "Barrier">{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest |author2=Roger C. Steene|author3=Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | date = 1997 | page = 161 | isbn = 0-8248-1895-4 }}</ref> The body is compressed and deep, with the head profile very steep in adults, leading to a more [[Wiktionary:Convex|convex]] [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] profile in comparison to the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] profile. The [[dorsal fin]] is in two sections, the first consisting of eight [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|spines]] while the second has one spine and between 20 and 22 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|soft rays]]. The [[anal fin]] has two [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anteriorly]] detached spines followed by 1 spine and 16 to 18 soft rays, while the [[pelvic fin]] has one spine and 18 soft rays.<ref name = "Lin1999">{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei | author2 = Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | date = 1999 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 | access-date = 2008-10-25 | archive-date = 2012-02-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229173915/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 }}</ref> The lobes of the second dorsal and anal fins are elongated and filamentous, being longer than the head. In males, a number of the central soft rays are also produced into filaments of varying lengths. The [[lateral line]] has a moderate anterior arch, which contains 63 to 70 [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s, while the straight section has eight to 14 scales and 21 to 27 [[scute]]s.<ref name = "Lin1999"/> The curved and straight sections intersect below the 10th to 12th soft rays of the second dorsal fin. The breast is devoid of scales, with the scaleless area extending to the origin of the pelvic fins and up to the base of the [[pectoral fin]]s. Both jaws have bands of [[Ichthyology terms#V|villiform]] teeth, which are widest anteriorly. It has a total of 20 to 27 [[gill raker]]s and 24 [[vertebrae]].<ref name = "FAO">{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Kent E. |editor2=Volker H. Niem |title= FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) |date=2001 |location= Rome |page= 2694 | url= ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf |isbn=92-5-104587-9 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>

The body of the bumpnose trevally is a silvery green-blue above, becoming more silvery-white below, with a dark blotch present on the [[operculum (fish)|operculum]]. The spinous dorsal fin and the soft dorsal fin rays are black, while the anal fin is brownish, with the filaments and lobe often blackish. The caudal fin has black trailing and leading edges, and the pelvic fin is dusky to black. Juveniles often have five to seven vertical crossbars on their sides.<ref name = "Gunn">{{cite journal | doi = 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92 | last = Gunn | first = John S. | title = A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters | journal = Records of the Australian Museum Supplement| volume = 12 | pages =1–78 | date = 1990 | url = https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat== The bumpnose trevally is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s.<ref name = "Barrier"/> In the Indian Ocean, the species ranges from [[South Africa]], [[Madagascar]], and the [[Seychelles]] north along east Africa to [[Mozambique]], but has no records further north until [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Its distribution extends into [[Southeast Asia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Papua New Guinea]], and [[northern Australia]], with the species extending as far north as [[Japan]] and as far east as [[Samoa]] in the Pacific.<ref name = "fishbase"/>

The bumpnose trevally is an [[inshore]] fish, rarely venturing to depths greater than 50 m.<ref name = "Gunn"/> It inhabits sandy [[bay]]s and [[beach]]es, and appears to be quite tolerant of turbid waters, often living in the dirty waters near [[river mouth]]s. Despite this, it appears to have a fairly low tolerance to reduced salinities and is not found in [[estuaries]] themselves.<ref name = "SAfrica">{{cite book | last = van der Elst | first = Rudy |author2=Peter Borchert | title =A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa | publisher = New Holland Publishers | date = 1994 | page = 142 | isbn = 1-86825-394-5 }}</ref>

==Biology and fishery== The bumpnose trevally is usually founds in small groups of two or more, swimming along beaches where they take prey which consists of [[shrimp]], small [[crab]]s, and fish.<ref name = "SAfrica"/> Studies on the [[North West Shelf]] of Australia have found the species often aggregates with other carangids, particularly ''[[Carangichthys humerosus]]'', ''[[Atropus aurochs]]'', and ''[[Selaroides leptolepis]]'', and together these make up a large proportion of the resident fish fauna.<ref name = "Gunn"/> Reproduction in the species is very poorly known, with young fish often showing up in South Africa during summer.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

The bumpnose trevally is of minor importance to [[fisheries]] throughout its range, caught using hook and line, bottom [[trawl]]s, beach [[seine net|seines]], and various fish traps. In some areas, such as [[Fiji]], it is of more importance,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jennings | first = S. |author2=Polunin, N.V.C. | title = Comparative size and composition of yield from six Fijian reef fisheries | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–46 | date = 1995 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05945.x }}</ref> but no catch statistics are available for the species. It is also of minor importance to anglers, often taken from beaches and [[pier]]s using baits, and is considered marginal [[table fish|table fare]].<ref name = "SAfrica"/>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== *{{EOL |17165192 |BUMPNOSE TREVALLY}}

[[Category:Fish of Micronesia]] [[Category:Fish of South Africa]] [[Category:Marine fish of Southern Africa]] [[Category:Fish described in 1934|bumpnose trevally]]