{{Short description|American-born Spanish art and architecture critic}} '''Arthur Byne''' (25 September 1884 – 1935) is a controversial figure in the history of Spanish art and architecture. Members of the Hispanic Society of America, Byne and his wife, Mildred Stapley Byne, published extensively on the art and architecture of Spain and are credited with promoting Spanish culture and its revival in the United States,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Brotherston |first=Jody G. |title=Arthur Byne's Diplomatic Legacy: The Architect, Author and Entrepreneur In Spain |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |year=2014 |isbn=978-1493589906 |pages=iv -1}}</ref> yet Byne is also known as a plunderer of Spanish buildings and artefacts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur byne archivos |url=https://www.secuenciadas.es/tag/arthur-byne/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Secuenciadas |language=es}}</ref>

== Early life and education == Born Arthur Gustave Bein in Newark, New Jersey in 1884, he attended Booth Preparatory School and Eaton School.<ref name=":2" /> In 1905 Byne was awarded a Certificate of Proficiency in Architecture by the University of Pennsylvania<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Cheryl Caldwell |title=Highland Park and River Oaks: The Origins of Garden Suburban Community Planning in Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780292748361 |pages=296}}</ref> and went on to study at the American Academy in Rome.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=El paso de Arthur Byne por Madrid {{!}} Revista Madrid Histórico |url=https://www.revistamadridhistorico.es/2018/11/el-paso-de-arthur-byne-por-madrid/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=www.revistamadridhistorico.es}}</ref>

== Career == [[File:1917, Spanish Architecture of the Sixteenth Century, Stair Newel from the Palacio de San Boal, Salamanca.jpg|thumb|Stair newel from the Palacio de San Boal in Salamanca. Photograph by Byne in the couple's book ''Spanish Architecture of the Sixteenth Century'' (1917)|alt=A black and white photograph of the side of a stair in stone withe very ornate foliage and putti. A standing lion holds a scroll. It is labeled as "FIG. 44".]] Byne never practiced as an architect although it is recorded that he worked for a short time in the New York architectural firm, Howells and Stokes.<ref name=":0" /> Rather, he became a watercolourist, photographer and author; between 1911 and 1920 he illustrated the covers of ''Architectural Record'' with drawings of Spanish buildings<ref name=":1" /> and photographs taken by him appear in books other than those he authored, for example, in ''Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction'' by Charles S. Whitney.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whitney |first=Charles S. |title=Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction |publisher=Dover Publications Inc. |year=2003 |isbn=978-0486429953 |pages=99–104}}</ref> Photographs attributed to Byne, taken in France and Spain, are also held in the Conway Library at The Courtauld Institute of Art, whose archive, of primarily architectural images, is being digitised under the wider Courtauld Connects project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digitisation |first=Courtauld |date=2020-06-30 |title=Who made the Conway Library? |url=https://sites.courtauld.ac.uk/digitalmedia/2020/06/30/who-made-the-conway-library/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Digital Media |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Both Byne and his wife Mildred Stapley (1875-1941), an art historian in her own right who specialised in Spanish art and architecture, became Corresponding Members of the Hispanic Society in 1914 and acted as the museum's first curators of 'Architecture and Allied Arts' between 1916 and 1918. The Bynes also published a number of books through the Hispanic Society and, in 1916, they were commissioned by Archer Huntingdon, the founder of the society, to embark on a research trip to Spain.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=The Women of the Hispanic Society |url=https://hispanicsociety.org/program/other-event/the-woman-at-the-hispanic-society-museum-library/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Hispanic Society of America |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, Huntington would become disappointed with the Bynes's greed.<ref name="Sadia">{{cite news |last1=Sadia |first1=José María |title=Una década fotografiando el patrimonio español antes de convertirse en el mayor saqueador del país |url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/decada-fotografiando-patrimonio-espanol-convertirse-mayor-saqueador-pais_1_11475780.html |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=ElDiario.es |date=27 June 2024 |language=es-ES}}</ref>

thumb|The St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church in Florida in 2015.|alt=The corner of a stone church with hedges close to the viewer and tall trees in the background. We can see the gate of the church with a belfry on top and four arches of an extension covered by tiles. By 1914 the Bynes had set up residence in Madrid where they lived for the rest of their lives. Mildred continued with her research work and wrote a number of books and articles in her sole name as well as those published jointly with her husband. Having established himself in society as a connoisseur of Spanish art and architecture, Arthur Byne set up a business as an entrepreneur; an antiquarian who acquired artefacts, art and buildings that he shipped to America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gifra |first=Pere |title=Lost grandeur - 03 Apr 2016 |url=https://www.cataloniatoday.cat/article/955367-lost-grandeur.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Catalonia Today |language=en}}</ref> As Jesus Garcia Calero astutely put it in his article in 2012 for the blog ''Los Grandes Robos de Arte'' (The Great Art Thefts) “The border between the dealer and the historian, between the agent and the antiquarian is difficult to define…”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Díaz |first=Montse |date=2012-10-04 |title=Así fue posible el expolio de España |url=https://losgrandesrobosdearte.wordpress.com/2012/10/04/asi-fue-posible-el-expolio-de-espana/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Los grandes robos de arte |language=es}}</ref> and Byne exploited this marginal distinction. Arguably Byne's most important and influential client, certainly a very wealthy one, was the newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. Byne, acting as agent for Hearst, arranged for two Cistercian monasteries to be dismantled and shipped to America, the Monastery of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Sacramenia (now St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church in Florida) purchased by Hearst in 1925 and Santa María de Óvila bought in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Creative iconoclasm": a tale of two monasteries – Smarthistory |url=https://smarthistory.org/hearst-two-monasteries/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> Called "a white glove robber"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cáceres |first=José Miguel Merino de |date=2010 |title=Arthur Byne, un expoliador de guante blanco |url=https://raco.cat/index.php/e-art/article/view/218725 |journal=E-artDocuments |issn=2013-6277}}</ref> some of Byne's other 'loot',<ref>{{Cite web |title=- EL MUNDO {{!}} Suplemento cronica 529 - EL AMERICANO QUE EXPOLIO ESPAÑA |url=https://www.elmundo.es/suplementos/cronica/2005/529/1133650804.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=www.elmundo.es}}</ref> acquired for wealthy clients and exported from Spain, is parts of Benavente Castle,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montañés |first=José Ángel |date=2012-06-19 |title="We want you to restore our garden cloister" |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2012/06/19/inenglish/1340112601_695224.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us}}</ref> the choir screen from Valladolid Cathedral, gifted to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, by The Hearst Foundation in 1956, and 83 ceilings of Mudéjar origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur byne archivos |url=https://www.secuenciadas.es/tag/arthur-byne/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Secuenciadas |language=es}}</ref>

== Personal life == Byne died in a car crash in Ciudad Real in 1935 <ref>{{Cite news |date=1935-07-17 |title=ARTHUR BYNE DIES IN SPAIN; American Resident Fatally Hurt as Gar Gollides With Truck. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/07/17/archives/arthur-byne-dies-in-spain-american-resident-fatally-hurt-as-gar.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and his wife, who he had married in 1910, died in 1941.<ref name=":3" /> Both are buried in the British Cemetery in Madrid at Carabanchel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=David. J |title=Absent Friends |publisher=Grupo Editorial Círculo Rojo SL |year=2020 |isbn=9788413637112 |pages=48}}</ref>

The couple were childless and in 1942 their estate was acquired by the US Government including the property at Calle Don Ramón de la Cruz, 3 that the Bynes had purchased in 1931. It is now a diplomatic residence and listed in the Register of Culturally Significant Property owned by the United States Department of State.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=The artistic treasures of the residence of US Embassy's 'number two' |url=https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2017/03/the-artistic-treasures-of-the-residence-of-us-embassys-number-two/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=The Diplomat in Spain |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==

* ''Spanish Interiors and Furniture, (1921-25)'', new edition, Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York : Dover Publications, 1969, {{Isbn|048622502X}} * ''Majorcan Houses and Gardens, a Spanish Island in the Mediterranean'', Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York : William Helburn, 1928 * ''Provincial Houses in Spain'', Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York : William Helburn, 1925 * ''Spanish Gardens and Patios'', Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, Philadelphia; London : J. B. Lippincott Co.; New York : Architectural Record, 1924. Reprinted in 2008 * ''Spanish Interiors and Furniture'', 4 volumes, Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York : Architectural Book Publishing Company, 1922 * ''Decorated Wooden Ceilings in Spain'', Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York : Hispanic Society of America, 1920 * ''Spanish Architecture of the Sixteenth Century'', Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York & London : G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1917 * ''Spanish Ironwork'', Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley, New York : Hispanic Society of America, 1915 * ''Rejería of the Spanish Renaissance'', New York : Hispanic Society of America, 1914

== References == <references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byne, Arthur}} Category:American art dealers Category:American art historians Category:1884 births Category:1935 deaths Category:Road incident deaths in Spain Category:20th-century American historians