{{Short description|City in Bushehr province, Iran}} {{for multi|the administrative divisions|Asaluyeh County|and|Asaluyeh District|and|Asaluyeh Rural District|other places with a similar name|Asalu (disambiguation){{!}}Asalu}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement |official_name = Asaluyeh |native_name = {{lang|fa|عسلويه}} |settlement_type=City |image_skyline =Persian Gulf - panoramio (5).jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Persian Gulf#Iran |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = Location on the Persian Gulf##Location in Iran |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Iran]] |subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Bushehr province|Bushehr]] |subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Asaluyeh County|Asaluyeh]] |subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh (administrative division)|District]] |subdivision_name3 =[[Central District (Asaluyeh County)|Central]] |established_title = Established as a city |established_date =2003<ref name="Asaluyeh City"/> |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2016 |population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 Bushehr Province"/> |population_total = 13557 |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |coordinates = {{coord|27|28|28|N|52|36|41|E|dim:1km|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map|author=((OpenStreetMap contributors))|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=27.474444&mlon=52.611389&zoom=15#map=15/27.47444/52.61139|website=[[OpenStreetMap]]|title=Asalouyeh City, Asaluyeh Central District, Asaluyeh County, Bushehr Province, Iran|date=25 August 2024|access-date=25 August 2024|lang=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Google Maps |title=FJF6+QHC Asaluyeh, Bushehr Province, Iran |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/27°28'28.0%22N+52°36'41.0%22E/@27.474444,52.611389,5114m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d27.474444!4d52.611389?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }}
'''Asaluyeh''' ({{langx|fa|عسلويه}}){{efn|Also [[romanized]] as '''Asalooyeh''', '''Asalouyeh''', '''Asalūyeh''', '''Assalouyeh''', and '''Assaluyeh'''; also known as '''Asaloyeh''', '''Asalu''', '''Asaluye''', and sometimes prefixed by '''Bandar''' (English: Port).<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3053811}}</ref> UNCTAD codes: IR YEH, IR PGU, and IR ASA}} is a city in the [[Central District (Asaluyeh County)|Central District]] of [[Asaluyeh County]], [[Bushehr province|Bushehr]] province, [[Iran]], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Asaluyeh County Establishment"> {{cite web |first=Mohammad Reza |last=Rahimi |author-link=Mohammad Reza Rahimi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ ابلاغ}} (Notification date) 1391/10/12 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=1 January 2013 <!-- Converted 'Notification date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:تصویب نامه درخصوص تقسیمات کشوری در استان بوشهر وزارت کشور |trans-title=Resolution on national divisions in Bushehr province |url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/826693 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110180809/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/826693 |archive-date=10 January 2013 |access-date=14 June 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس شورای اسلامی ایران}} [Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|هیات وزیران}} [Council of Ministers] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره ابلاغیه}} [Notification Number] 200653/T46432H.}}</ref> It is also the administrative center for [[Asaluyeh Rural District]].<ref name="Kangan County Rural Districts"> {{cite web |first=Mir-Hossein |last=Mousavi |author-link=Mir-Hossein Mousavi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1365/08/18 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=9 November 1986 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:ایجاد و تشکیل تعداد 5 دهستان شامل روستاها، مزارع و مکانها در شهرستان کنگان تابع استان بوشهر |trans-title=Creation and formation of five rural districts including villages, farms and places in Kangan County, Bushehr province |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/109698 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426110841/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/109698 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|هیات وزیران}} [Council of Ministers] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] 676C2980-045C-4D6B-A80C-B0AFBB7C69B8. {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره دوره}} [Course number] 65, {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره جلد}} [Volume number] 5.}}</ref> The village of Asaluyeh was converted to a city in 2003.<ref name="Asaluyeh City"> {{cite web |first=Mir-Mohammad Reza |last=Aref |author-link=Mohammad Reza Aref |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1382/05/21 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=12 August 2003 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:شناخته شدن روستای عسلویه مرکز بخش عسلویه از توابع شهرستان کنگان در استان بوشهر به عنوان شهر عسلویه |trans-title=Recognizing the village of Asaluyeh, the center of Asaluyeh District, Kangan County, Bushehr province, as the city of Asaluyeh |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/125894/شناخته+شدن+روستای+عسلویه+مرکز+بخش++عسلویه+از+توابع+شهرستان+کنگان+در+استان++بوشهر+به+عنوان+شهر+عسلویه |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118195628/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/125894/شناخته+شدن+روستای+عسلویه+مرکز+بخش++عسلویه+از+توابع+شهرستان+کنگان+در+استان++بوشهر+به+عنوان+شهر+عسلویه |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=17 June 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت}} [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] 9CE2798C-59CE-40CE-8E3B-4D9D6C774621.}}</ref>
==Demographics== ===Population=== At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 4,746 in 875 households,<ref name="2006 Bushehr Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 : استان بوشهر |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2006: Bushehr Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/18.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920093422/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/18.xls |archive-date=20 September 2011 |format=Excel |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> when it was capital of the former [[Asaluyeh District]] in [[Kangan County]]. The following census in 2011 counted 7,884 people in 1,709 households.<ref name="2011 Bushehr Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1390 : استان بوشهر |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2011: Bushehr Province |language=fa |website=Iran Data Portal—Syracuse University |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Bushehr.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403085236/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Bushehr.xls |archive-date=3 April 2023 |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |format=Excel |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 13,557 people in 3,324 households,<ref name="2016 Bushehr Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1395 : استان بوشهر |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2016: Bushehr Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_18.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212745/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_18.xlsx |archive-date=3 August 2017 |format=Excel |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of [[Asaluyeh County]]. Asaluyeh was transferred to the new [[Central District (Asaluyeh County)|Central District]] as the county's capital.<ref name="Asaluyeh County Establishment"/>
On the shore of the [[Persian Gulf]] some 270 km SE of the provincial capital of [[Bushehr]], it is best known as the site for the land based facilities of the huge PSEEZ ([[Pars Special Energy Economic Zone]]) project. The city itself is of minor significance, although it is common practice to refer to PSEEZ (established 1998) and Asaluyeh town collectively as Asaluyeh.
Asaluyeh was chosen as the site of the PSEEZ facilities due to it being the closest land point to the largest [[natural gas field]] in the world, the [[South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field#South Pars|South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field]]. In addition, an existing airport and direct access to international waters via a deep water port were already present.<ref name=location>[http://www.iranasalouyeh.com/page.php?where-en Location]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} iranasalouyeh.com</ref>
==PSEEZ== {{See also|National Petrochemical Company#Special industrial economic zones|l1=National Petrochemical Company and Special Economic Zones in Iran}} [http://www.pseez.com/ The PSEEZ (Pars Special Energy/Economic Zone)] as it is known has been allocated 100 square kilometres of land at Asaluyeh for the various complexes and facilities. The site is a collection of different plants and [[refineries]] (known as "phases") and is administered by the [http://www.parspc.net PSEEZ agency onsite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183142/http://www.parspc.net/ |date=27 February 2021 }}.
A total of 27 phases are envisaged (12 gas, 15 [[petrochemical]]), plus a mix of light and heavy industry, and associated support facilities such as factories and warehouses. The scale of the project is huge. Some 28 refineries and 25 petrochemical complexes are scheduled to be established in Asalouyeh, in southern [[Bushehr]] province. Of these, 10 refineries and 7 petrochemical complexes were operational in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3463/html/economy.htm |title=Archived copy |website=www.iran-daily.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531064341/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3463/html/economy.htm |archive-date=31 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
PSEEZ is a workers town – tourism is non-existent. Currently there are no hotels in Asaluyeh, although plans exist to construct a hotel between the airport and the Industrial area. Once completed, the Sadaf International Hotel will consist of 400 rooms in three buildings, on 1 square kilometre of land. A [[Visa (document)|visa]] is required to enter Iran for most nationalities, and is therefore needed to visit the PSEEZ.
As of August 2005, US$20 billion of foreign money had been invested in PSEEZ since 1997. According to [[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)|Iran's oil ministry]], sales of products from PSEEZ could be as much as $11 billion per year, over 30 years.
Private companies are also constructing a [[office park|business park]] and warehouses.
[[Communications in Iran|Internet access and telephony facilities]] are also available via a [[Tehran]] based [[Internet service provider]], [[Pars Online]]. No other ISP's are present at PSEEZ. In 2010, a large [[List of power stations in Iran|power plant]] with 1,000 megawatts output was inaugurated in Asalouyeh, aiming to supply electricity to the refineries of [[South Pars]] gas field phases 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jun/1138.html|title=South Pars attracts $15b in domestic investment|website=payvand.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120232821/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jun/1138.html|archive-date=20 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Special economic zone=== [[File:Rouhani trip to Pars Especial Economic Zone.jpg|250px|thumb|Pars Especial Economic Zone]] {{See also|Foreign Direct Investment in Iran#Free Trade Zones and Special Economic Zones|l1=Foreign Direct Investment and Special Economic Zones in Iran}}
The Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) is a [[special economic zone]]. PSEEZ was established in 1998 for the utilization of [[South Pars]] oil and gas resources. Goods can be brought in duty-free, but cannot leave the PSEEZ and enter the rest of Iran. This is to encourage construction within and development of the PSEEZ. The private sector invested some $1.5 billion in the PSEEZ during the 4 years from 2009. Foreign entities have invested some $36 billion in the Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) during 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jan/1224.html|title=Iran's PSEEZ absorbs $36B foreign investment in a decade|website=payvand.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121115719/http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jan/1224.html|archive-date=21 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Asaluyeh City== {{see also|Geography of Iran}} Asalouyeh city is surrounded by PSEEZ, but is still geographically separate and a few minutes drive from the nearest PSEEZ facility. Before the arrival of PSEEZ, the primary industry was fishing, albeit a very small one. Asalouyeh was a sleepy coastal hamlet, on a narrow strip of land between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Zagros Mountains]]. Poverty existed in the small town, and it remains.
==Construction== {{see also|Construction in Iran}} The PSEEZ is one of the busiest ongoing construction sites in the world. At any one time up to 60,000 workers are onsite, mostly employed in construction of further gas and petrochemical refineries.
==Airport== {{See also|Asalouyeh Airport|Transport in Iran}} Construction of a new airport began in 2003. The new '''Persian Gulf International Airport''' ([[IATA]] code: '''YEH''') opened to traffic in July 2006, replacing the original temporary airport. The volume of construction works for facilities such as runways and aircraft parking area, fence, and patrol roads and access routes to the airport's boulevard, construction of terminals with Jetways to handle 750,000 passengers per year. Control tower and technical buildings as well as supporting buildings such as fire station, meteorology section and so on have been started. Airport characteristics are the runway with length of 4000 meters asphalt paved, width of 45 meters with two 7.5m shoulders along the runway. Aircraft parking area is 330 × 150 Sqm concrete paved. Airport area and peripheral buildings will be constructed on 18 hectares of land. Iranian specialists are undertaking execution works for this airport and installation of the airport's navigation and lighting systems will be performed by foreign companies.
==Pars-Port Complex== {{See also|Transport in Iran}} '''Logistic Port:''' Logistic port covers 150 hectares: The western breakwater is 2300 meters long and the eastern breakwater is 1000 meters long. The port basin is 100 hectares with capacity to accept ships of up to 80,000 tons deadweight. The nominal capacity of this port is 10 million tons per year including 1 million tons of granulated sulphur, 3 million of container products and 6 million tons of refinery machinery and parts. This port will have at least 10 berths that can simultaneously accommodate 10 ships and especially for exporting of sulphur, containers loading / unloading as heavy cargo. Water drought along the berths is at least 11 meters and at most 15 meters and the jetty in this port is 2600 meters long. At present, 5 berths are operational. All of the equipment needed by refineries and petrochemical industries were unloaded in this very port and installed on sites.<br /> '''Petrochemical Port:''' The petrochemical port with 15 berths and draught of 15 meters can accommodate ships of capacity 80,000 tons deadweight that especially carry gas and petrochemical products. The nominal capacity of this port is 35 million tons per year and it is predicted that 26 million tons of petrochemical products in liquid from will be exported through this port.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/4/29/MainPaper/3731/Page/4/Index.htm |title=Irandaily | No. 3731 | Domestic Economy | Page 4 |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722224441/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/4/29/MainPaper/3731/Page/4/Index.htm |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> In accordance with the operations time schedule for the Zone's petrochemical projects, execution operations on this port will be completed in three phases; phase 1 will be completed by 2005 and the project's completion date will be year 2006.{{update inline|date=April 2021}}
==Plants and refineries== {{See also|National Iranian Oil Company|National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company}}
Each phase of the [[South Pars]] project is estimated to require an average capital expenditure of approximately US$1.5 billion, with most phases led by foreign oil firms in partnership with local companies.<ref name="Iran"/> The government of [[President Ahmadinejad]], who took office in 2005, has favoured local firms over foreign companies across the energy and other sectors.<ref name='Iran'>{{Citation| contribution=Market Profile for Iran| title=Energy and Electricity Forecast | publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]| date=18 June 2008}}</ref> In 2010, Iran awarded $21 billion in contracts to domestic companies to develop six phases (13, 14, 19, 22, 23 and 24) of the [[South Pars]] gas field.<ref name="businessweek.com">[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-15/iranian-companies-win-21-billion-in-gas-contracts-update1-.html]{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Among the domestic participants are [[Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters]], the engineering arm of the [[Revolutionary Guard Corps (Libyan paramilitary unit)|Revolutionary Guard Corps]], [[Iranian Offshore Engineering and Construction Company|Oil Industries Engineering and Construction]], and [[SADRA|Iran Marine Industrial Co]]. The group also includes [[ISOICO|Iran Shipbuilding and Offshore Industries Complex Co.]], [[Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran]], and [[National Iranian Oil Company#Subsidiary companies|National Iranian Drilling Co]].<ref name="businessweek.com"/>
The various plants and complexes currently extend for approximately 12 km, with additional facilities under construction. A series of [[gas flare]]s line the facility, including one particularly large flare with flames reaching nearly 100 meters in height, visible far out at sea. The area also hosts the world's largest [[aromatic]] production plant, the [[National Iranian Petrochemical Company#NIPC affiliate companies|Noori Petrochemical Complex]], with an annual capacity of 4.2 million tons. Upon completion, revenue from South Pars is expected to exceed [[Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)#Revenues from crude oil|current oil exports earnings]].<ref name="Shana">{{cite web|url=http://www.shana.ir/154657-en.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224152809/http://www.shana.ir/154657-en.html |archive-date=24 February 2012 }}</ref>
Gas production at South Pars increased by nearly 30 percent between March 2009 and March 2010. The field's reserves are estimated at 14 trillion cubic meters of gas and {{convert|18|Goilbbl|m3}} of gas condensates. Production at South Pars gas field is projected to reach 175 million cubic meters per day in 2012.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
===Project phases=== {{main|South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field|Petroleum industry in Iran}} [[File:South Pars Table.gif|thumb|[[South Pars]] construction phases.]] *'''Phase 1''' was developed by [[Petropars]] to produce {{convert|1|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on}} per day of [[natural gas]], {{convert|40000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 1500 tons of LPG per day plus 200 tons of [[sulfur]] per day. *'''Phases 2 and 3''' were developed by a consortium of [[Total S.A.]], [[Petronas]], and [[Gazprom]] to produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. It came online in March 2003. *'''Phases 4 and 5''' were developed by [[Eni]] and [[Naftiran Intertrade#Subsidiaries|Petropars]], to produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of rich natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. *'''Phases 6 to 8''' are gbeing developed by [[Naftiran Intertrade#Subsidiaries|Petropars]] and [[Statoil]] to produce lean gas for re-injection into the Aghajari oilfield, and heavy gas and condensate for export. It involves construction of three offshore platforms in addition to the land-based facilities. Statoil is developing the offshore platforms while [[Naftiran Intertrade#Subsidiaries|Petropars]] is developing the land based facilities. A 31-inch (790 mm) pipe will be laid from each platform to the coast. These phases will produce {{convert|3|e9ft3|m3}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|70|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of [[ethane]], {{convert|120000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 4500 Tons of LPG per day plus 600 tons of sulfur per day. *'''Phases 9 and 10''' were assigned to a consortium of Oil Industrial Engineering and Construction Company (OIEC) and LG Company. These phases will produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. Phases 9 & 10 were inaugurated by President Ahmadinejad in March 2009.<ref name="HttpwwwtehrantimescomIndex_viewaspcode">{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=229206|title=Venezuela to invest $780m in SP phase 12|date=24 October 2010|website=tehrantimes.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190234/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=229206|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> *'''Phases 11''' will produce LNG through the [[Pars LNG]] project. The project was awarded to [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] in 2010 after that France's [[Total S.A.]] was excluded from the project by Iran.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} *'''Phases 12''' development begin carried out by [[Naftiran Intertrade#Subsidiaries|Petropars]] as a LNG project. This phase will produce {{convert|2.5|e9ft3|m3}} per day of rich natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. [[Venezuela]]'s state-owned oil company [[Petroleos de Venezuela S.A.]] (PDVSA) will finance 10 percent of the 7.8-billion-dollar project. [[Angola]]'s [[Sonangol Group]] has also been awarded a 20 percent stake in phase 12 project.<ref name="HttpwwwtehrantimescomIndex_viewaspcode" /> *'''Phase 13 and 14''' development will be for [[Persian LNG]] production. Development was awarded to an Iranian company (Khatam-ol-Osea) for $5 billion.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid=a.WZSR3OHgLk&pid=20601087 | work=Bloomberg | first=Ladane | last=Nasseri | title=Iran Ends Talks With Shell, Repsol to Develop South Pars Natural-Gas Field | date=2010-06-06}}</ref> The Iranian Khatam-ol-Osea Consortium is made up of several large Iranian companies, namely [[Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters]] Construction Headquarters, [[Oil Industries Engineering & Construction (OIEC)]], [[SADRA]], [[ISOICO]], [[Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran|IDRO]], and [[National Iranian Oil Company#Subsidiary companies|NIDC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=220734|title=Iranian consortium to replace Shell, Repsol in South Pars|date=5 June 2010|website=tehrantimes.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128200010/http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=220734|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The contract to develop phase 13 was signed with a consortium comprising [[Mapna]], [[SADRA]], and [[Petro Pidar]] Iranian companies and the phase 14 with another consortia consisting of [[Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran|Industrial Development and Renovation Organization]] (IDRO), [[National Iranian Oil Company#Subsidiary companies|National Iranian Drilling Company]] (NIDC) and [[Iranian Offshore Engineering and Construction Company]] (IOEC).<ref name="Shana" /> [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and [[Repsol]] had been originally awarded phases 13 and 14 but were left out of the project by Iran due to their repeated delays.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} *'''Phases 15 and 16''' development was awarded to [[Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202041726/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> These phases will produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. In July 2010, the project was transferred to [[Iran Shipbuilding & Offshore Industries Complex]]. At that time, the 2 billion dollars project was already 50% complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jul/1136.html|title=Iran: Khatam-ol-Anbia withdraws from SP phases 15, 16|website=payvand.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063759/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jul/1136.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Phase 15 & 16 will be completed by March 2012.<ref name="payvand.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/aug/1148.html|title=Iran: Four phases of South Pars gas field to come on stream by March 2012|website=payvand.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415124730/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/aug/1148.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> *'''Phases 17 and 18''' development was assigned to a consortium of Industrial Project Management of Iran (IPMI), Oil Industrial Engineering and Construction Company (OIEC), Iran Offshore Engineering and Construction (IOEC) and [[Naftiran Intertrade#Subsidiaries|Petropars]]. These phases will produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. Phase 17 & 18 will be completed by March 2012.<ref name="payvand.com"/> *'''Phase 19''' development was awarded to IOEC and [[Naftiran Intertrade#Subsidiaries|Petropars]].<ref name="Shana"/> These phases will produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. As it is understood, this phase is defined within phase 1, so it can be regarded as some kind of expansion for phase 1.<ref>[http://www.shana.ir/135959-fa.html Shana.ir, NIOC Official News Agency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210035/http://www.shana.ir/135959-fa.html |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> *'''Phases 20 and 21''' development was awarded to [http://www.oiecgroup.com OIEC].<ref name="Shana.ir, NIOC Official News Agency">[http://www.shana.ir/139642-fa.html Shana.ir, NIOC Official News Agency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726211505/http://www.shana.ir/139642-fa.html |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> These phases will produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|80000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day. In May 2008, [[Repsol]] and [[Royal Dutch Shell]] agreed to exchange block 13 with block 20 or 21<ref>{{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iIGkIuxbmjYcu2B04-BJ0CZTOdhQ |title=Repsol, Shell renegotiating Iran gas deal: Repsol company source |publisher=AFP |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527080153/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iIGkIuxbmjYcu2B04-BJ0CZTOdhQ |archive-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> *'''Phases 22, 23 and 24''' were awarded to [[Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters]], [[Petro Sina Arian]], and [[SADRA]] and are located in the north-eastern frontier of the field.<ref name="Shana"/><ref name="google.com">[https://archive.today/20120731192951/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hO8-2zc6BnKaP-2LaqMckSMDa1dg] </ref> The aim of phases 22, 23 and 24 development is to produce 42.5 million cubic meters of natural gas, {{convert|57000|oilbbl|m3}} of gas condensate and 300 tons of sulfur per day. The three phases also are designed to produce 800 thousands of LNG and 750 thousand tons of ethane per year.<ref name="Shana"/> *'''Phases 25 and 26''' are in tender. *'''Phases 27 and 28''' development was assigned to [[Petropars]] on an [[EPC (contract)|EPC]] scheme.<ref name="Shana.ir, NIOC Official News Agency"/> These phases will produce {{convert|2|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of natural gas, {{convert|75|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of ethane, {{convert|75000|oilbbl|m3}} per day of condensate, 3000 tons of LPG per day plus 400 tons of sulfur per day.
==South Pars Gas Field== {{main|South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field}} {{see also|National Iranian Gas Company}}
The field is located in the [[Persian Gulf]].
The field is the biggest gas field in the world, shared between Iran and Qatar, which contains {{convert|1800|e12ft3|km3|lk=on}} gas in place and {{convert|56|e9oilbbl|e9m3|abbr=unit|lk=on}} of condensate in place in both parts.
The South Pars Field is the name of northern part, which is located in Iranian waters and the North Dome is the name of southern part, which is located in Qatari waters. South Pars Field was discovered in 1990 by NIOC.
Production started from the southern extension of the field, the North Dome in 1989, at daily gas production rate of {{convert|800|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on}} per day at [[Standard cubic foot|standard conditions]].
Gas production started from South Pars field by commissioning the development phase 2 in December 2002 to produce {{convert|1|e9ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day at standard conditions of wet gas.
The field consists of two independent gas-bearing formations, Kangan and Upper Dalan. Each formation is divided into two different reservoir layers, separated by impermeable barriers. Therefore, the field consists of four independent reservoir layers K1, K2, K3, and K4.
Iranian sections contains {{convert|500|e12ft3|km3|abbr=unit}} of gas in place and around {{convert|360|e12ft3|km3}} of recoverable gas. It covers an area of {{convert|500|mi2|km2|sigfig=2|order=flip}} and is located 3 km below the seabed at a water depth of 65 m. The Iranian side accounts for 10% of the world's and 60% of Iran's total gas reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/southpars/ |title=South Pars Oil and Gas Field, Persian Gulf, Offshore Iran |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218124558/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/southpars/ |archive-date=18 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The field is planned to be developed in around 30 phases, each of which will require an initial investment of around $1bn.
==Downstream industries== {{see also|National Iranian Petrochemical Company}} Due to the availability of petrochemicals and their by-products, 10 square kilometres at PSEEZ have been allocated for related industries, such as:<ref name=industries>[http://www.iranasalouyeh.com/page.php?project-en www.iranasalouyeh.com]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Resin]]s and [[adhesive]]s * [[Rubber]] and [[plastic]]s * [[Synthetic fiber]]s and [[textile]]s * [[Oil]]s * [[Fertilizer]]s * [[Polymer]]s * [[Paint]]s and protective coatings * [[Pesticide]]s * [[Detergent]]s
==Water supply project== {{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Iran}} Construction of two water desalination plants each with a capacity of 10,000 cubic per day started in March 2005. The project was finished 10 months ahead of its contractual 16 months estimate, making it a landmark in project execution in the region. The creation of a network for transferring water distribution network in different sites is underway.
==Green space and environment== {{see also|Environmental issues in Iran}} In view of the Zone's policy on environmental protection and alleviation of industrial pollutions, first steps have been taken in the form of 1000 hectares of [[urban green space]] and 3000 hectares allocated to forestation and expansion of the mangrove trees in the tidal area of the sea.
==Foreign involvement== {{main|Foreign Direct Investment in Iran}} Individual gas and petrochemical plants at Asoluyeh, when constructed, usually involve a partnership with a foreign company. The [[Government of Iran|government]] of [[President Ahmadinejad]], who came to power in 2005, has favoured [[National Iranian Oil Company#NIOC's major domestic contractors|local firms]] over foreign companies in the energy and other sectors.<ref name="Iran" /> Due to the [[U.S. sanctions against Iran|embargo in place against Iran]] by the United States, it is mostly European and Asian companies becoming involved.
These include: * [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] * [[Daelim]] * [[Eni]] (formerly known as Agip) * [[Gazprom]] * Hyundai Engineering and Construction (with [[The Linde Group|Linde]] Group)<ref name=Hyundai>{{cite web|url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20050705074258|title=Iran: Hyundai in Asalouyeh Gas Plant Contract|website=zawya.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119041537/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20050705074258|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> * Japan Gasoline Company (JGC) – involved in the construction of the world's largest gas refinery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/03/may/1062.html|title=World's largest gas refinery to be built in Iran's Assalouyeh|website=payvand.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063833/http://www.payvand.com/news/03/may/1062.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[LG]] * [[Petronas]] * [[Statoil]] * [[Technip]] * [[Total S.A.|Total]] * [[Toyo Engineering Corporation]] (TEC)
However, the US company [[Halliburton]] and [[American Allied International Corporation]], have contracts for and business dealing with South Pars via subsidiaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaic.cc/contact.php |title=American Allied International Corporation - Contact Us |access-date=2006-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20040618163323/http://www.aaic.cc/contact.php |archive-date=2004-06-18 }}</ref>
Plans for LNG refining and export have been discussed – but it remains to be seen how this will be accomplished, as most LNG refining technology is US based and therefore subject to export control due to [[Iran and Libya Sanctions Act|US sanctions]].
==See also== *[[Ministry of Petroleum of Iran]] *[[National Iranian Gas Company]] *[[National Iranian Oil Company]] *[[National Iranian Petrochemical Company]] *[[Asalouyeh Airport]] *[[South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field]] *[[Economy of Iran]] *[[List of natural gas fields]] *[[International rankings of Iran]]
{{commons category-inline|Asaluyeh}}
{{Portal-inline|Iran}} {{clear}}
== Notes == {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071217154242/http://www.pseez.ir/home-en.html Pars Special Economic Energy Zone company] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100401222258/http://www.iranasalouyeh.com/ Iran Asalouyeh Official Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180805135841/http://iranoildirectory.com/ Iran Asalouyeh Official Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023041030/http://www.southpars.net/ PSEEZ Official Site] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080120132018/http://www.asaluyehpso.ir/ Port and Shipping Authority of Asaluyeh] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041207224311/http://www.kpkgroup.com/projects/beanaux/pars_business_park/default.asp Pars Business Park] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041207224449/http://www.kpkgroup.com/projects/beanaux/pars_ind_warehouses/default.asp Pars Industrial Warehouses] *[http://parsonline.net/asalouyeh.htm Pars Online ISP at Asalouyeh]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051215122946/http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/sanctions/sanctguide-iran.shtml US Department of the Treasury – Information and Guidelines on Trade Sanctions against Iran] *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/iranpx/74860552/ Iran – Persian Gulf, Asalouyeh – Southern Pars] Flickr *[http://www.pseez.ir Pars Special Economic Energy Zone company] *[http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20050705074258 Iran Daily] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110110044754/http://www.oilgasforum.ir/ Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries Forum] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090520100601/http://www.iranasalouyeh.com/ ایران عسلویه (Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Directory)]
{{Authority control}}
{{Energy in Iran|state=collapsed}}
{{Bushehr Province|state=collapsed}}
{{Asaluyeh County|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Populated places in Asaluyeh County]]
[[Category:Cities in Bushehr province]]
[[Category:Economy of Iran]]
[[Category:Energy in Iran]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Persian Gulf]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Iran]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Iran]]