{{Short description|Dogma of Mary's bodily entry into Heaven}} {{About|the theological concept|churches with this dedication|Church of the Assumption (disambiguation){{!}}Church of the Assumption|works of art on this subject|Assumption of Mary in art}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary | type = | longtype = Christian | image = Tizian 041.jpg | caption = A famous treatment in Western art, [[Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)|Titian's ''Assumption'']], 1516–1518 | nickname = {{indented plainlist| * The Assumption * Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary}} | observedby = {{indented plainlist| * [[Catholic Church]] (see [[General Roman Calendar|calendar]]) * [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] (see [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar|calendar]]) * [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Churches]] * [[Church of the East]] * [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] (see [[Calendar of saints (Lutheran)|calendar]])<ref name="Gottesdienst2019">{{cite web |last1=Beane |first1=Larry |title=The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.gottesdienst.org/gottesblog/2019/8/15/the-feast-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary |publisher=Gottesdienst |access-date=16 August 2025 |date=15 August 2019}}</ref> * Various [[Anglicanism|Anglican Churches]] (see [[List of Anglican Church calendars|calendars]])<ref name="PrayerBook"/><ref name="Episcopal2018"/> }} | duration = 1 day | frequency = Annual | observances = Attending [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Church service|service]], blessing of herbs | celebrations = | date = {{ubli|15 August|Sunday nearest to 15 August ([[Armenian Apostolic Church]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armenianchurch.us/the-mother-of-god/assumption-of-the-holy-mother-of-god/ |title=Feast of the Assumption of the Holy Mother-of-God |publisher=The Armenian Church |access-date=August 23, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816102810/https://armenianchurch.us/the-mother-of-god/assumption-of-the-holy-mother-of-god/ |archive-date=16 August 2021 }}</ref>}} | relatedto = | significance = The [[Entering heaven alive|bodily taking up]] of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary, the mother of Jesus]] into [[Heaven in Christianity|Heaven]] }} [[File:Assumption memorial, Youghal.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Youghal]], Ireland, to the promulgation of the dogma of the assumption]] {{Catholic Church sidebar |background}} The '''Assumption of Mary''' is a [[Catholic Mariology#Dogmatic teachings|Catholic dogma]] that [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], at the end of her earthly life, was taken body and soul into heaven, defined by Pope [[Pius XII]] on 1 November 1950 in his [[apostolic constitution]] {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}}.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus.html | title=Munificentissimus Deus |date=November 1, 1950 |author=Pius XII |publisher=Holy See}}</ref> It is celebrated on 15 August.
It leaves open the question of whether Mary died or whether she was raised to [[Eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]] without bodily death.{{sfn|Collinge|2012|p=53}}
The equivalent belief in the [[Eastern Christianity]] is the [[Dormition of the Mother of God]] or the "Falling Asleep of the Mother of God". In the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]], 15 August is celebrated as the Feast of St. Mary.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Blessed Virgin Mary and Christology |url=https://in.lcms.org/the-blessed-virgin-mary-and-christology/ |publisher=Indiana District LCMS |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> A number of [[Anglican]] denominations observe 15 August under various titles, including the Feast of Saint Mary the Virgin or the Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary.<ref name="PrayerBook"/><ref name="Episcopal2018"/>
The word 'assumption' derives from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|assūmptiō}}, meaning 'taking up'.
==History== [[File:Cathedral (Parma) - Assumption by Correggio.jpg|thumb| [[Assumption of the Virgin (Correggio)|Parma Cathedral, Illusionistic dome]], [[Antonio da Correggio|Correggio]], 1526–1530]]
Some scholars argue that the Dormition and Assumption traditions can be traced early in church history in the apocryphal books, with [[Stephen J. Shoemaker]] noting about the dating:
{{blockquote|For instance, Baldi, Masconi, and Cothenet analyzed the corpus of Dormition narratives using a rather different approach, governed primarily by language tradition rather than literary relations, and yet all agree that the Obsequies (i.e., the {{lang|la|Liber Requiei Mariae}}) and the ''Six Books Dormition Apocryphon'' reflect the earliest traditions, locating their origins in the second or third century. Richard Bauckham too, through study... dates the Six Books to the fourth century....Numerous others, including Maximilian Bonnet, Jean Rivière, and Jean Gribomont, have concluded that these narratives originate in the fourth century, if not earlier.<ref name="Academia">{{cite web |last1=Shoemaker |first1=Stephen |title=The Ancient Dormition Apocrypha and the Origins of Marian Piety: Early Evidence of Marian Intercession from Late Ancient Palestine (uncorrected page proofs) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10040859}}</ref>}}
According to Shoemaker, the first known narrative to address the end of Mary's life and her assumption is the [[apocrypha]]l third- and possibly second-century {{lang|la|Liber Requiei Mariae}} ("The Book of Mary's Repose").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shoemaker |first=Stephen |title=The Ancient Dormition Apocrypha and the Origins of Marian Piety: Early Evidence of Marian Intercession from Late Ancient Palestine (uncorrected page proofs) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10040859/The_Ancient_Dormition_Apocrypha_and_the_Origins_of_Marian_Piety_Early_Evidence_of_Marian_Intercession_from_Late_Ancient_Palestine_uncorrected_page_proofs_ |journal=Self-published |pages=29 |quote="emphasis on the soteriological importance of esoteric knowledge, reference to numerous gnostic “technical terms,” and the presence of a common gnostic cosmological myth, all of which suggest an origin in the third century, if not even earlier" "the idea that Mary could have sinned (as separate from the question of her Immaculate Conception in the Western Church) seems to have belonged to the second century, where it is voiced by Irenaeus and Tertullian"}}</ref>{{sfn|Shoemaker|2016|p=24}} Yet numerous features indicate that the ''Liber Requiei Mariae'', or the ''Obsequies of the Virgin'', as the text is called in Syriac, has manuscripts which date according to Shoemaker to the "fifth or sixth centuries" where the "original Greek underlying these early translations almost certainly belongs to the fourth century."<ref name="Academia" />
Another early source that speaks of the assumption are the ''Six Books Dormition Apocryphon''. It dates almost certainly to the middle of the fourth century, if not perhaps even earlier.{{Sfn|Shoemaker|2016|p=25}} Most significantly, the ''Six Books Dormition Apocryphon'' provides compelling evidence for an early cult of the Virgin nearly a century before the events of the Council of Ephesus.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2016|p=25}} Shoemaker, expressing his own opinion on the subject, states: "the diversity of their accounts already by the end of the fifth century ensures the apocryphon’s composition by the early fifth century at the very latest, and a number of features locate the Six Books much more probably in the fourth century" with the "Six Books apocryphon present[ing] a rather different sensibility about the veneration of Mary from the Liber Requiei".
''The Greek Discourse on the Dormition'' or ''The Book of John Concerning the Falling Asleep of Mary'' (attributed to [[John the Theologian]]), is another anonymous narrative, and may even precede the ''Book of Mary's Repose''.<ref name="Truglia 2021">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.revistateologica.ro/wp-content/uploads/RT-4-2021.pdf|first=Patrick |last=Truglia |title=Original Sin in The Byzantine Dormition Narratives |journal=Revista Teologica |issue=4 |year=2021 |at=p. 9 (Footnote 30)}}</ref> This Greek document, is dated by [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] as no later than the 4th century.<ref>{{cite web |first=Philip |last=Schaff |id=ANF08 |title=The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementia, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First Age |website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08/anf08.vii.xlii.html |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> but is dated by Shoemaker as later.<ref name="Truglia 2021"/>
The New Testament is silent regarding the end of her life. In the late 4th century [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] wrote he could find no authorized tradition about how her life ended.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2002|pp=11–12, 26}} Nevertheless, although Epiphanius could not decide on the basis of biblical or church tradition whether Mary had died or remained immortal, his indecisive reflections suggest that some difference of opinion on the matter had already arisen in his time,{{sfn|Shoemaker|2002|p=14}} and he identified three beliefs concerning her end: that she had a normal and peaceful death; that she died as a martyr; or that she did not die.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2002|p=14}} Even more, in another text Epiphanius stated that Mary was like [[Elijah]] because she never died but was assumed, like him.<ref>Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2008). [https://www.academia.edu/1057328/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_the_Kollyridians_and_the_Early_Dormition_Narratives_The_Cult_of_the_Virgin_in_the_Fourth_Century "Epiphanius of Salamis, the Kollyridians, and the Early Dormition Narratives: The Cult of the Virgin in the Fourth Century"]. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies'' 16 (3): 371–401. {{ISSN|1086-3184}}.</ref>
Other works that mention the assumption of Mary are the apocryphal treatise {{lang|la|De Obitu S. Dominae}}, bearing the name of St. John, which belongs however to the fourth or fifth century. It is also found in the apocryphal book {{lang|la|De Transitus Beatae Mariae Virginis}}, falsely ascribed to [[Melito of Sardis]], and in a spurious letter attributed to [[Denis the Areopagite]].<ref name="NewAdvent">{{cite book |last1=Holweck |first1=Frederick |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Assumption of Mary |date=1907 |publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02006b.htm |access-date=30 July 2024 |via=New Advent}}</ref>{{Sfn|Zirpolo|2018|p=213}}
Teaching of the assumption of Mary became widespread across the Christian world, having been celebrated as early as the 5th century and having been established in the East by [[Emperor Maurice]] around AD 600.<ref name=Alban140 >Alban Butler, Paul Burns (1998). ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''. {{ISBN|0860122573}}. pp. 140–141</ref> In a [[homily]], [[John Damascene]] (675–749 AD), citing the third book of the [[Euthymiac History]], records the following:
{{blockquote|[[Juvenal of Jerusalem|St. Juvenal]], Bishop of Jerusalem, at the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451), made known to the [[Marcian|Emperor Marcian]] and [[Pulcheria]], who wished to possess the body of the Mother of God, that Mary died in the presence of all the Apostles, but that her tomb, when opened upon the request of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], was found empty; wherefrom the Apostles concluded that the body was taken up to heaven.<ref>William Saunders (1996). [http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/maryc3c.htm "The Assumption of Mary"]. EWTN. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616130231/http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/maryc3c.htm|date=16 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Dormition of the Mother of God – Saint Joseph Orthodox Church |url=https://stjosephorthodox.org/2023/08/the-dormition-of-the-mother-of-god/ |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=JW>John Wortley (2005). "The Marian Relics at Constantinople". ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' '''45'''. pp. 171–187, esp. 181–182.</ref>{{sfn|Jenkins|2015|p=unpaginated}}}}
There is a large number of accounts of the assumption of the Virgin Mary, published in various languages (including Greek, Latin, Coptic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Arabic). The standard Greek text is the one attributed to St John the Theologian (Evangelist). The standard Latin is that attributed to Melito of Sardis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=J. K. |title=The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation |date=27 October 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-826181-0 |page=691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHXnCwAAQBAJ |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Shoemaker mentions that "the ancient narratives are neither clear nor unanimous in either supporting or contradicting the dogma" of the assumption.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2002|p=3}}
According to the ''Passing of the Blessed Virgin Mary'', attributed to [[Joseph of Arimathea]], which is a later version of the Virgin Mary's Dormition, probably from sometime after the early seventh century, one of the apostles, often identified as [[Thomas the Apostle]], was not present at the death of Mary but his late arrival precipitates a reopening of Mary's tomb, which is found to be empty except for her grave clothes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shoemaker |first1=Stephen J. |title=(Ps.-)Joseph of Arimathea, The Passing of the Blessed Virgin Mary |url=http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshoemak/texts/dormitionL/dormitionL3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413212605/http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshoemak/texts/dormitionL/dormitionL3.htm |access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> Subsequently, Mary drops [[Girdle of Thomas|her girdle]] down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event.<ref>Ante-Nicene Fathers. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.vii.xliii.html#vii.xliii-Page_594 ''The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325''], vol. 8 p. 594</ref> This incident is depicted in many later paintings of the assumption.
The [[feast of the Dormition]], arrived in the West in the early 7th century, its name changing to Assumption in some 9th century liturgical calendars.{{sfn|Warner|2016|p=91}} The feast was decreed for [[Constantinople]] on 15 August by the [[Maurice (emperor)|emperor Maurice]] in 600; about fifty years later it was introduced in [[Rome]] and is mentioned in a papal decree of [[Pope Sergius I|Sergius]] (687–701), who fixed a procession for the feast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Michael |title=Theotokos: A Theological Encyclopedia of the Blessed Virgin Mary |date=1983 |publisher=Glazier |isbn=978-0-907271-11-6 |pages=55–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_MQAQAAIAAJ |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Pope Leo IV]] (reigned 847–855) gave the feast a vigil and an octave to solemnise it above all others, [[Pope Nicholas I]] (858–867) placed it on a par with [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]], and [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1740–1758) declared it "a probable opinion, which to deny were impious and blasphemous".{{sfn|Wagner|2020|p=95}}
Between 1849 and 1950, numerous petitions for the assumption to be declared as dogma arrived in Rome. On 1 May 1946 the Pope sent to the bishops of the world the encyclical ''[[Deiparae Virginis Mariae]]'',{{sfn|O'Carroll|2000|p=56}} putting this questions to them: "Do you, venerable brethren, in your outstanding wisdom and prudence, judge that the bodily Assumption of the Blessed Virgin can be proposed and defined as a dogma of faith? Do you, with your clergy and people, desire it?" The bishops gave an almost unanimous affirmative response to both these questions.<ref name="auto"/>
Finally, on November 1, 1950, Pope Pius XII declared the Assumption of the Virgin Mary as a dogma of faith with the [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Munificentissimus Deus]]'' as follows:
{{blockquote|We pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.<ref name="auto"/>}}
Pope Pius XII expressed in his apostolic constitution the hope that the belief in the bodily assumption of the virgin Mary into heaven "will make our belief in our own resurrection stronger and render it more effective",<ref>''Munificentissimus Deus'', No. 42</ref> while the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] adds: "The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin is a singular participation in her Son's Resurrection and an anticipation of the resurrection of other Christians."<ref>{{cite book |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church #966 |url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a9p6.htm |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>
At the time of the 1950 papal announcement, psychologist [[Carl Jung]] considered it "the most important religious event since the Reformation."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monzo |first1=Rafael |title=Homage to Marie Louise von Frantz |page=413}}</ref>
===Related traditions=== In some versions of the assumption narrative, the assumption is said to have taken place in [[Ephesus]], in the [[House of the Virgin Mary]]. This is a much more recent and localised tradition. The earliest traditions say that Mary's life ended in [[Jerusalem]] (see [[Tomb of the Virgin Mary]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meistermann |first1=B. |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref>
Scholars of the {{lang|la|[[Studium Biblicum Franciscanum]]}} "argued that during or shortly after the apostolic age a group of Jewish Christians in Jerusalem preserved an oral tradition about the end of the Virgin's life". Thus, by pointing to oral tradition, they argued for the historicity of the assumption and Dormition narratives. According to [[Antoine Wenger]] "the strikingly diverse traditions of Mary's Dormition and Assumption arise from 'a great variety of original types', rather than being the result of a progressive modification of a single, original tradition". [[Simon Claude Mimouni]] and his predecessors have argued that belief in the Virgin's Assumption is the final dogmatic development, rather than the point of origin, of these traditions.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2002|pp=18–20}}
In the German-speaking and some Slavic countries (like Poland), the custom of blessing (aromatic) herbs is associated with the Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This ancient custom "came to be associated with the Blessed Virgin Mary, in part because of the biblical images applied to her such as vine, lavender, cypress and lily, partly from seeing her in terms of a sweet smelling flower because of her virtue", and Isaiah's reference to the shoot springing from the side of Jesse, which brought Jesus Christ as a fruit.<ref>Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, ''Directory on popular pietey and the liturgy'', No. 181, Vatican City, 2001</ref> The custom is also related to the tradition of the ''Frauendreißiger'' (means approx. "thirty days of Our Lady"), a period lasting to 8 September, the Feast of the [[Nativity of Mary]]. This rural tradition goes back to the fact that the herbs contain particularly high levels of essential oils at this time of year and are especially healthy.
===Scriptural basis=== {{see also|Mary, mother of Jesus#After the Ascension of Jesus}} [[File:Rotunda Church.jpg|thumb|The Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, also known as Mosta Dome or as Mosta Rotunda, in Mosta, Malta. The façade is decorated for the Feast of the Assumption on 15 August.]]
The apostolic constitution {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}} mentions several Holy Fathers, theologians and [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]] who held the assumption of Mary, among them are [[Pope Adrian I|Adrian I]], [[Pope Sergius I|Sergius I]], [[pope Leo IV|Leo IV]], [[John of Damascus]], [[Amadeus of Lausanne]], [[Modestus of Jerusalem]], [[Anthony of Padua]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomas of Aquinas]] (Angelic Doctor), [[Bonaventure]] (Seraphic Doctor), [[Bernardino of Siena]], [[Robert Bellarmine]], [[Francis de Sales]], [[Peter Canisius]], [[Francisco Suárez]], among others.<ref name="auto"/> The apostolic constitution adds: "All these proofs and considerations of the holy Fathers and the theologians are based upon the Sacred Writings as their ultimate foundation."
Father Jugie, expressed the view that [[Revelation 12]]:1–2 was the chief scriptural witness to the assumption:{{sfn|O'Carroll|2000|p=56}}
{{blockquote|And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars; and she was with child ...|[[Revelation 12:1–2]]}}
This passage, Epiphanius proposes, may indicate that Mary did not die as other human beings, but somehow remained immortal, although he makes clear his own uncertainty and refrains from advocating this view. Ultimately Epiphanius concludes: "[I] am not saying that she remained immortal. But neither am I affirming that she died."{{sfn|Shoemaker|2002|p=12}}
Since the time of the early Church Fathers, this image of "the woman clothed with the sun" has had a threefold symbolism: the ancient people of Israel, the Church and Mary.<ref name="Rev12">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0769.html |last=Saunder |first=William |title=Woman Clothed with the Sun |website=Arlington Catholic Herald |year=2004 |publisher=Catholic Education Resource Center |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713052830/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0769.html |archive-date=July 13, 2013}}</ref>
Many of the bishops cited [[Genesis 3:15]], in which God is addressing [[Serpents in the Bible#Eden|the serpent]] in the [[Garden of Eden]], as the primary confirmation of Mary's assumption:{{sfn|Miravalle|2006|p=73}}
{{blockquote|I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and hers; he will strike your head, and you will strike his heel.|{{bibleverse|Genesis|3:15}}}}
Many scholars connect Jesus' usage of the word "woman" to call Mary instead of calling her "mother" as a confirmation of Mary being the "woman" described in Genesis 3:15. Mary was often seen as the "[[New Eve]]", who crushed the serpent's head at the [[Annunciation]] by obeying the [[Gabriel|angel Gabriel]] when he said she would bear the [[Messiah]] (Luke 1:38).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Edward K. |date=1961 |title=The Woman of Cana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27658099 |journal=The Furrow |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=304–310 |jstor=27658099 |issn=0016-3120}}</ref>
The [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] affirms that the account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, and that the fall of mankind, by the seductive voice of the snake in the Bible, represents the fallen angel, [[Satan]] or "the devil".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM|access-date=2022-02-08|publisher=Holy See}}</ref> Similarly, the great dragon in [[Revelation 12]] is a representation of Satan, identified with the serpent from the garden who has enmity with the woman.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williamson|first=Peter|title=Catholic Christian Commentary on Sacred Scripture: Revelation|publisher=Baker Academic|year=2015|isbn=978-0801036507|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|pages=205–220|language=en}}</ref> Therefore, in Catholic thought, there is an association between this woman and Mary's Assumption.
Among the many other passages noted by Pope Pius XII were the following:{{sfn|Miravalle|2006|p=73}} * [[Psalm 132]] ({{bibleverse|Psalm|132:8}}), greeting the return of the [[Ark of the Covenant]] to Jerusalem ("Arise, O Lord, into your resting place, you and the ark which you have sanctified!"), where the ark is taken as the prophetic "type" of Mary;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/assumption-of-mary-scriptural-support.php|title=Assumption of Mary: Scriptural Support |publisher=University of Dayton, Ohio}}</ref> * [[Revelation 11]]:19, in which John sees the Ark of the Covenant in heaven (this verse immediately precedes the vision of the woman clothed with the sun); * [[Luke 1]]:28, in which the [[Archangel Gabriel]] greets Mary with the words, "Hail Mary, full of grace", since Mary's bodily assumption is a natural consequence of being full of grace; * [[1 Corinthians 15]] ({{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|15:23}}) and [[Matthew 27]] ({{bibleverse|Matthew|27:52–53}}), concerning the certainty of bodily resurrection for all who have faith in Jesus.
The Bible mentions two prominent figures, [[Enoch]] and [[Elijah]], who were taken up to heaven, serving as important precedents for the assumption of Mary. Enoch, referenced in the Book of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], is noted for his intimate walk with God and is described as having been "taken" by God ({{bibleverse|Genesis|5:24}}), an event that is also reported in the Epistle to the [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] ({{bibleverse|Hebrews|11:5}}). Similarly, Elijah, the great prophet, was taken up to heaven in a whirlwind, accompanied by a chariot of fire, as recorded in [[2 Kings]] ({{bibleverse|2 Kings|2:11}}).
=== Catholic Marian visionaries and the assumption === In the 12th century, the German nun [[Elisabeth of Schönau]] was reportedly granted visions of Mary and her son which had a profound influence on the Western Church's tradition. In her work {{lang|la|Visio de resurrectione Beatae Virginis Mariae}}, she relates how Mary was assumed in body and soul into Heaven.{{sfn|Warner|2016|p=91}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Anne L. |title=Elisabeth of Schönau: a twelfth-century visionary |date=1992 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780812231236 |page=382 }}</ref>
On 1 May 1950, [[Gilles Bouhours]], a Marian seer, reported to [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]] a presumed message that the Virgin Mary would have ordered him to communicate to the pope on the dogma of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin Mary. It is said that [[Pius XII]] asked God, during the Holy Year of 1950, for a sign that could reassure him that the dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was actually wanted by God and when Gilles communicated the message to Pius XII, the pope considered this message the hoped-for sign. Six months after the private audience granted to Gilles by the pope, Pius XII himself proclaimed the dogma of the Assumption of body and soul of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilles Bouhours |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95785 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Santi, beati e testimone}}</ref>
==Assumption versus Dormition== {{See also|Dormition of the Mother of God}} [[File:Dormition de la Vierge.JPG|thumb|The Dormition: ivory plaque, late 10th-early 11th century ([[Musée de Cluny]])]]
Some Catholics believe that Mary died before being assumed, but they believe that she was miraculously resurrected before being assumed (mortalistic interpretation). Others believe she was assumed bodily into Heaven without first dying (immortalistic interpretation).<ref>''The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions'' by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 {{ISBN|1402208065}} p. 64</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shoemaker|2016|p=201}}</ref> Either understanding may be legitimately held by Catholics, with [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] observing the Feast as the Dormition. It seems, however, that there is much more evidence for the mortalistic position in the Catholic traditions (liturgy, apocrypha, material culture).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witała |first=Maciej |date=2021-12-16 |title=Proposition of a Modern Theological Interpretation of Death as a Consequence of Sin |journal=Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne |volume=39 |language=en |issue=39 |pages=40–41 |doi=10.14746/pst.2021.39.02 |issn=2451-2273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] expressed the mortalistic position in his public speech.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John Paul II |title=General Audience 25 June 1997 |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_25061997.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>
Many theologians note by way of comparison that in the Catholic Church the assumption is dogmatically defined, whilst in the Eastern Orthodox tradition the Dormition is less dogmatically than liturgically and mystically defined. Such differences spring from a larger pattern in the two traditions, wherein Catholic teachings are often dogmatically and authoritatively defined – in part because of the more centralized structure of the Catholic Church – whilst in Eastern Orthodoxy many doctrines are less authoritative.<ref>See "[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/johndamascus-komesis.html Three Sermons on the Dormition of the Virgin]" by [[John of Damascus]], from the Medieval Sourcebook</ref>
The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary is celebrated in the Roman Catholic Church on 15 August, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholics]] celebrate the Dormition of the Mother of God (or Dormition of the Theotokos, the "falling asleep of the Mother of God") on the same date, preceded by a 14-day [[Fasting in religion#Christianity|fasting]] period. Eastern Christians believe that Mary died a natural death, that her soul was received by Christ upon death, that her body was resurrected after her death and that she was taken up into heaven bodily in anticipation of the general [[resurrection]].
{{blockquote|Orthodox tradition is clear and unwavering in regard to the central point [of the Dormition]: the Holy Virgin underwent, as did her Son, a physical death, but her body – like His – was afterwards raised from the dead and she was taken up into heaven, in her body as well as in her soul. She has passed beyond death and judgement and lives wholly in the Age to Come. The Resurrection of the Body ... has in her case been anticipated and is already an accomplished fact. That does not mean, however, that she is dissociated from the rest of humanity and placed in a wholly different category: for we all hope to share one day in that same glory of the Resurrection of the Body that she enjoys even now.<ref>Bishop Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia, in: Festal Menaion [London: Faber and Faber, 1969], p. 64.</ref>}}
==Protestant views== [[File:Rubens, Mariä Himmelfahrt (Antwerpen).jpg|thumb|''The Assumption of Mary'', [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], 1626]] Views differ within Protestantism, with those with a theology closer to Catholicism sometimes believing in a bodily assumption whilst most Protestants do not.
===Lutheran views=== The Feast of the Assumption of Mary was retained by the [[Lutheran Church]] after the [[Reformation]].<ref name="Beane2019">{{cite web |last= Beane |first= Larry |title= The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary |website= Gottesdienst.org |language= English |date=15 August 2019 |quote= Many early Lutherans retained the Feast of the Assumption in the liturgical calendar, while recognizing it as a speculation rather than a dogma. However, Pope Pius XII dogmatized this belief in 1950 in his decree ''Munificentissimus Dei'' (sic), thus imposing it as doctrine upon Roman Catholics. ... Today's feast is described in Lutheran Service Book as 'St. Mary, Mother of our Lord'. |url= https://www.gottesdienst.org/gottesblog/2019/8/15/the-feast-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary |access-date= 27 May 2021 }}</ref> ''[[Evangelical Lutheran Worship]]'' designates 15 August as a lesser festival named "Mary, Mother of Our Lord" while the current ''[[Lutheran Service Book]]'' formally calls it "St. Mary, Mother of our Lord".<ref name="Beane2019"/>
===Anglican views=== Within [[Anglican doctrine|Anglicanism]] the Assumption of Mary is accepted by some, rejected by others, or regarded as [[adiaphora]] ("a thing indifferent").<ref>Williams, Paul (2007). pp. 238, 251, quote: "Where Anglican writers discuss the doctrine of the Assumption, it is either rejected or held to be of the ''adiaphora''."</ref> The doctrine effectively disappeared from Anglican worship in 1549, partially returning in [[Anglo-Catholic]] tradition during the 20th century under different names. A Marian feast on 15 August is celebrated by the [[Church of England]] as a non-specific [[Festival (Anglicanism)|feast]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a feast called by the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] simply "Mary the Virgin",<ref name="Williams, Paul 2007 p. 253">Williams, Paul (2007). p. 253, incl. note 54.</ref><ref>The Church of England, official website: [https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar The Calendar]. Accessed 17 July 2018</ref><ref>The Scottish Episcopal Church, official website: [https://www.scotland.anglican.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/CalendarLectionary1.pdf Calendar and Lectionary]. Accessed 17 July 2018</ref> and in the US-based [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] it is observed as the feast of "Saint Mary the Virgin: Mother of Our Lord Jesus Christ",<ref name="Episcopal2018">{{cite web |author= The Episcopal Church |url= https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/saint-mary-virgin-mother-our-lord-jesus-christ |title= Saint Mary the Virgin: Mother of Our Lord Jesus Christ |work= Liturgical Calendar |publisher= The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society, The Episcopal Church |location= New York |access-date= 17 July 2018 |archive-date= 17 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180717153916/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/saint-mary-virgin-mother-our-lord-jesus-christ |url-status= dead }}</ref> while other Anglican provinces have a feast of the Dormition<ref name="Williams, Paul 2007 p. 253"/> – the [[Anglican Church of Canada]]'s Book of Common Prayer (1962), for instance, marks the day as the "Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary".<ref name="PrayerBook">{{cite web |url= http://prayerbook.ca/the-prayer-book-online/57-the-calendar-ix |title= The Calendar |page= ix |publisher=Prayerbook.ca |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104172841/http://prayerbook.ca/the-prayer-book-online/57-the-calendar-ix |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>
The [[Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission]], which seeks to identify common ground between the two communions, released in 2004 a non-authoritative declaration meant for study and evaluation, the "Seattle Statement"; this "agreed statement" concludes that "the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the [[Immaculate Conception]], understood within the biblical pattern of the economy of hope and grace, can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions".<ref name="ARCIC">{{cite web |url= https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/angl-comm-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20050516_mary-grace-hope-christ_en.html |title= Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ |publisher= Vatican.va |date= 26 June 2000 |quote= There is no direct testimony in Scripture concerning the end of Mary’s life. However, certain passages give instances of those who follow God's purposes faithfully being drawn into God's presence. Moreover, these passages offer hints or partial analogies that may throw light on the mystery of Mary's entry into glory. |access-date= 3 November 2013}}</ref>
===Continental Reformed views=== The Protestant reformer [[Heinrich Bullinger]] believed in the assumption of Mary. His 1539 polemical treatise against idolatry<ref>''De origine erroris libri duo'' [On the Origin of Error, Two Books] [https://books.google.com/books?id=EXLscQAACAAJ&q=%22De+origine+erroris+libri+duo%22]. "In the {{lang|la|De origine erroris in divorum ac simulachrorum cultu}} he opposed the worship of the saints and iconolatry; in the {{lang|la|De origine erroris in negocio Eucharistiae ac Missae}} he strove to show that the Catholic conceptions of the Eucharist and of celebrating the Mass were wrong. Bullinger published a combined edition of these works in [[Octavo|4 °]] (Zurich 1539), which was divided into two books, according to themes of the original work."
''The Library of the Finnish nobleman, royal secretary and trustee Henrik Matsson (c. 1540–1617)'', Terhi Kiiskinen Helsinki: Academia Scientarium Fennica (Finnish Academy of Science), 2003, {{ISBN|978-9514109447}}, p. 175 </ref> expressed his belief that Mary's {{lang|la|sacrosanctum corpus}} ("sacrosanct body") had been assumed into heaven by angels:
{{verse translation|lang=la|Hac causa credimus ut Deiparae virginis Mariae purissimum thalamum et spiritus sancti templum, hoc est, sacrosanctum corpus ejus deportatum esse ab angelis in coelum.<ref>Froschauer. ''De origine erroris'', Caput XVI (Chapter 16), p. 70</ref> |For this reason we believe that the Virgin Mary, Begetter of God, the most pure bed and temple of the Holy Spirit, that is, her most holy body, was carried to heaven by angels.<ref>''The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary'' (1996), [[George Tavard|George H. Tavard]], Liturgical Press {{ISBN|978-0814659144}}, p. 109. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gtHzATNB4C&dq=%22sancti+templum%2C+hoc+est%22&pg=PA109]</ref>}}
==Feasts and related fasting period== [[File:Assunzione agosto NovaradiSicilia tre.jpg|thumb|The feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary at {{lang|it|italic=no|[[Novara di Sicilia]]}} in August]] An Eastern Orthodox tradition recommends a fast of fourteen days before the Feast of the Assumption of Mary.<ref>{{cite web |title= Dormition of the Theotokos|url= https://www.goarch.org/dormition|website= goarch.org|publisher= Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> Fasting in the Eastern Orthodox Churches generally consists of abstinence from certain food groups; during the Dormition fast, one observes a strict fast on weekdays, with wine and oil allowed on weekends and, additionally, fish on the Transfiguration (6 August).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ww1.antiochian.org/1157652263 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205170257/http://ww1.antiochian.org/1157652263 | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 February 2021 | title=The Fasting Seasons | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese }}</ref>
The Assumption is important to many Christians, especially Catholics and Orthodox, as well as many Lutherans and Anglicans, as the Virgin Mary's heavenly birthday (the day that Mary was received into Heaven). Belief about her acceptance into the glory of Heaven is seen by some Christians as the symbol of the promise made by Jesus to all enduring Christians that they too will be received into paradise. The Assumption of Mary is symbolised in the [[Fleur-de-lys]] Madonna.
The present Italian name of the holiday, {{lang|it|[[Ferragosto]]}}, may derive from the Latin name, {{lang|it|Feriae Augusti}} ("Holidays of the [[Emperor Augustus]]"),<ref name="Pianigiani">{{cite web |author=Pianigiani, Ottorino|title=Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana|year=1907|url=http://www.etimo.it/?term=ferragosto}}</ref> since the month of August took its name from the emperor. The feast was introduced by Bishop [[Cyril of Alexandria]] in the 5th century. In the course of [[Christianization]], he put it on 15 August. In the middle of August, Augustus celebrated his victories over [[Marcus Antonius]] and [[Cleopatra]] at [[Battle of Actium|Actium]] and [[Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)|Alexandria]] with a three-day [[Roman triumph|triumph]]. The anniversaries (and later only 15 August) were public holidays from then on throughout the Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Giebel |first=Marion |author-link= |date=1984 |title=Augustus |url= |location=Reinbek bei Hamburg |publisher=Rowohlt |page=6 |isbn=3499503271}}</ref>
The Solemnity of the Assumption on 15 August was celebrated in the [[Eastern Church]] from the 6th century. The [[Western Church]] adopted this date as a [[Holy Day of Obligation]] to commemorate the Assumption of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], a reference to the belief in a real, physical elevation of her sinless soul and incorrupt body into Heaven.
===Public holidays=== {{more citations needed section|date=August 2017}} [[File:Catholic Goan style Patoleo.jpg|thumb|right|{{lang|kok|[[Patoleo]]}} (sweet rice cakes) are the {{lang|fr|pièce de résistance}} of the Assumption feast celebration among [[Goan Catholics]].]]
Assumption Day on 15 August is a nationwide public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_11_110_2212.html |title=Zakon o blagdanima, spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj |work=Narodne novine |date=14 November 2019 |access-date=28 August 2024|language=hr}}</ref> Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, East Timor, France, Gabon, Greece, Georgia, Republic of Guinea, Haiti, Italy, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of North Macedonia, Madagascar, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro (Albanian Catholics), Paraguay, Philippines (Maragondon, Cavite), Poland (coinciding with Polish Army Day), Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tahiti, Togo, and Vanuatu;<ref name="ReferenceA">''Columbus World Travel Guide'', 25th ed.</ref> and was also in Hungary until 1948.
It is also a public holiday in parts of Germany (parts of [[Bavaria]] and [[Saarland]]), Switzerland (in 14 of the 26 [[Swiss canton|cantons]]) and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. In Guatemala, it is observed in [[Guatemala City]] and in the town of [[Santa Maria Nebaj]], both of which claim her as their [[patron saint]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hemisphericinstitute.org/journal/4.2/eng/en51_pg_reiland.html |last=Reiland |first=Catherine |title=To Heaven Through the Streets of Guatemala City: the Processions of the Virgin of the Assumption |work=Emisferica |access-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152928/http://hemisphericinstitute.org/journal/4.2/eng/en51_pg_reiland.html |archive-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also, this day is combined with [[Mother's Day]] in Costa Rica and parts of Belgium.
Prominent Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox countries in which Assumption Day is an important festival but is not recognised by the state as a public holiday include the [[Czech Republic]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Mexico]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Russia]]. In [[Bulgaria]], the Feast of the Assumption is the biggest Eastern Orthodox Christian celebration of the Holy Virgin. Celebrations include liturgies and votive offerings. In [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], the day is celebrated with a procession of a holy icon, and with concerts and regattas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bnr.bg/en/post/101007601/the-assumption-of-mary-into-heaven-the-most-revered-summer-orthodox-christian-feast-in-bulgaria|title=The Assumption of Mary into Heaven, the most revered summer Orthodox Christian feast in Bulgaria|website=bnr.bg}}</ref>
In many places, religious parades and popular festivals are held to celebrate this day. In Canada, Assumption Day is the Fête Nationale of the [[Acadian]]s, of whom she is the patroness saint. Some businesses close on that day in heavily francophone parts of [[New Brunswick]], Canada. The Virgin Assumed in Heaven is also patroness of the [[Maltese Islands]] and her feast, celebrated on 15 August, apart from being a public holiday in Malta it is also celebrated with great solemnity in the local churches especially in the seven localities known as the Seba' Santa Marijiet. The Maltese localities which celebrate the Assumption of Our Lady are: Il-[[Mosta]], Il-[[Qrendi]], [[Għaxaq|Ħal Għaxaq]], Il-[[Gudja]], Ħ'[[Attard]], [[Mqabba|L-Imqabba]] and [[Victoria, Gozo|Victoria]]. The hamlet of [[Praha, Texas]], holds a festival during which its population swells from approximately 25 to 5,000 people.
In [[Anglicanism]] and [[Lutheranism]], the feast is now often kept, but without official use of the word "Assumption". In Eastern Orthodox churches following the [[Julian Calendar]], the feast day of Assumption of Mary falls on 28 August.
In the [[Maronite Church]], the Assumption of Mary is known as the 'Assumption of the Holy Mother of God' and is celebrated on 15 August. This feast holds a significant place in the Maronite liturgical calendar, reflecting the deep veneration of Mary within the church.
The Maronite liturgy for the Assumption includes unique prayers and hymnody that celebrate Mary's assumption into heaven. The celebration often features processions and pilgrimages to Marian shrines, with the [[Our Lady of Lebanon|Our Lady of Harissa shrine]] in Harissa, Lebanon, being a particularly notable site where thousands of pilgrims gather each year to honor Mary on her feast day.
The celebration of the Assumption in the Maronite Church underscores its connection to the universal Christian tradition while preserving its distinct Syriac heritage and practices.
==Art== {{main|Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art}}
The earliest known use of the Dormition is found on a sarcophagus in the crypt of a church in [[Zaragoza]] in Spain dated {{Circa|330|lk=no}}.{{sfn|Zirpolo|2018|p=213}} The Assumption became a popular subject in Western Christian art, especially from the 12th century, and especially after the [[Reformation]], when it was used to refute the Protestants and their downplaying of Mary's role in salvation.{{sfn|Zirpolo|2018|p=83}} Angels commonly carry her heavenward where she is to be crowned by Christ, while the Apostles below surround her empty tomb as they stare up in awe.{{sfn|Zirpolo|2018|p=83}} [[Caravaggio]], the "father" of the [[Baroque]] movement, caused a stir by depicting her as a decaying corpse, quite contrary to the doctrine promoted by the church;{{sfn|Zirpolo|2018|pp=213–214}} more orthodox examples include works by [[El Greco]], [[Rubens]], [[Annibale Carracci]], and [[Nicolas Poussin]], the last replacing the Apostles with [[putti]] throwing flowers into the tomb.{{sfn|Zirpolo|2018|p=83}}
==See also== * [[Assumption (disambiguation)|Assumption]], a disambiguation page which includes many places named after the Assumption of Mary * [[Ascension of Jesus]] * [[Coronation of Mary]] * [[Resurrection of Jesus Christ]] * [[Entering heaven alive]]
==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}
===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book | last1 = Alter | first1 = Robert | title = Genesis: Translation and Commentary | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vR8R7X2G7G8C&q=serpent | isbn = 978-0393070262 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Arnold | first1 = Bill T. | title = Genesis | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfstnHO_AmgC&pg=PA69 | isbn = 978-0521000673 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Beale | first1 = G. K. | last2 = Campbell | first2 = David | title = Revelation: A Shorter Commentary | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f5MfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 | isbn = 978-0304707812 }} * {{Cite book | last = Boss | first = Sarah Jane | title = Empress and Handmaid: On Nature and Gender in the Cult of the Virgin Mary | publisher = A&C Black | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wPWd4hICgDcC&pg=PA79 | isbn = 978-0304707812 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Collinge | first1 = William J. | title = Historical Dictionary of Catholicism | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8C3TKNdn5oC&pg=PA53 | isbn = 978-0810879799 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Cross | first1 = Frank Leslie | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = Elizabeth A. | chapter = Assumption of the BVM | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 | isbn = 978-0192802903 }} * {{cite book | last = Duffy | first = Eamon | title = What Catholics Believe About Mary | place = London | publisher = Catholic Truth Society | year = 1989 | url = }} * {{Cite book | last = Ford | first = John T. | title = Saint Mary's Press Glossary of Theological Terms | publisher = Saint Mary's Press | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8iC6UpAwH58C | isbn = 978-0884899037 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Goldingay | first1 = John | title = Genesis | publisher = Baker Academic | year = 2020 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CdbIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Torah+%22warning+of+an+ongoing+conflict%22&pg=PP89 | isbn = 978-1493423972 }} * {{Cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Philip | title = The Many Faces of Christ | publisher = Hachette | year = 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Np9VDgAAQBAJ&q=%22John+of+Damascus+reported+what+was+by+then+the+standard+Eastern+tradition%22&pg=PT66 | isbn = 978-0465061617 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Kerr | first1 = W.N. | chapter = Mary, Assumption of | editor1-last = Elwell | editor1-first = Walter A. | title = Evangelical Dictionary of Theology | publisher = Baker Academic | year = 2001 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yu846j61u0wC&pg=PA746 | isbn = 978-0801020759 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Miravalle | first1 = Mark I. | title = Introduction to Mary: The Heart of Marian Doctrine and Devotion | publisher = Queenship Publishing | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8RBQWc9fWacC&pg=PA51 | isbn = 9781882972067 }} * {{Cite book | last = O'Carroll | first = Michael | title = Theotokos: A Theological Encyclopedia of the Blessed Virgin Mary | publisher = Wipf and Stock | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xYlKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 | isbn = 978-1579104542 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Shoemaker |first1 = Stephen J. |title = Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion |publisher = Yale University Press |year = 2016 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa8ODAAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-0300217216 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Shoemaker | first1 = Stephen J. | title = Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | url = https://academic.oup.com/book/27239 | isbn = 978-0199250752 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Wagner | first1 = David M. | title = The Church and the Modern Era (1846–2005) | publisher = Ave Maria Press | year = 2020 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zXrtDwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1594717888 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Warner | first1 = Marina | title = Alone of All Her Sex | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2016 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4DATDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 | isbn = 978-0198718789 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Williams | first1 = Paul | chapter = The English Reformers and the Blessed Virgin Mary | editor1-last = Maunder | editor1-first = Chris | title = The Oxford Handbook of Mary | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2019 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0198792550 }} * {{Cite book | last = Zirpolo | first = Lilian H. | title = Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 2018 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C51ODwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1538111291 }}
==Further reading== * Duggan, Paul E. (1989). ''[https://ecommons.udayton.edu/graduate_theses/6599/ The Assumption Dogma: Some Reactions and Ecumenical Implications in the Thought of English-speaking Theologians]''. Emerson Press, Cleveland, Ohio. *{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Mary, help of Christians/Novena 5: for the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Novena 5: for the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]|title=Mary, help of Christians|year=1909|publisher=Benziger Brothers|first=Bonaventure|last=Hammer}} * Mimouni, Simon Claude (1995). ''Dormition et assomption de Marie: Histoire des traditions anciennes''. Beauchesne, Paris. {{ISBN?}} * {{cite journal |last=Salvador-Gonzalez |first=José-María |title=Musical Resonanes in the Assumption of Mary and Their Reflection in the Italian Trecento and Quattrocento Painting |journal=Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography |volume=44 |issue=1–2 |date=2019 |pages=79–96 |issn=1522-7464 }}
==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Assumption of Mary}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130904181017/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html "''Munificentissimus Deus'' – Defining the Dogma of the Assumption"] Vatican, 1 November 1950 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJcSyaRU0kc Footage of the Assumption proclamation (1950)] ([[British Pathé]]) * {{cite web |url=http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshoemak/texts/dormitionG2/dormitionG2.htm |title=The Book of John Concerning the Falling Asleep of Mary, attributed to John the Theologian.|publisher=Uoregon.edu |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831092509/http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshoemak/texts/dormitionG2/dormitionG2.htm |archive-date=31 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshoemak/texts/dormitionL/dormitionL1.htm |title=De Transitus Beatae Mariae Virginis (the Passing of the Blessed Virgin Mary), attributed to Melito of Sardis. |publisher=Uoregon.edu |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413212601/http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshoemak/texts/dormitionL/dormitionL1.htm |archive-date=13 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
{{Virgin Mary}} {{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Catholicism}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Assumption Of Mary}} [[Category:Assumption of Mary| ]] [[Category:Marian dogmas]] [[Category:Glorious Mysteries]] [[Category:Marian feast days]] [[Category:Eastern Orthodox liturgical days]] [[Category:Catholic Mariology]] [[Category:Pope Pius XII Mariology]] [[Category:August observances]] [[Category:Catholic holy days]] [[Category:Entering heaven alive]] [[Category:Heaven in Christianity]] [[Category:Christian processions]] [[Category:Western Christianity]] [[Category:November 1950]] [[Category:Ephesus]] [[Category:Christian feast days]]