Aspidostemon

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{automatic taxobox |image = |image_caption = |taxon = Aspidostemon |authority = Rohwer & H.G.Richt. |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |synonyms = *''Cryptocarya subgen. Hexanthera'' Kosterm. *''Cryptocarya subgen. Trianthera'' Kosterm.<ref name = Trop/> }}

'''''Aspidostemon''''' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. It occurs in Madagascar.<ref name = Trop>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40036592 |accessdate=4 August 2010 |format= |work= Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|title=''Aspidostemon'' Rohwer & H.G. Richt.}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== The genus was described by Jens Gunter Rohwer & Hans Georg Richter in ''Jahrbuch für Botanische Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' 109 (1): 74 in 1987. The type species is ''Aspidostemon perrieri'' (Danguy) Rohwer. The number of collections available is not large.<ref name="mnhn.fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/8185_a06n1a1.pdf |title=Van der Werff H. 2006. — A revision of the Malagasy endemic genus ''Aspidostemon'' Rohwer & Richter (Lauraceae). Adansonia, sér. 3, 28 (1) : 7-44. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808034921/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/8185_a06n1a1.pdf |archivedate=2011-08-08 }}</ref> The identification was done at the Missouri Botanical Garden.

==Description== They are shrubs or trees up to 25 m high, hermaphrodites. The leaves are entire, elliptical or narrowly elliptical. The fruit is a berry-like drupe dispersed mostly by birds. ''Aspidostemon'' species are no exception among the Lauraceae; they are trees with small flowers, hard to detect and collect and often overlooked or ignored when plants easier to collect or with showier flowers are at hand.

''Aspidostemon'' is characterized by its opposite leaves,<ref name="mnhn.fr"/> flowers with three or six stamens (compared to 9 in ''Cryptocarya''), and a fruit which is completely enclosed in the enlarged hypanthium with persistent floral parts attached to the top of the fruit.<ref name="mnhn.fr"/> When the genus was described by Rohwer & Richter in 1987, they recognized 11 species, but today 28 species are accepted.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} Some species are endangered or almost extinct.<ref name="mnhn.fr"/> Based on a combination of wood anatomical, vegetative, and floral characters, noted by such earlier botanists as Kostermans in 1957, the species of genus ''Aspidostemon'' were placed formerly as belonging to subgenera ''Hexanthera'' and ''Trianthera'' of'' Cryptocarya''.<ref name="mnhn.fr"/>

==Ecology== ''Aspidostemon'' species have the large trees characteristic of rainforest in montane laurel forest habitats in Madagascar and nearby islands and restricted to this region. They belong to an ancient isolated Gondwanian element of Laurales. A great number of species are in danger of extinction due to overexploitation as timber extraction and loss of habitat.

They are leafy canopy trees with erect or spreading branches. They grow to heights of up to 25 m, or some species to 40 m. Their stout trunks are up to 1 m in diameter. The genus is easily recognizable by its bark which is soft and cheese-like.<ref name="mnhn.fr"/> The thick, leathery leaves are dark green. The leaves are glossy laurel type. The leaves of ''Aspidostemon'' species are not infrequently acuminate, with an acumen folded into a short tube. On opening a few of these inrolled apices, egg cases similar to those found in leaf domatia are found; epiphyllous hepatics were also found. These inrolled apices apparently function as domatia and shelter mites that clean the leaves.

The fruit is an important food source for birds, usually from specialized genera. Birds eat the whole fruit and regurgitate or defecate the seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornithochory). In some species, seed dispersal is carried out by mammals.

==Accepted species== 29 species are currently accepted:<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:925067-1 ''Aspidostemon'' Rohwer & H.G.Richt.]. ''Plants of the World Online'', Kew Science. Accessed 28 August 2022.</ref> *''Aspidostemon andohahelensis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon antongilensis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon apiculatus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon capuronii'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon caudatus'' Rohwer *''Aspidostemon conoideus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon dolichocarpus'' (Kosterm.) Rohwer *''Aspidostemon fungiformis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon glandulosus'' Rohwer *''Aspidostemon grayi'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon humbertianus'' (Kosterm.) Rohwer *''Aspidostemon inconspicuus'' Rohwer *''Aspidostemon insignis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon lacrimans'' (Kosterm.) Rohwer *''Aspidostemon litoralis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon longipedicellatus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon lucens'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon macrophyllus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon manongarivensis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon masoalensis'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon microphyllus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon occultus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon parvifolius'' (Scott Elliot) van der Werff *''Aspidostemon percoriaceus'' (Kosterm.) Rohwer *''Aspidostemon perrieri'' (Danguy) Rohwer *''Aspidostemon reticulatus'' van der Werff *''Aspidostemon synandra'' Rohwer *''Aspidostemon trianthera'' (Kosterm.) Rohwer *''Aspidostemon trichandra'' van der Werff

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Aspidostemon Category:Lauraceae genera Category:Endemic flora of Madagascar

Aspidostemon

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