Arcobacter

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Automatic taxobox | parent_authority = Waite et al. 2020 | taxon = Arcobacter | authority = Vandamme et al. 1991 | type_species = ''Arcobacter nitrofigilis'' | type_species_authority = (McClung et al. 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision_ref = <ref name=LPSN/><ref name=NCBI/> | subdivision = [[#Phylogeny|See text]] }}

'''''Arcobacter''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]], spiral-shaped [[bacteria]] in the phylum [[Campylobacterota]].<ref name="brock">Madigan T, ''et al'' (2009) ''Brock Biology of Microorganisms'', 12th edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education</ref> It shows an unusually wide range of habitats, and some species can be human and animal [[pathogens]].<ref name="brock" /><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Parker | first2 = C. T. | last3 = Rubenfield | first3 = M. | last4 = Mendz | first4 = G. L. | last5 = Wösten | first5 = M. M. S. M. | last6 = Ussery | first6 = D. W. | last7 = Stolz | first7 = J. F. | last8 = Binnewies | first8 = T. T. | last9 = Hallin | first9 = P. F. | last10 = Wang | first10 = G. | last11 = Malek | first11 = J. A. | last12 = Rogosin | first12 = A. | last13 = Stanker | first13 = L. H. | last14 = Mandrell | first14 = R. E. | editor1-last = Fairhead | editor1-first = Cecile | title = The Complete Genome Sequence and Analysis of the Epsilonproteobacterium ''Arcobacter butzleri'' | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001358 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | article-number = e1358 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18159241| pmc =2147049 |bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2.1358M | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}</ref> Species of the genus ''Arcobacter'' are found in both animal and environmental sources, making them unique among the Campylobacterota.<ref name="Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter">{{cite journal|last=Donachie|first=Stuart|title=''Arcobacter halophilus'' sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus ''Arcobacter''|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|year=2005|volume=55|issue=Pt 3|pages=1271–1277|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63581-0|pmid=15879267|url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/55/3/1271|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Taxonomy == This genus currently consists of five species: ''A. butzleri'', ''A. cryaerophilus'', ''A. skirrowii'', ''A. nitrofigilis'', and ''A. sulfidicus'', although several other potential novel species have recently been described from varying environments.<ref name="Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter" /><ref name="Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea" /> Three of these five known species are pathogenic.<ref name="Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea">{{cite journal|last=Fera|first=M.T.|title=Detection of ''Arcobacter'' spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|year=2004|volume=70|issue=3|pages=1271–1276|doi=10.1128/AEM.70.3.1271-1276.2004|pmid=15006743|pmc=368354|bibcode=2004ApEnM..70.1271F|url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/1271}}</ref> Members of this genus were first isolated in 1977 from aborted bovine fetuses. They are aerotolerant, ''[[Campylobacter]]''-like organisms, previously classified as ''Campylobacter''.<ref name="www.cdc.gov" /> The genus ''Arcobacter'', in fact, was created as recently as 1992.<ref name="Arcobacter butzleri: Underestimated Enteropathogen">{{cite journal |last=Prouzet-Mauleon |first=Valerie |year=2006 |title=''Arcobacter butzleri'': Underestimated Enteropathogen |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Arcobacter+butzleri%3a+underestimated+enteropathogen-a0142479206 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=307–309 |doi=10.3201/eid1202.050570 |pmc=3373082 |pmid=16494760}}</ref> Although they are similar to this other genus, ''Arcobacter'' species can grow at lower temperatures than ''Campylobacter'', as well as in the air, which ''Campylobacter'' cannot.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">[https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no10/04-0241.htm Emerging Infectious Diseases]cdc.gov {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105080719/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no10/04-0241.htm |date=5 November 2009 }}</ref>

== Name == The name ''Arcobacter'' is derived from the Latin ''arcus'' meaning "bow" and the Greek ''bacter'' meaning "rod", and should be understood to mean "bow-shaped rod" or "curved rod". This is a reference to the characteristic curved shaped that most ''Arcobacter'' cells possess.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|date=Jan 1991|pages=88–103|volume=41|issue=1|title=Revision of ''Campylobacter'', ''Helicobacter'', and ''Wolinella'' Taxonomy: Emendation of Generic Descriptions and Proposal of ''Arcobacter'' gen. nov.|author=P. Vandamme|author2=E. Falsen|author3=R. Rossau|author4= B. Hoste|author5=P. Segers|author6=R. Tytgat|author7=J. De Ley|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1099/00207713-41-1-88|pmid=1704793|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Pathogenicity== ''Arcobacter'' species have been discovered as both animal and human pathogens within the past decade, due to improvements in isolation techniques.<ref name="www.cdc.gov" /> Up to now, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity or potential virulence factors of ''Arcobacter'' spp.<ref name="Lehner">{{cite journal |last1=Lehner |first1=A. |last2=Tasara |first2=T. |last3=Stephan |first3=R. |date=July 2005 |title=Relevant aspects of ''Arcobacter'' spp. as potential foodborne pathogen |journal=Int. J. Food Microbiol. |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=127–35 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.003 |pmid=15982771}}</ref> Since no routine diagnostic of these bacteria has been performed, the global prevalence of ''Arcobacter'' infection is rather underestimated and the exact routes of transmission are unknown.<ref name="Arcobacter butzleri Induces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells">{{cite journal |last=Bucker |first=Roland |year=2009 |title=''Arcobacter butzleri'' Induces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=200 |issue=5 |pages=756–764 |doi=10.1086/600868 |pmid=19604116 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some evidence indicates livestock animals may be a significant reservoir of ''Arcobacter'', and over the last few years, the presence of these organisms in raw meat products, as well as in surface and ground water, has received increasing attention.<ref name="Lehner" />

In humans, ''A. butzleri'', and less commonly, ''A. cryaerophilus'', have been linked to [[enteritis]] and occasionally [[bacteremia]].<ref name="www.cdc.gov" /> Symptoms of ''A. butzleri'' infections include diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever.<ref name="www.cdc.gov" /> Studies of patients infected with ''A. butzleri'' have demonstrated that without treatment, symptoms endured for a very variable amount of time, from two days to several weeks.<ref name="Arcobacter butzleri: Underestimated Enteropathogen" /> When antimicrobial therapies were administered, the infection was eradicated within a few days, and all strains in the study were found to be susceptible to the antibiotics given.<ref name="Arcobacter butzleri: Underestimated Enteropathogen" /> A third species, ''A. skirrowii'', has also recently been isolated from a patient with chronic diarrhea.<ref name="www.cdc.gov" />

Although the microbiological and clinical features of ''Arcobacter'' are not yet well defined, initial studies of ''A. butzleri'' suggest that these bacteria display similar microbiological and clinical features as ''[[C. jejuni]]'', but are more associated with a persistent, watery diarrhea than with the bloody diarrhea associated with ''C. jejuni''.<ref name="www.cdc.gov" /> Recent studies suggest that ''A. butzleri'' induces epithelial barrier dysfunction by changes in [[tight junction]] proteins and induction of epithelial [[apoptosis]].<ref name="Arcobacter butzleri Induces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells" /> Based on this model, the virulence of ''A. butzleri'' seems to have two phases. An initial effect on tight junctions was observed first, followed by a late effect on cytotoxicity because of [[necrosis]] and induction of apoptosis.<ref name="Arcobacter butzleri Induces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells" />

==Nonpathogenic strains== ''A. nitrofigilis'' is a [[nitrogen-fixing]] bacterium isolated from the roots of the salt marsh plant ''[[Spartina alterniflora]]''.<ref name="Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea" /> ''A. sulfidicus'' is an obligate microaerophile that oxidizes sulfides and is an [[autotrophic]] producer of filamentous [[sulfur]].<ref name="Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea" /> Large populations of this bacterium produce mats of this solid, white sulfur filament.<ref name="Is Life Thriving Deep Beneath the Seafloor?">{{cite web |last=Wirsen |first=Carl |title=Is Life Thriving Deep Beneath the Seafloor? |url=http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=7837&tid=282&cid=2497 |publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution}}</ref> These mats are useful in anchoring the bacteria to rocky surfaces in the face of flowing subsurface hydrothermal fluids, as well as providing important carpeting around [[hydrothermal vents]] that attracts other animals to that site and encourages them to settle and grow.<ref name="Is Life Thriving Deep Beneath the Seafloor?" /> One interesting potential novel ''Arcobacter'' species, designated LA31BT, was isolated from water collected from a [[hypersaline]] lagoon.<ref name="Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter" /> Preliminary characterization based on [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]] gene sequence analysis showed that LA31BT shared 94% identity with ''A. nitrofigilis'', the [[type species]] of the genus, and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] studies confirmed the phylogenetic affiliation of strain LA31BT to the genus ''Arcobacter''.<ref name="Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter" /> Other analytical methods, however, showed that LA31BT was distinct from all recognized ''Arcobacter'' species. Most notably and of interest, LA31BT was found to be an obligate [[halophile]], a trait not found among recognized ''Arcobacter'' species.<ref name="Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter" />

Another unusual ''Arcobacter'' species, designated strain CAB, was isolated from marine sediment and found to have the capacity to grow via [[perchlorate]] reduction, the only member of the Campylobacterota in pure culture to possess this rare metabolism.<ref name="Strain CAB">{{cite journal |last1=Carlström |first1=Charlotte I. |last2=Wang |first2=Ouwei |last3=Melnyk |first3=Ryan A. |last4=Bauer |first4=Stefan |last5=Lee |first5=Joyce |last6=Engelbrektson |first6=Anna |last7=Coates |first7=John D. |year=2013 |title=Physiological and genetic description of dissimilatory perchlorate reduction by the novel marine bacterium ''Arcobacter'' sp. strain CAB |journal=mBio |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e00217-13 |doi=10.1128/mBio.00217-13 |doi-access=free|pmc=3656443 |pmid=23695836}}</ref> Unlike most ''Arcobacter'' species, CAB was found to degrade carbohydrates, including [[fructose]] and [[catechol]], and its cells often lacked the distinctive curvature typical of the genus ''Arcobacter''.<ref name="Strain CAB" /> ==Phylogeny== The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{lpsn3|genus/Arcobacter|Arcobacter}}</ref> and [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI).<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=Schoch CL |display-authors=et al. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=tree&id=28196&lvl=3 |title=Arcobacter |accessdate=2025-06-05 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 style="width: 30em;" | 16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_10_2024<ref>{{cite web|title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_all tree in newick format| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref> ! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 10-RS226<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 10-RS226 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="tree_bac">{{cite web |title=bac120_r226.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release226/226.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r226.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{barlabel |size=8 |at1=-10 |label1=''Poseidonibacter'' |bar1=green |at2=-6 |label2=''Malaciobacter'' |bar2=green |at3=-2 |label3=''Arcobacter'' |bar3=green |at4=4 |label4=''Halarcobacter'' |bar4=green |at5=8 |label5=''Pseudarcobacter'' |bar5=green |at6=15 |label6=''Aliarcobacter'' s.s. |bar6=green |cladogram= {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1=''Arcobacter'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. lekithochrous''|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. roscoffensis''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. antarcticus''|bar1=green |2=''A. parvus''|barend2=green }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. mytili''|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. pacificus''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter halophilus|A. halophilus]]''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. molluscorum''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter canalis|A. canalis]]'' Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018|bar1=green |2=''A. marinus''|barend2=green }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''A. nitrofigilis''|barbegin1=green|barend1=green |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. acticola'' |2={{clade |1=''A. caeni'' |2=''[[Arcobacter venerupis|A. venerupis]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter anaerophilus|A. anaerophilus]]''|barbegin1=green |2=''[[Arcobacter ebronensis|A. ebronensis]]''|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1=''A. arenosus''|bar1=green |2=''[[Arcobacter bivalviorum|A. bivalviorum]]''|barend2=green }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. ellisii''|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter cloacae|A. cloacae]]''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter suis|A. suis]]''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter aquimarinus|A. aquimarinus]]''|bar1=green |2=''A. defluvii''|barend2=green }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter butzleri|A. butzleri]]''|barbegin1=green |2=''A. lacus''|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1=''A. vandammei''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. faecis''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. lanthieri''|bar1=green |2=''A. vitoriensis''|bar2=green }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter cibarius|A. cibarius]]''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. cryaerophilus''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter skirrowii|A. skirrowii]]''|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''A. thereius''|bar1=green |2=''A. trophiarum''|barend2=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{barlabel |size=8 |at1=7 |label1=''Pseudarcobacter'' |bar1=green |at2=17 |label2=''Aliarcobacter'' s.s. |bar2=green |cladogram= {{Clade|style=font-size:90%; line-height:90% |1={{clade |1="''Ca.'' [[Marinarcus aquaticus]]" corrig.Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018 |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''[[Malaciobacter]]'' |1={{clade |1=''M. mytili'' corrig. (Collado et al. 2009) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 |2={{clade |1=''M. molluscorum'' corrig. (Figueras et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter halophilus|M. halophilus]]'' corrig. (Donachie et al. 2005) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 |2=''M. marinus'' corrig. (Kim et al. 2010) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter nitrofigilis]]'' (McClung, Patrjiquin & Davis 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991 |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''[[Halarcobacter]]'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter anaerophilus|H. anaerophilus]]'' corrig. (Sasi Jyothsna et al. 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020 |2=''[[Arcobacter ebronensis|H. ebronensis]]'' corrig. (Levican et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 }} |2={{clade |1="''H. arenosus''" Baek et al. 2021 |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter bivalviorum|H. bivalviorum]]'' corrig. (Levican et al. 2012) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 |2="''Arcobacter mediterraneus''" Rahman et al. 2022 }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Arcobacter roscoffensis'' Pascual et al. 2023 |2={{clade |label1=''[[Poseidonibacter]]'' |1={{clade |1=''P. lekithochrous'' (Diéguez et al. 2017) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 |2={{clade |1="''P. ostreae''" Baek et al. 2023 |2={{clade |1=''P. antarcticus'' Guo et al. 2019 |2=''P. parvus'' Kim et al. 2021 }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Malaciobacter pacificus'' corrig. (Zhang et al. 2016) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019 |2={{clade |label1=''[[Aliarcobacter]]'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pseudarcobacter acticola'' (Park et al. 2016) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|barbegin1=green |2={{clade |1=''Arcobacter caeni'' Pérez-Cataluña, Salas-Massó & Figueras 2019|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter suis|Pseudarcobacter suis]]'' corrig. (Levican, Collado & Figueras 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|bar1=green |2=''[[Arcobacter venerupis|Pseudarcobacter venerupis]]'' corrig. (Levican et al. 2012) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|bar2=green }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter aquimarinus|Pseudarcobacter aquimarinus]]'' corrig. (Levican et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|bar1=green |2=''[[Arcobacter cloacae|Pseudarcobacter cloacae]]'' corrig. (Levican, Collado & Figueras 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pseudarcobacter defluvii'' corrig. (Collado et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|bar1=green |2=''Pseudarcobacter ellisii'' corrig. (Figueras et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019|barend2=green }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter butzleri|A. butzleri]]'' (Kiehlbauch et al. 1991) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|barbegin1=green |2=''Arcobacter lacus'' Pérez-Cataluña, Salas-Massó & Figueras 2019|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. lanthieri'' (Whiteduck-Léveillée et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|bar1=green |2=''A. vitoriensis'' Alonso et al. 2021|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Arcobacter vandammei'' Kerkhof, On & Houf 2021|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter cibarius|A. cibarius]]'' (Houf et al. 2005) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|bar1=green |2=''A. faecis'' (Whiteduck-Léveillée et al. 2019) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|bar2=green }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''A. cryaerophilus'' (Neill et al. 1985) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|bar1=green |2=''A. trophiarum'' (De Smet et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|bar2=green }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Arcobacter skirrowii|A. skirrowii]]'' (Vandamme et al. 1992) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|bar1=green |2={{clade |1="''Arcobacter porcinus''" Figueras et al. 2017|bar1=green |2=''A. thereius'' (Houf et al. 2009) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020|barend2=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |} Species incertae sedis: * "''Aliarcobacter hispanicus''" Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018b nom. nud. * "''Arcobacter iocasae''" Zhang et al. 2025 * "''Arcobacter peruensis''" Callbeck et al. 2019 * "''Arcobacter ponticus''" Cataluña 2018 * "''Arcobacter salis''" Cataluña 2018 * "''Ca.'' Arcobacter sulfidicus" Wirsen et al. 2002

==See also== * [[List of bacteria genera]] * [[List of bacterial orders]]

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Gram-negative bacteria]] [[Category:Campylobacterota]] [[Category:Pathogenic bacteria]] [[Category:Bacteria genera]]