{{short description|Dutch water resources engineer}} {{Infobox person | name = Arjen Hoekstra | image = Arjen Hoekstra - 2013.jpg | alt = | caption = Arjen Hoekstra, 2013 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1967|6|28}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2019|11|18|1967|6|28}} | death_place = | body_discovered = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = | citizenship = Dutch | other_names = | known_for = Water footprint | education = | alma_mater = | employer = | notable works = | occupation = Academic | years_active = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relations = | callsign = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Arjen Hoekstra''' (June 28, 1967 - November 18, 2019) was a professor at the University of Twente who pioneered the concept of the water footprint - a way of measuring the extent of water consumption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siwi.org/latest/arjen-hoekstra-changed-the-water-world/|title=Arjen Hoekstra changed the water world|last=SIWI|website=Stockholm International Water Institute|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> His work drew attention to the hidden water use associated with a range of activities, and continues to have a profound effect both on scholarship and on environmental policy and activism.<ref name="ciwf.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciwf.org.uk/about-us/visionaries/in-memory/professor-arjen-hoekstra/|title=Professor Arjen Hoekstra|website=www.ciwf.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> He strongly supported open source science, and all his articles were published under a Creative Commons License.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/in-memoriam-arjen-hoekstra-creator-of-water-footprint|title=In memoriam: Arjen Hoekstra, creator of water footprint {{!}} Dutch Water Sector|website=www.dutchwatersector.com|language=nl|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
==Education== Hoekstra earned an MSc degree in Civil Engineering and a PhD in Policy Analysis from Delft University of Technology.<ref name="ayhoekstra.nl">{{Cite web|url=http://ayhoekstra.nl/biography/|title=Arjen Y. Hoekstra - Biography|website=ayhoekstra.nl|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
==Career== At the University of Twente, Arjen Hoekstra was Professor of Water Management and Chair of the Department of Multidisciplinary Water Management. He worked on a variety of interdisciplinary research projects, and advised a range of organisations about water consumption, these included governments, UNESCO, the World Bank, and Compassion in World Farming.<ref name="utwente.nl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utwente.nl/en/news/2019/11/178909/in-memoriam-arjen-hoekstra|title=In Memoriam: Arjen Hoekstra {{!}} Home (EN)|website=Universiteit Twente|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref name="ciwf.org.uk"/> As a professor, Hoekstra taught subjects such as: sustainable development, hydrology, natural resource valuation, environmental systems, and policy analysis.<ref name="ayhoekstra.nl"/> Throughout his career, Hoekstra's work gained international media attention and he was consistently referred to as an expert on the topic of water resource issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2019/02/28/the-best-way-to-solve-the-worlds-water-woes-is-to-use-less-of-it|title=The best way to solve the world's water woes is to use less of it, The best way to solve the world's water woes is to use less of it|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2020-01-18|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/06/29/the-water-crisis-in-the-west/to-save-water-change-your-diet|title=To Save Water, Change Your Diet|website=www.nytimes.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/world-water-day-water-crisis-explained/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807172137/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/world%2Dwater%2Dday%2Dwater%2Dcrisis%2Dexplained/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 7, 2019|title=From Not Enough to Too Much, the World's Water Crisis Explained|date=2018-03-22|website=National Geographic News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-g-food-water-footprint-20150410-htmlstory.html|title=Water leaves a 'footprint' in our food; here's how it works|date=2015-04-17|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/15/the-eco-guide-to-radical-materials|title=The eco guide to radical materials|last=Siegle|first=Lucy|date=2017-10-15|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/08/opinion/meat-makes-the-planet-thirsty.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Meat Makes the Planet Thirsty|last=Mcwilliams|first=James|date=2014-03-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilawjournals.com/the-truth-about-vegetable-milk-made-from-soy-almond-and-oats|title=The truth about vegetable milk made from soy, almond and oats {{!}} Law & Crime News|last=Channeton|first=Thomas|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
==Water footprint== The water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption by people.<ref name="nations">{{cite web|title=Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern|url=http://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Hoekstra_and_Chapagain_2007.pdf|publisher=Water Footprint Network|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417110409/http://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Hoekstra_and_Chapagain_2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise or economic sector), for a single process (such as growing rice) or for any product or service.<ref name=waterfootprintorg>{{cite web|title=Waterfootprint.org: Water footprint and virtual water|url=http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home|publisher=The Water Footprint Network|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408033153/http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files%2Fhome|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Traditionally, water use has been approached from the production side, by quantifying the following three columns of water use: water withdrawals in the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sector. While this does provide valuable data, it is a limited way of looking at water use in a globalised world, in which products are not always consumed in their country of origin. International trade of agricultural and industrial products in effect creates a global flow of virtual water, or ''embodied water'' (akin to the concept of embodied energy).<ref name="nations" />
In 2002, the water footprint concept was introduced in order to have a consumption-based indicator of water use, that could provide useful information in addition to the traditional production-sector-based indicators of water use. It is analogous to the ecological footprint concept introduced in the 1990s. The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations.<ref>Definition taken from the Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet's freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.[http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9781405163354&site=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131417/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9781405163354&site=1 |date=2008-09-13 }}</ref> Thus, it gives a grasp on how economic choices and processes influence the availability of adequate water resources and other ecological realities across the globe (and vice versa).
==Death== Hoekstra died unexpectedly in November, 2019. The cause of the death was unknown and expired when he was riding his bike back to his house. He is survived by a wife and children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tias-web.info/in-memory-of-arjen-hoekstra-1967-2019/|title=In Memory of Arjen Hoekstra 1967-2019 – The Integrated Assessment Society|last=webmaster|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref name="utwente.nl"/>
==Awards== * Hoekstra was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi in Romania. (2012) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utwente.nl/en/news/2012/5/273225/honorary-doctorate-for-arjen-hoekstra|title=Honorary doctorate for Arjen Hoekstra {{!}} Home (EN)|website=Universiteit Twente|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
==Selected publications== *Hoekstra, Arjen. ''The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society'' (Routledge, 2013, 2020), *Hoekstra, Arjen. ''The Water Footprint Assessment Manual'' (Earthscan, 2011) *Hoekstra, Arjen.'' Globalization of Water'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008).
==References== {{Reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoekstra, Arjen}} Category:1967 births Category:2019 deaths Category:21st-century Dutch engineers Category:Academic staff of the University of Twente Category:Dutch civil engineers