{{Short description|Experimental punk rock genre}} {{redirect|Avant-punk|3=Experimental rock}} {{infobox music genre | name = Art punk | other_names = | image = | caption = | stylistic_origins = {{flatlist| *[[Punk rock]] *[[Avant-garde music|avant-garde]] *[[art rock]] *[[experimental rock]] }} | cultural_origins = Mid-1970s, United States and United Kingdom | derivatives = | subgenrelist = | subgenres = | fusiongenres = | regional_scenes = [[Windmill scene|Brixton, London]] | other_topics = * [[Art pop]] * [[post-hardcore]] * [[post-punk]] * [[avant-rock]] * [[Pub rock (United Kingdom)|pub rock]] * [[progressive rock]] * [[egg punk]] * [[noise rock]] * [[art music]] * [[punk jazz]] }} '''Art punk''' is a subgenre of [[punk rock]] influenced by [[art school]] culture in which artists go beyond the genre's rudimentary [[Three-chord song|three-chord]] [[garage rock]] conventions, incorporating more complex song structures, esoteric influences and a more sophisticated sound and image.{{sfn|Gittins|2004|p=5}} While retaining punk's simplicity and rawness, art punk draws more from [[avant-garde music]], literature and abstract art than other punk subgenres, often intersecting with the more experimental branches of the [[post-punk]] scene. Subsequently, attracting opposing audiences to that of the angry, working-class ones that surrounded the original [[punk rock]] scene.<ref name="pm01">{{cite web |last1=Desrosiers |first1=Mark |title=25 Up: Punk's Silver Jubilee: Aesthetic Anesthetic: Liberating the Punk Canon |url=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/011108-25up4/ |website=[[PopMatters]] |date=November 8, 2001}}</ref>
== Etymology == [[File:Harrison and Byrne-Talking Heads.jpg|thumb|[[Jerry Harrison]] (left) and [[David Byrne]] (right) of art-punk band [[Talking Heads]] performing at [[Jay's Longhorn Bar]] in [[Minneapolis]], 1978]] On December 12, 1977, writer Stanley Mieses of ''[[Melody Maker]]'' used the term "art-punk" to describe the American band [[Devo]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mieses |first=Stanley |date=1978-05-20 |title=Jack Bruce sell-out |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Melody-Maker/70s/77/Melody-Maker-1977-12-03.pdf |access-date=11 November 2025 |pages=6}}</ref> In 2004, music historian Ian Gittins noted that the term "art-punk" began to be used prominently by several music publications during the [[post-punk]] era primarily to describe artists deemed too sophisticated and out of step with [[Punk ideologies|punk's dogma]], though some critics used it as a [[pejorative]]. Gittins stated:{{sfn|Gittins|2004|p=5}} {{Blockquote|text=In the post-punk years at the end of the 1970s, it became a lazy journalistic habit to refer to certain groups as “art-punks”. This generally meant no more than that they delivered [[garage rock]]’s adrenalin rush with a moderate degree of intelligence (i.e. they weren't [[Sham 69]]). Some fundamentalist critics even flung the term at bands as an insult, implying they weren't as “authentic” as punk's dogma: demanded. You had to “mean it, maan” as [[Johnny Rotten]] once drawled (even though, with [[Public Image Limited]], Rotten was to later prove himself the most contrary art-punk of all).}}In the rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean either "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive".<ref name="ArtPunkMurray">{{cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Noel |date=May 28, 2015 |title=60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/60-minutes-music-sum-art-punk-pioneers-wire-219113 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> Musicologists [[Simon Frith]] and Howard Horne described the band managers of the 1970s punk bands as "the most articulate theorists of the art punk movement", with Bob Last of [[Fast Product]] identified as one of the first to apply art theory to marketing, and [[Tony Wilson]]'s [[Factory Records]] described as "applying the [[Bauhaus]] principle of the same 'look' for all the company's goods".<ref name="Frith">Frith, Simon & Horne, Howard (1987) ''Art into Pop'', Methuen, {{ISBN|978-0-416-41540-7}}, p. 129-130</ref> [[Wire (band)|Wire]]'s [[Colin Newman]] described art punk in 2006 as "the drug of choice of a whole generation".<ref name="Newman">Newman, Colin (2006) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100614054831/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/wire-the-artpunk-bands-journey-and-legacy-525906.html Wire: the art-punk band's journey and legacy]", ''[[The Independent]]'', 17 February 2006</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire |url=https://www.avclub.com/60-minutes-of-music-that-sum-up-art-punk-pioneers-wire-1798280687 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=AV Club |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Characteristics== Art-punk artists often utilize angular guitar riffs, intricate rhythms, and a wide array of influences equal to that of [[post-punk]] which included but was not limited to [[krautrock]], [[Dub music|dub]], [[funk]], [[free jazz]] and [[Glam rock|glam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gateway |first=Music |date=2019-08-22 |title=Art Punk: History & Top Hits |url=https://www.musicgateway.com/blog/spotify/art-punk-history-top-hits |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Music Gateway |language=en}}</ref> Music critic [[Simon Reynolds]] in his book, ''[[Rip It Up and Start Again]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Simon |title=Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984 |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-303672-2 |location=London}}</ref> attributed the rise of avant-garde movements like art punk and post-punk in the late 1970s to British government art school grants and funding:
{{blockquote|Especially in Britain, art schools have long functioned as a state-subsidized [[bohemia]], where [[working-class]] youths too unruly for a life of labor mingle with slumming [[bourgeois]] kids too wayward for a [[middle-management]] career.}}Author [[Gavin Butt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Death of Popular Modernism: Post-Punk in the 21st Century - Nouse |url=https://nouse.co.uk/articles/2023/11/27/the-death-of-popular-modernism-post-punk-in-the-21st-century-n7857 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=nouse.co.uk}}</ref> writes that: {{blockquote|People went to art school to be in a band. That was even the principle principal reason they went […] this was because art school was a place where you could get a local authority grant, have the costs of your tuition paid for by the government, and have three years to do whatever you wanted.}}Additionally, post-punk and art punk are not mutually exclusive and frequently intersect. Although, some artists such as [[Patti Smith]] have been described as "art punk" with no relation to the post-punk scene.<ref name="Huey" /> Art punk is defined as a more avant-garde and artier form of [[Punk rock|punk music]], blending poetry, literary and abstract influences and general art school culture with the genre. British post-punk bands such as [[Wire (band)|Wire]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[Pere Ubu]], [[Delta 5]] and [[the Raincoats]] have been described as "art punk" by [[Louder (magazine)|''Louder'']], who define art punk as "bands obsessed with the form of their music, of avoiding ‘[[rockist]]' clichés and aiming for something more avant-garde and challenging".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rowley |first=Scott |date=2018-08-22 |title=10 new wave and post-punk albums you should definitely listen to |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/new-wave-a-guide-to-the-best-albums |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Louder |language=en}}</ref>
Art punk is often marked by well-read musicians with middle-class sensibilities, bookish lyrics, art school backgrounds, and a stripped-back fashion style that rejects [[punk fashion]] clichés (as seen with bands like [[Talking Heads]], [[The Fall (band)|the Fall]] and [[Wire (band)|Wire]]).<ref name=":0" />
== History ==
=== Forerunners === [[File:Brian_Eno_-_TopPop_1974_08.png|thumb|205x205px|[[Brian Eno]] on [[AVRO]]'s television program ''[[TopPop]]'', April 1974]]{{See also|Art rock}} Art punk drew influences from [[art rock]] bands like [[the Velvet Underground]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Velvet Underground: As influential as The Beatles? |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20131125-do-the-velvets-beat-the-beatles |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=www.bbc.com |date=21 October 2014 |language=en-GB|last=Kot|first=Gregg}}</ref> According to [[Pitchfork (website)|''Pitchfork'']], musicians [[Mayo Thompson]], [[Captain Beefheart]], and [[Lou Reed]] were "the primary oracle for a generation of art punks".<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=The Red Krayola: Introduction Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9107-introduction/ |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> The publication had also stated that groups such as "[[The Fall (band)|the Fall]], [[Public Image Ltd|Public Image, Ltd.]], and [[Minutemen (band)|the Minutemen]] split Beefheart's structural innovations into new branches of art-punk".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Marc |date=2010-12-20 |title=Captain Beefheart |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/afterword/7910-appreciation-captain-beefheart/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Avant-rock|Experimental rock]] artists such as the [[Monks (band)|Monks]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Bill |date=2008-10-28 |title=Review: Monks: The Transatlantic Feedback |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/monks-the-transatlantic-feedback/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Slant Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> along with Germany's [[krautrock]] groups such as [[Faust (band)|Faust]] and [[Can (band)|Can]] were also influential to the genre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-19 |title=Faust: Fresh Air |url=https://spectrumculture.com/2017/05/18/faust-fresh-air/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Spectrum Culture |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can-Do |url=https://www.jimdero.com/News2002/LiveSuzukiMay10.htm |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.jimdero.com}}</ref>
By the early 1970s, English art rock band [[Roxy Music]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanigin |first=Bill |date=2019-01-18 |title=Roxy Music: Britain's Ultimate Art School Band |url=https://www.culturesonar.com/roxy-music-britains-ultimate-art-school-band/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=CultureSonar |language=en-US}}</ref> emerged, singer [[Bryan Ferry]] had briefly attended art school,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Jon |date=2018-02-01 |title=Bryan Ferry on how Roxy Music invented art pop: 'We were game for anything' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/feb/01/bryan-ferry-roxy-music-invented-new-pop-game-for-anything |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> while keyboardist [[Brian Eno]], drew influences from Germany's krautrock scene, alongside frequent collaborator [[David Bowie]], who would also collaborate with [[Iggy Pop]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Carl |date=2008-10-18 |title=Pop art: punk maverick Iggy Pop opens the door to his Miami art studio |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/oct/17/popandrock |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> on his solo album [[The Idiot (album)|''The Idiot'']], and released the [[Berlin Trilogy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Ernest |date=2004-06-20 |title=Brian Eno : Here Come the Warm Jets {{!}} Album review |url=https://www.treblezine.com/brian-eno-here-come-the-warm-jets/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Treble |language=en-US}}</ref> Brian Eno released influential art rock albums such as ''[[Here Come the Warm Jets]]'' and ''[[Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)]]'', and later produced for art punk bands like [[Television (band)|Television]], [[Devo]] and [[Talking Heads]] as well as the ''[[No New York]]'' compilation album. [[File:Talking_Heads_band1.jpg|thumb|[[Talking Heads]] performing in 1978 with Harrison (left), Frantz (middle) and Byrne (right).]]
=== 1970s–1980s: Origins ===
{{See also|Punk rock|Post-punk}}During the early-to-mid 1970s, [[New York City]] artists such as [[Television (band)|Television]], [[Patti Smith]], [[Richard Hell and the Voidoids]] and [[Talking Heads]] would emerge from the burgeoning early NYC punk scene, performing at local clubs like [[CBGB]] and [[Max's Kansas City]]. Their music blended the raw energy of early punk with influences from [[poetry]] as well as local art and avant-garde scenes, contrasting with what would become the standard rudimentary punk sound associated with British [[Pub rock (United Kingdom)|pub rock]] and American acts like [[the New York Dolls]], [[The Heartbreakers|Heartbreakers]], [[Dead Boys]] and [[Ramones]].<ref name=":0" />
[[Talking Heads]], originally known as "the Artistics," formed while studying at the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibsone |first=Harriet |date=2023-02-04 |title=Talking Heads' Tina Weymouth and Chris Frantz look back: 'When I first asked her to join my band, she refused' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/feb/04/talking-heads-tina-weymouth-and-chris-frantz-look-back-when-i-first-asked-her-to-join-my-band-she-refused |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In [[Cleveland punk|Ohio]], bands such as [[Devo]], [[Mirrors (Ohio band)|Mirrors]], [[the Styrenes]], [[Electric Eels (band)|Electric Eels]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=The Chaotic Reign of Electric Eels, Ohio Art-Punk Antagonists |url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/features/electric-eels-spin-age-blasters-interview |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Bandcamp Daily}}</ref> and [[Pere Ubu]] would form, blending [[garage rock]] and [[proto-punk]] with [[avant-garde]] experimentation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Jon |date=2013-11-14 |title=Cleveland's early punk pioneers: from cultural vacuum to creative explosion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/14/clevelands-early-punk-pioneers-ohio |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Additionally, [[Oklahoma]] band Debris' who merged [[the Stooges]] with [[Beefheart]], [[acid rock]] and early [[Roxy Music]] have been described as a "proto-art-punk band".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debris' Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More {{!}} A... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/debris-mn0001876500 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debris Makes #2 on Bomp's Top Ten List of Acid Punk LP's {{!}} Metropolitan Library System |url=https://www.metrolibrary.org/archives/image/2019/12/debris-makes-2-bomps-top-ten-list-acid-punk-lps |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.metrolibrary.org |language=en}}</ref> Other early art punk groups were often formed at art schools or composed primarily of musicians who had studied at art schools.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |last1=Lezard |first1=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Lezard |date=22 April 2005 |title=Fans for the memory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/23/highereducation.news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126045840/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/23/highereducation.news |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=21 March 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]] |type=Book review: Simon Reynolds, ''Rip it Up and Start Again: Post-Punk 1978–1984''}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
In 1975, [[Patti Smith]] released her debut album ''[[Horses (album)|Horses]]'' produced by [[John Cale]] previously of the Velvet Underground. The album was retroactively described by ''[[AllMusic]]'' as "essentially the first art punk album".<ref name="Huey">{{cite web |last=Huey |first=Steve |title=Patti Smith |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/patti-smith-mn0000747445/biography |access-date=October 6, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Subsequently, retrospective reviews cited [[Television (band)|Television]]’s debut album ''[[Marquee Moon]]'' as "jazzy art punk,"<ref>{{Cite web |title='Marquee Moon' and The Great Mastering Debate |url=https://trackingangle.com/music/television-marquee-moon-mastering-debate-review |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=trackingangle.com |language=en}}</ref> and Talking Heads as graduating from an "art punk jangle to maximalist post-modern funk orchestra".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terich |first=Jeff |date=2024-05-20 |title=Talking Heads : Remain in Light {{!}} Treble 100, No. 15 |url=https://www.treblezine.com/talking-heads-remain-in-light-ecstatic-maximalism/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Treble |language=en-US}}</ref>
In the UK, the [[post-punk]] scene often intersected with art punk, bands such as [[The Fall (band)|the Fall]], [[the Raincoats]], [[Public Image Ltd]] and [[Magazine (band)|Magazine]] being attributed the label interchangeably with post-punk.<ref name=":2" /> Author [[Gavin Butt]] linked art education as a "really important part of the cultural ecology" of [[Leeds]]-based bands such as [[Delta 5]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[Scritti Politti]] and [[the Mekons]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title='We didn't sound like anyone else': How Leeds art education inspired a post-punk explosion |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/how-gang-of-four-the-mekons-and-other-post-punk-bands-used-leeds-art-education-to-change-music-3929842#:~:text=Arts%20and%20Entertainment-,How%20Gang%20of%20Four,%20The%20Mekons%20and%20other%20post-punk,art%20education%20to%20change%20music&text=Gang%20of%20Four%20frontman%20Jon,But%20it%20was%20perfect. |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Yorkshire Post |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Television, US rock band (1977 Elektra publicity photo).jpg|thumb|New York City [[Punk rock|punk]] pioneers [[Television (band)|Television]] were later labeled a pioneering art punk band]] However, [[Simon Reynolds]]<ref name=":0" /> cites that not all bands in the British post-punk scene had gone to art school: {{blockquote|Some accused these experimentalists of merely lapsing back into the [[art rock]] elitism that punk originally aimed to destroy […] Of course, not everyone in postpunk attended art school, or even college. Self-educated […] figures like [[John Lydon]] or [[Mark E. Smith]] […] fit the syndrome of the anti-intellectual intellectual.}}By late 1977, English band [[Wire (band)|Wire]] released their debut album ''[[Pink Flag]]'', marking the start of a string of highly influential records—including ''[[Chairs Missing]]'' and ''[[154 (album)|154]]'' that would go on to define and lay the groundwork for art punk and broader [[Alternative rock|alternative music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-17 |title=Wire: the art-punk band's journey and legacy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/wire-the-artpunk-band-s-journey-and-legacy-6108899.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hart |first=Ron |date=2018-06-21 |title=Wire Looks Back on Its Pioneering Art Punk Trilogy |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/wire-interview-reissues-8462176/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> Other bands such as [[Swell Maps]] whose debut single "Read About Seymour" gained cult success after being played on the [[John Peel|John Peel show]], blended [[Do-it-yourself ethic|DIY]] sensibilities with more experimental and artier influences. Their albums [[A Trip to Marineville|''A Trip to Marinevill''e]] and ''[[Jane from Occupied Europe]]'', later became staple art punk releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Counteract |date=2018-09-18 |title=The story of Swell Maps: Solihull's 1970s post punk pioneers |url=https://counteract.co/features/the-story-of-swell-maps-solihulls-1970s-post-punk-pioneers/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Counteract – Music {{!}} News {{!}} Food {{!}} Travel |language=en-GB}}</ref>
By the early 1980s, bands such as [[the Feelies]] came to further define the genre, with their debut album "[[Crazy Rhythms]]''" ''being described as "oddball art punk".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Feelies : Here Before |url=https://beat.com.au/the-feelies-here-before-2/ |archive-date= |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=beat.com |date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> Followed by, Kansas band [[the Embarrassment]] described as "Midwest art-punk heroes", who blended the nerdy sound of [[Jonathan Richman]]'s [[The Modern Lovers (album)|''The Modern Lovers'']] with the quirky, cerebral style of [[Talking Heads]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Embarrassment |url=https://www.furious.com/perfect/embarrassment.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.furious.com}}</ref> Audiences noted that "they looked more like nerds than punks", resulting in the band being retrospectively assessed as a template for [[geek rock]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Agit Reader • Feature: Big Dipper |url=https://agitreader.com/features/big_dipper-11.26.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=agitreader.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Roger |date=2023-06-20 |title=Documentary Review: "We Were Famous, You Don't Remember" Celebrates art punk cult band The Embarrassment |url=https://rogersmovienation.com/2023/06/20/documentary-review-we-were-famous-you-dont-remember-celebrates-art-punk-cult-band-the-embarrassment/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Movie Nation |language=en}}</ref> In England, the band [[Cardiacs]] made [[avant-prog]] and [[post-punk]] influenced [[art rock]], with [[the Guardian]] describing the song ''[[The Seaside (album)|R.E.S.]]'' as an "art-punk [[Bohemian Rhapsody]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pairubu |date=2017-01-05 |title=Readers recommend playlist: your most startling songs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/05/readers-recommend-playlist-your-most-startling-songs |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Subsequently, groups such as [[the Slits]], [[Alternative TV]], [[Au Pairs]], [[the Flying Lizards]] and [[the Pop Group]] would further develop the art punk sound, crafting songs that blended abstract lyrics and avant-garde music with [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[post-punk]] elements, whilst bands such as [[Half Japanese]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heller |first=Jason |title=Half Japanese: Overjoyed |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19653-overjoyed/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> [[The Birthday Party (band)|the Birthday Party]], and [[Blurt]] incorporated a [[noise rock]] influence.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gehr |first=Richard |date=2014-11-07 |title=Meet the Noisy Brits Who Were Too Punk for the Punks |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/the-oral-history-of-the-pop-group-the-noisy-brits-who-were-too-punk-for-the-punks-53493/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pelly |first=Jenn |date=2017-09-26 |title=The Raincoats' Debut Album Is a Classic DIY Document |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/the-raincoats-debut-album-is-a-classic-diy-document/#:~:text=The%20Raincoats%20were%20a%20group,of%20fearless%20and%20knowing%20amateurism. |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, the New York [[no wave]] scene also saw brief intersections with art punk, evinced by artists like [[James Chance and the Contortions]], [[Rosa Yemen]], [[Mars (band)|Mars]], [[Theoretical Girls]], [[the Static]], A Band, [[Teenage Jesus and the Jerks]], and most notably [[Sonic Youth]].
[[California]]n punk bands such as [[MX-80 Sound]] and [[Minutemen (band)|the Minutemen]] took influences from [[Jazz fusion|jazz]], blending intricate rhythms, and unconventional song structures to create a more experimental and cerebral form of punk.
The scene also took form internationally, Anna Szemere traces the beginnings of the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] art-punk subculture to 1978, when punk band the Spions performed three concerts which drew on conceptualist [[performance art]] and [[Antonin Artaud]]'s ''[[Theatre of Cruelty]]'', with neo-avant-garde/[[Anarchism|anarchist]] manifestos handed out to the audience.<ref name="Szemere">Szemere, Anna (1997) ''Up from the Underground: The Culture of Rock Music in Postsocialist Hungary'', Pennsylvania State University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-271-02133-1}}, p. 41</ref>
=== Late 1980s–1990s === {{See also|C86}} In Ireland, the band [[Stump (band)|Stump]] drew influence from [[Captain Beefheart]] and [[Pere Ubu]] further developing the sound of art punk into the late '80s, as they were featured on the [[NME|NME's]] infamous [[C86|C86 cassette compilation]], alongside other art punk groups such as the [[Manchester]]-based band [[Big Flame (band)|bIG*fLAME]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hann |first=Michael |date=2014-03-14 |title=C86: The myths about the NME's indie cassette debunked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/mar/14/c86-myths-nme-indie-cassette-debunked |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
By the late 1980s to early 1990s, Scottish bands like [[Country Teasers]] and [[Dog Faced Hermans]] emerged from the scene, with the latter forming in art school. They continued the legacy of experimental and art-driven punk, though they were preceded by [[the Fire Engines]] a few years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=The Uncompromising Creative Politics of Dog Faced Hermans |url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/features/dog-faced-hermans-list |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Bandcamp Daily}}</ref> Subsequently, American band [[Thinking Fellers Union Local 282]] blended the sound of experimental art punk with that of [[indie rock]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Thinking Fellers Union Local 282 - "These Things Remain Unassigned" {{!}} Album Review |url=https://post-trash.com/news/2023/11/16/thinking-fellers-union-local-282-these-things-remain-unassigned-album-review |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=[[Post-Trash|POST-TRASH]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Hummingbird In A Cube Of Ice: Thinking Fellers Union Local 282 |url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/lists/thinking-fellers-union-local-282-album-guide |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Bandcamp Daily}}</ref> [[File:Parquet Courts (40014698903).jpg|thumb|''[[The Guardian]]'' described [[Parquet Courts]] as "agitated art-punk".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Virtue |first=Graeme |date=2016-06-17 |title=Parquet Courts review – a sweaty hour of buzzsaw riffs and detuned melody |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/17/parquet-courts-review-edinburgh |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>]]
=== 2000s–2010s === {{See also|Windmill scene|Crank wave}}
In the early 2000s, the [[post-punk revival]] scene briefly revived the art punk sound with bands like [[The Rapture (band)|the Rapture]], and the [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]], the latter being labeled by [[the Guardian]] as "New York's favourite art-punk rockers".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Forrest |first=Emma |date=2009-03-29 |title='There are too many whiny bands' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/mar/30/pop-music-yeah-yeah-yeahs |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Epstein |first=Dan |date=2018-04-29 |title=Yeah Yeah Yeahs' 'Fever to Tell': 10 Things You Didn't Know |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/yeah-yeah-yeahs-fever-to-tell-10-things-you-didnt-know-630652/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>
During the 2010s, Canadian groups such as [[Preoccupations]], [[Ought (band)|Ought]] and [[Women (band)|Women]], alongside American bands like [[Protomartyr (band)|Protomartyr]] and [[Parquet Courts]]. While Australian band [[Tropical Fuck Storm]], Danish band [[Iceage]] and Ireland's [[Gilla Band]] continued to develop the art-punk sound. Additionally, the [[egg punk]] scene pioneered by Indiana-based punk trio the Coneheads,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pelly |first=Jenn |title=The Coneheads: L . P . 1. aka "14 Year Old High School PC - Fascist Hype Lords... |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/20701-lp1-aka-14-year-old-high-school-pc-fascist-hype-lords/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> and later proliferated by groups like [[Uranium Club]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glickman |first=David |title=Uranium Club: All of Them Naturals |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22659-all-of-them-naturals/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Snõõper]] who incorporated art-punk elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Nina |title=Snõõper: Super Snõõper |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/snooper-super-snooper/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref>
By the late 2010s and early 2020s, a new wave of UK and Irish post-punk bands began to gain popularity. Originally emerging out of Brixton's [[Windmill scene]], terms such as "crank wave" and "post-Brexit new wave" were used to describe these bands,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Mark |date=10 September 2019 |title=Mark, My Words: I give you crank wave, the start of the subculture revival |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/mark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232608/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/mark-words-welcome-crank-wave-start-subculture-revival-2545963 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Black Sky Thinking {{!}} Idle Threat: Who Are The True Champions Of DIY Rock In 2020? |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030002/https://thequietus.com/articles/27491-speedy-wunderground-year-4-compilation |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Quietus |language=en-us}}</ref> who blended the more experimental sides of post-punk with [[post-rock]], [[no wave]] and other art-based influences, some of these bands include [[Squid (band)|Squid]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backstage Camera Roll: Squid |url=https://floodmagazine.com/151981/backstage-camera-roll-squid/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=FLOOD |language=en}}</ref> [[Parquet Courts]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Virtue |first=Graeme |date=2016-06-17 |title=Parquet Courts review – a sweaty hour of buzzsaw riffs and detuned melody |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/17/parquet-courts-review-edinburgh |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Dry Cleaning (band)|Dry Cleaning]], [[Fat White Family]], [[Shame (band)|Shame]], [[Black Country, New Road]], [[Idles]] and [[Yard Act]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perpetua |first=Matthew |date=6 May 2021 |title=The Post-Brexit New Wave |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/06/993931617/new-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604150147/https://www.npr.org/2021/05/06/993931617/new-wave-post-punk-brexit-squid-dry-cleaning-black-country-new-road |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=22 November 2022 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of art punk bands]] * [[Art music]] * [[Art pop]] * [[Avant-garde music]] * [[Postmodern music]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{Cite book|last=Frith|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Frith|year=1989|title=Facing the Music: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|isbn=0-394-55849-9|url=https://archive.org/details/facingmusicpanth00frit}} * {{cite book|last=Gittins|first=Ian|title=Talking Heads: Once in a Lifetime : the Stories Behind Every Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvhoZyTzspYC&pg=PA5|year=2004|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-634-08033-3}}
* {{cite book|last=MacDonald| first=Ian| year=1998| title=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties| publisher=Pimlico|location=London| isbn=978-0-7126-6697-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Heylin |first=Clinton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymlLAAAAYAAJ |title=Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge |date=2007 |publisher=Canongate Books Ltd |isbn=978-1841958798}} {{Post-punk}} {{Punk}}
[[Category:Art punk| ]] [[Category:20th-century music genres]] [[Category:Punk rock genres]] [[Category:British styles of music]]