Arhopala

{{Short description|Butterfly genus in family Lycaenidae}} {{Automatic Taxobox | image = Arhopala japonica.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Arhopala japonica]]'' is of unclear affiliations. When ''Narathura'' was considered distinct, it was placed there. | taxon = Arhopala | authority = [[Jean Baptiste Boisduval|Boisduval]], 1832 | type_species = ''[[Arhopala phryxus]]'' | type_species_authority = Boisduval, 1832 | diversity_link = #Species | diversity = About 220 species | synonyms = Several, see [[#Systematics|text]] }} [[File:Arhopala.jpg|thumb|left|Underwing pattern of unidentified ''Arhopala'' species, [[Selangor]] on [[Peninsular Malaysia]]]] '''''Arhopala''''' is a very large [[genus]] of [[gossamer-winged butterflies]] (Lycaenidae). They are the [[type genus]] of the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Arhopalini]]. In the relatively wide circumscription used here, it contains over 200 [[species]] collectively known as '''oakblues'''. They occur from [[Japan]] throughout [[temperate]] to [[tropical]] [[Asia]] south and east of the [[Himalayas]] to [[Australia]] and the [[Solomon Islands]] of [[Melanesia]]. Like many of their relatives, their [[caterpillar]]s are attended and protected by [[ant]]s ([[myrmecophily]]). [[Sexual dichromatism]] is often prominent in adult oakblues.<ref name = brower2008>Brower (2008)</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2021|reason=The source doesn't contain any reference to sexual dimorphism}}

The genus' delimitation versus ''[[Amblypodia]]'' and ''[[Flos]]'' has proven to be problematic; not all issues are resolved and the assignment of species to these genera must be considered somewhat provisional. {{clearleft}}

==Systematics== As circumscribed here, this genus includes many formerly independent genera. [[Junior synonym]]s of ''Arhopala'' are:<ref name = brower2008 /> * ''Acesina'' Moore, 1884 * ''Aurea'' Evans, 1957 * ''Daranasa'' Moore, 1884 (''[[lapsus]]'') * ''Darasana'' Moore, 1884 * "Iois" Doherty, 1899 (''[[nomen nudum]]'') * ''Narathura'' Moore, 1879 * ''Nilasera'' Moore, 1881 * ''Panchala'' Moore, 1882 * ''Satadra'' Moore, 1884

The species have been provisionally sorted into groups of presumed closest relatives, but many species remain insufficiently studied even for such a preliminary assessment at present. For example, ''[[Arhopala phryxus|A. phryxus]]'' – the [[type species]] used by [[Jean Baptiste Boisduval]] when he described ''Arhopala'' in 1832 – was established at the same time as and specifically for this genus. It is considered to be a valid species of unclear affiliations, but it is suspected that Boisduval's [[taxon]] is a junior synonym of ''[[Arhopala thamyras|A. thamyras]]'' – the namesake of its species group – which had been described as ''Papilio thamyras'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] already in 1764.<ref name = bs2008>Brower (2008), and see Savela (2008) for additional references</ref>

[[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies have only sampled a fraction of the known diversity of oakblues, but as it seems at least some of the groups represent clades that could justifiably be treated as [[subgenera]]. It is also to be seen, however, if the genus is [[monophyletic]] in the loose sense as used here, or would need to be split up again.<ref name = brower2008 />

===Species=== [[Species]] are listed alphabetically, while the groups are listed in the presumed [[phylogenetic]] sequence:<ref name = bs2008 /> [[File:ArhopalaMadytusMUpUnAC1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bright oakblue]] (''Arhopala madytus'': ''centaurus'' group)]] [[File:Arhaanth.jpg|thumb|right|[[Anthelus bushblue]] (''Arhopala anthelus'': ''anthelus'' group)]] [[File:Aopalina.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[opal oakblue]] (''Arhopala opalina'': ''camdeo'' group)]] [[File:ArhopalaAllataMUpUnAC1.jpg|thumb|right|Female [[Tytler's rosy oakblue]] (''Arhopala allata allata'': ''oenea'' group) upperside (left) and underside]] [[File:Arhopala alitaeus mirabella CRW 5443-01.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Arhopala alitaeus|Arhopala alitaeus mirabella]]'' (''alitaeus'' group)]] [[File:ArhagrmTEST.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[de Niceville's oakblue]] (''Arhopala agrata'': ''agrata'' group)]] [[File:ArhsilmCrop.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[Sylhet oakblue]] (''Arhopala silhetensis'': ''cleander'' group)]] [[File:ArhhorsfCrop.jpg|thumb|right|Female ''[[Arhopala horsfieldi]]'' (''eumolphus'' group)]] [[File:ArhammCrop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Malayan oakblue]] (''Arhopala ammon'': ''ganesa'' group)]] <div float="left"> {{col-begin|width=70%}} {{col-1-of-2}} '''''centaurus'' group''' (subgenus ''Nilasera'' if valid) * ''[[Arhopala acron]]'' * ''[[Arhopala adherbal]]'' Grose-Smith, 1902 * ''[[Arhopala admete]]'' (Hewitson, 1863) * ''[[Arhopala aexone]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) * ''[[Arhopala alkisthenes]]'' Fruhstorfer, 1914 * ''[[Arhopala amantes]]'' – large oakblue * ''[[Arhopala ander]]'' * ''[[Arhopala araxes]]'' C. & R.Felder, [1865] * ''[[Arhopala azenia]]'' * ''[[Arhopala centaurus]]'' – centaur oakblue, dull oakblue * ''[[Arhopala eucolpis]]'' * ''[[Arhopala eurisus]]'' * ''[[Arhopala kirwinii]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 * ''[[Arhopala philander|Arhopala leander]]'' (Evans, 1957) * ''[[Arhopala madytus]]'' – bright oakblue * ''[[Arhopala meander]]'' Boisduval, 1832 * ''[[Arhopala micale]]'' * ''[[Arhopala philander]]'' C. & R.Felder, [1865] * ''[[Arhopala sophrosyne]]'' * ''[[Arhopala styx]]'' * ''[[Arhopala wanda]]''

'''''agesias'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala agesias]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) * ''[[Arhopala ijanensis]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1897 (tentatively placed here) * ''[[Arhopala kinabala]]'' Druce, 1895 * ''[[Arhopala similis]]'' Druce, 1895

'''''anthelus'' group''' (subgenus ''Narathura'' if valid) * ''[[Arhopala achelous]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) * ''[[Arhopala antharita]]'' Grose-Smith, 1894 * ''[[Arhopala anthelus]]'' – anthelus bushblue * ''[[Arhopala auxesia]]'' * ''[[Arhopala aedias]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) (tentatively placed here) * ''[[Arhopala hypomuta]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) (tentatively placed here)

'''''camdeo'' group''' * '''''camdeo'' subgroup''' * ''[[Arhopala anarte]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) – magnificent oakblue * ''[[Arhopala belphoebe]]'' Doherty, 1889 * ''[[Arhopala camdana]]'' Corbet, 1941 * ''[[Arhopala camdeo]]'' (Moore, [1858]) – lilac oakblue * ''[[Arhopala dispar]]'' Riley & Godfrey, 1921 * ''[[Arhopala hayashihisakazui]]'' Seki & Treadaway, 2013 * ''[[Arhopala hellada]]'' Fruhstorfer, 1914 * ''[[Arhopala johoreana]]'' Corbet, 1941 * ''[[Arhopala opalina]]'' – opal oakblue * ''[[Arhopala semperi]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 * ''[[Arhopala varro]]'' Fruhstorfer, 1914 * '''''myrzala'' subgroup''' * ''[[Arhopala bazaloides]]'' – Tamil oakblue * ''[[Arhopala myrzala]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) * ''[[Arhopala myrzalina]]'' Corbet, 1941

'''''oenea'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala allata]]'' ** ''[[Arhopala allata suffusa]]'' – Tytler's rosy oakblue * ''[[Arhopala khamti]]'' Doherty, 1891 – Khamti oakblue, Doherty's dull oakblue * ''[[Arhopala oenea]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) – Hewitson's oakblue

'''''epimuta'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala atosia]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) * ''[[Arhopala epimuta]]'' (Moore, [1858]) * ''[[Arhopala lurida]]'' Corbet, 1941

'''''amphimuta'' group''' * '''''amphimuta'' subgroup''' ** ''[[Arhopala alica]]'' (Evans, 1957) ** ''[[Arhopala amphimuta]]'' (C. & R.Felder, 1860) ** ''[[Arhopala avathina]]'' Corbet, 1941 ** ''[[Arhopala baluensis]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1904 ** ''[[Arhopala dajagaka]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 ** ''[[Arhopala delta]]'' (Evans, 1957) ** ''[[Arhopala inornata]]'' (C. & R.Felder, 1860) (tentatively placed here) ** ''[[Arhopala kurzi]]'' (Distant, 1885) ** ''[[Arhopala major]]'' (Staudinger, 1889) ** ''[[Arhopala moolaiana]]'' (Moore, [1879]) ** ''[[Arhopala norda]]'' (Evans, 1957) ** ''[[Arhopala sceva]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 ** ''[[Arhopala stubbsi]]'' Eliot, 1962 ** ''[[Arhopala zylda]]'' Corbet, 1941 * '''''muta'' subgroup''' ** ''[[Arhopala moorei]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 ** ''[[Arhopala muta]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) ** ''[[Arhopala tropaea]]'' Corbet, 1941 * '''''perimuta'' subgroup''' (subgenus ''Darasana'' if valid) ** ''[[Arhopala antimuta]]'' C. & R.Felder, [1865] ** ''[[Arhopala metamuta]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) ** ''[[Arhopala perimuta]]'' (Moore, [1858]) – yellow-disk tailless oakblue

'''''agesilaus'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala agesilaus]]'' (Staudinger, 1889) * ''[[Arhopala avatha]]'' de Nicéville, [1896] * ''[[Arhopala democritus]]'' (Fabricius, 1793) (tentatively placed here)

'''''alitaeus'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala aida]]'' de Nicéville, 1889 * ''[[Arhopala alitaeus]]'' * ''[[Arhopala ariana]]'' (Evans, [1925]) * ''[[Arhopala arianaga]]'' Corbet, 1941 * ''[[Arhopala denta]]'' (Evans, 1957) * ''[[Arhopala elopura]]'' Druce, 1894 * ''[[Arhopala havilandi]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 * ''[[Arhopala pseudomuta]]'' (Staudinger, 1889) * ''[[Arhopala sintanga]]'' Corbet, 1948 {{col-2-of-2}} '''''agrata'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala ace]]'' de Nicéville, [1893] – Tytler's oakblue * ''[[Arhopala agrata]]'' – de Niceville's oakblue * ''[[Arhopala azinis]]'' de Nicéville, [1896]

'''''cleander'' group''' * '''''cleander'' subgroup''' ** ''[[Arhopala aruana]]'' (Evans, 1957) ** ''[[Arhopala ate]]'' (Hewitson, 1863) ** ''[[Arhopala athada]]'' (Staudinger, 1889) ** ''[[Arhopala cleander]]'' (C.Felder, 1860) ** ''[[Arhopala silhetensis]]'' – Sylhet oakblue ** ''[[Arhopala zambra]]'' Swinhoe, [1911] * '''''alea'' subgroup''' ** ''[[Arhopala aenigma]]'' Eliot, 1972 ** ''[[Arhopala agaba]]'' – purple-glazed oakblue ** ''[[Arhopala alea]]'' – rosy oakblue ** ''[[Arhopala aroa]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) ** ''[[Arhopala aurelia]]'' (Evans, [1925]) ** ''[[Arhopala evansi]]'' Corbet, 1941 ** ''[[Arhopala milleri]]'' Corbet, 1941 ** ''[[Arhopala normani]]'' Eliot, 1972 ** ''[[Arhopala phaenops]]'' C. & R.Felder, [1865] (including ''A. detrita'') ** ''[[Arhopala phanda]]'' Corbet, 1941 ** ''[[Arhopala ralanda]]'' Corbet, 1941 ** ''[[Arhopala selta]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) ** ''[[Arhopala sublustris]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1904 ** ''[[Arhopala vihara]]'' (C. & R. Felder, 1860) (tentatively placed here)

'''''eumolphus'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala acta]]'' (Evans, 1957) * ''[[Arhopala asma]]'' * ''[[Arhopala bazalus]]'' – powdered oakblue * ''[[Arhopala chamaeleona]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 * ''[[Arhopala corinda]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) (tentatively placed here) * ''[[Arhopala critala]]'' * ''[[Arhopala eumolphus]]'' – green oakblue * ''[[Arhopala florinda]]'' * ''[[Arhopala hellenore]]'' Doherty, 1889 – Doherty's green oakblue * ''[[Arhopala horsfieldi]]'' * ''[[Arhopala irma]]'' Fruhstorfer, 1914 * ''[[Arhopala nobilis]]'' (Felder, 1860) * ''[[Arhopala overdijkinki]]'' Corbet, 1941 * ''[[Arhopala pagenstecheri]]'' * ''[[Arhopala tameanga]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 * ''[[Arhopala wildei]]''

'''''rama'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala arvina]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) – purple-brown tailless oakblue * ''[[Arhopala buddha]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 * ''[[Arhopala paralea]]'' – glazed oakblue * ''[[Arhopala rama]]'' – dark Himalayan oakblue

'''''agelastus'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala agelastus]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) * ''[[Arhopala alaconia]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) * ''[[Arhopala alesia]]'' – pallid oakblue * ''[[Arhopala barami]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 * ''[[Arhopala cardoni]]'' Corbet, 1941 * ''[[Arhopala epimete]]'' (Staudinger, 1889) * ''[[Arhopala labuana]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 * ''[[Arhopala wildeyana]]'' Corbet, 1941

'''''fulla'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala disparilis]]'' * ''[[Arhopala fulla]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) – spotless oakblue

'''''aurea'' group''' (subgenus ''Aurea'' if valid) * ''[[Arhopala aurea]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) * ''[[Arhopala borneensis]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 * ''[[Arhopala caeca]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) * ''[[Arhopala stinga]]'' (Evans, 1957) * ''[[Arhopala trogon]]'' (Distant, 1884)

'''''ganesa'' group''' (subgenus ''Panchala'' if valid) * ''[[Arhopala ammon]]'' – Malayan oakblue * ''[[Arhopala ammonides]]'' (Doherty, 1891) * ''[[Arhopala ariel]]'' (Doherty, 1891) * ''[[Arhopala elizabethae]]'' (Eliot, 1959) * ''[[Arhopala ganesa]]'' – tailless bushblue * ''[[Arhopala paraganesa]]'' (de Nicéville, 1882) – dusky bushblue * ''[[Arhopala tomokoae]]'' (H. Hayashi, 1976) '''''abseus'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala abseus]]'' – aberrant oakblue, aberrant bushblue * ''[[Arhopala anella]]'' de Nicéville, [1895]

'''''thamyras'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala arta]]'' * ''[[Arhopala axina]]'' * ''[[Arhopala axiothea]]'' * ''[[Arhopala doreena]]'' * ''[[Arhopala helianthes]]'' * ''[[Arhopala thamyras]]'' (Linnaeus, 1764)

'''''hercules'' group''' * ''[[Arhopala hercules]]'' (Hewitson, 1862) * ''[[Arhopala hercules|Arhopala herculina]]'' Staudinger, 1888 * ''[[Arhopala hercules|Arhopala leo]]'' * ''[[Arhopala hercules|Arhopala sophilus]]'' * ''[[Arhopala hercules|Arhopala tyrannus]]'' {{col-end}} </div>

'''''[[Incertae sedis]]''''' [[File:Rbirm094.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[Burmese bushblue]] (''Arhopala birmana'')]] [[File:Dark Himalayan Oakblue Arhopala paramuta at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5464 - cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hooked oakblue]] (''Arhopala paramuta'')]] <div float="left"> {{col-begin|width=70%}} {{col-1-of-2}} * ''[[Arhopala aberrans]]'' (de Nicéville, [1889]) – pale bushblue * ''[[Arhopala acetes]]'' * ''[[Arhopala aeeta]]'' de Nicéville, [1893] * ''[[Arhopala alax]]'' – silky oakblue * ''[[Arhopala alexandrae]]'' Schröder & Treadaway, 1978 * ''[[Arhopala anamuta]]'' Semper, 1890 * ''[[Arhopala annulata]]'' (Felder, 1860) * ''[[Arhopala argentea]]'' Staudinger, 1888 * ''[[Arhopala aronya]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) * ''[[Arhopala arsenius]]'' (C. & R.Felder, [1865]) * ''[[Arhopala asinarus]]'' C. & R.Felder, [1865] * ''[[Arhopala asopia]]'' (Hewitson, [1869]) – plain tailless oakblue * ''[[Arhopala atrax]]'' – dark broken-band oakblue, Indian oakblue (type species of ''Satadra'') * ''[[Arhopala bella]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1896 * ''[[Arhopala birmana]]'' – Burmese bushblue * ''[[Arhopala brooksiana]]'' Corbet, 1941 * ''[[Arhopala canaraica]]'' (Moore, 1884) * ''[[Arhopala comica]]'' de Nicéville, 1900 – comic oakblue * ''[[Arhopala curiosa]]'' (Evans, 1957) * ''[[Arhopala davaona]]'' Semper, 1890 * ''[[Arhopala dodonaea]]'' – pale Himalayan oakblue * ''[[Arhopala dohertyi]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 * ''[[Arhopala ellisi]]'' Evans, 1914 – Ellis's bushblue * ''[[Arhopala eridanus]]'' * ''[[Arhopala grandimuta]]'' Seki, 1993 * ''[[Arhopala halma]]'' * ''[[Arhopala halmaheira]]'' * ''[[Arhopala hellenoroides]]'' Chou & Gu, 1994 * ''[[Arhopala hesba]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) * ''[[Arhopala hinigugma]]'' Takanami, 1985 * ''[[Arhopala hylander]]'' * ''[[Arhopala ilocana]]'' Osada & Hashimoto, 1987 * ''[[Arhopala irregularis]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 {{col-2-of-2}} * ''[[Arhopala japonica]]'' – Japanese oakblue * ''[[Arhopala lata]]'' (Evans, 1957) * ''[[Arhopala luzonensis]]'' Takanami & Ballantine, 1987 * ''[[Arhopala matsutaroi]]'' (H. Hayashi, 1979) * ''[[Arhopala mindanensis]]'' * ''[[Arhopala mizunumai]]'' * ''[[Arhopala myrtha]]'' (Staudinger, 1889) * ''[[Arhopala nakamotoi]]'' * ''[[Arhopala nicevillei]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1903 * ''[[Arhopala ocrida]]'' (Hewitson, 1869) * ''[[Arhopala ormistoni]]'' – Ormiston's oakblue * ''[[Arhopala pabihira]]'' * ''[[Arhopala paramuta]]'' – hooked oakblue * ''[[Arhopala phryxus]]'' Boisduval, 1832 * ''[[Arhopala pseudovihara]]'' (H. Hayashi, 1981) * ''[[Arhopala qiongdaoensis]]'' Chou & Gu, 1994 * ''[[Arhopala quercoides]]'' * ''[[Arhopala rudepoema]]'' Seki, [1995] * ''[[Arhopala sakaguchii]]'' (H. Hayashi, 1981) * ''[[Arhopala sangira]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1897 * ''[[Arhopala schroederi]]'' * ''[[Arhopala siabra]]'' * ''[[Arhopala simoni]]'' Schröder & Treadaway, 1999 * ''[[Arhopala singla]]'' (de Nicéville, 1885) – yellow-disk oakblue * ''[[Arhopala staudingeri]]'' Semper, 1890 * ''[[Arhopala straatmani]]'' * ''[[Arhopala tephlis]]'' * ''[[Arhopala theba]]'' (Hewitson, [1863]) * ''[[Arhopala tindongani]]'' Nuyda & Takanami, 1990 * ''[[Arhopala trionaea]]'' Semper, 1890 (''camdeo'' group?) * ''[[Arhopala weelii]]'' * ''[[Arhopala zeta]]'' {{col-end}} </div>

==Footnotes== {{Reflist}}

==References== {{commonscat|Arhopala}} {{wikispecies}} * Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2008): Tree of Life Web Project – [http://tolweb.org/Arhopala/112304 ''Arhopala'']. Version of 2008-APR-09. Retrieved 2009-MAR-21. * Savela, Markku (2008): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms – [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/theclinae/arhopala/index.html ''Arhopala'']. Version of 2008-AUG-06. Retrieved 2009-MAR-21. *Evans, W H, 1957 A revision of the ''Arhopala'' group of Oriental Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)'', London, Entomology Volume 5 : 85- 141 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2361223/#page/99/mode/1up online]

==External links== *[http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=2753 Images representing ''Arhopala''] at [[Consortium for the Barcode of Life]]

[[Category:Arhopala| ]] [[Category:Arhopalini]] [[Category:Lycaenidae genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval]]