{{Short description|Scottish judge and statesman}} {{other people}} {{Use British English|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = The Lord Johnston of Wariston | honorific_suffix = | image = Archibald Johnston of Wariston.jpg | office = | term_start = | term_end = | nominator = | monarch = | predecessor = | successor = | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | prime_minister2 = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1611|3|28}} (baptised) | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1663|7|22|1611|3|28}} (hanged) | death_place = | birth_name = Archibald Johnston | spouse = | party = | relations = | children = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} [[File:Johnstone arms.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Arms of Johnston: ''Argent, a saltire sable, on a chief gules three cushions or.'']]
'''Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston''' (1611 – 1663) was a Scottish judge and statesman.
He assisted [[Alexander Henderson (theologian)|Alexander Henderson]] in writing the Scottish [[National Covenant]] in 1638, and was appointed [[Procurator of the Kirk]] in the same year. He was said to have supported the prophesies of [[Margaret Mitchelson]] as true.<ref name=uuu/>
Johnston helped negotiate the [[pacification of Berwick]] in 1639 and the [[treaty of Ripon]] in 1640. He was [[Lord of Session]] as Lord Warriston in 1641. In 1643 as [[Commissioner#Scotland|commissioner]] for [[Edinburghshire (Parliament of Scotland constituency)|Midlothian]] he opposed neutrality in [[English affairs]].{{sfn|Espinasse|1903|p=697}}
He played a prominent part in the [[Westminster Assembly]], and in 1644 became a member of the [[Committee of Both Kingdoms]] representing Scotland in London. Named [[Lord Advocate|King's Advocate]] by [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1646, he resisted the [[engagers|Engagement]] of 1648, and may have drawn up the [[Act of Classes]] in 1649. He was appointed [[Lord Clerk Register]] in 1649 and is said to have given [[David Leslie, Lord Newark|Leslie]] fatal advice at the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]] in 1650, after which he lost his offices.{{sfn|Espinasse|1903|p=697}}
In 1657, as a leading [[Western Remonstrance|Remonstrant]] (see below), he was renamed by the [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]] as Lord Clerk Register. He was a member of Oliver and [[Richard Cromwell]]'s House of Lords and a member of the [[Council of State (England)|Council of State]]. On the restoration of the [[Rump Parliament]] in 1649, and on its suppression, he became permanent president of the [[English Committee of Safety|Committee of Safety]].{{sfn|Espinasse|1903|p=697}}
After the [[Restoration (Scotland)|restoration of the monarchy]] he fled abroad. He was condemned to death ''in absentia'' and arrested in [[Rouen]]. With Louis XIV's consent he was returned to Britain and after a spell of imprisonment in the Tower of London was hanged in Edinburgh on 22 July 1663.{{sfn|Espinasse|1903|p=697}}
==Early life== Archibald Johnston was a son of James Johnston (died 1617), a merchant [[burgess (title)|burgess]] of [[Edinburgh]]. He was baptised on 28 March 1611, educated at the [[University of Glasgow]], and admitted to the [[Faculty of Advocates]] in 1633.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}}
==Early career== [[File:EDI CITY CAC 1978 113.jpg|thumb|The Signing of the [[National Covenant]]. The Victorian painter [[William Hole (artist)|William Hole]] places [[Alexander Henderson (theologian)|Alexander Henderson]] (standing on the gravestone) at the centre of events in 1638. Archibald Johnston is on the left.{{sfn|Fleming|1904}}]] Johnston first came to public notice in 1637 during [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]'s attempt to force an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopalian]] [[liturgy]] upon Scotland.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}} As the chief adviser of the [[covenanter|covenanting]] leaders Johnston drew up their remonstrances. On 22 February 1638, in reply to a [[royal proclamation]], he read a strong protestation to an enormous multitude assembled at the [[Mercat Cross, Edinburgh|Mercat Cross in Edinburgh]]. Together with [[Alexander Henderson (theologian)|Alexander Henderson]] he was the co-author of the [[National Covenant]] of 1638, drawing up the second part as a recapitulation of all the [[Acts of Parliament]] that had condemned "[[popery]]" while asserting the liberties of the [[Church of Scotland|Scottish church]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}} He was said to have supported the prophesies of [[Margaret Mitchelson]] who predicted the success of the National Covenant.<ref name=uuu>{{Cite ODNB |last=Stevenson |first=David |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-67842 |title=Mitchelson [Mitchel], Margaret (fl. 1638), prophetess |date=2004-09-23 |volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/67842|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>
Johnston was appointed clerk to the Tables (the revolutionary executive) and also clerk and afterwards [[Procurator to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|procurator]] or counsel to the General Assembly held at Glasgow the same year, when he discovered and presented several missing volumes of records.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}}{{sfn|Ferguson|1994|p=114}} In June 1639 he took part in the negotiations leading to the [[Pacification of Berwick]] which ended the first [[Bishops' War]]. His firm attitude displeased the king extremely. After Charles promised a new Assembly and Parliament to settle the church question, Johnston responded by accusing him of playing for time, to which the king replied in anger "that the devil himself could not make a more uncharitable construction or give a more bitter expression";{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}} and on Johnston continuing his speech ordered him to be silent and declared he would speak to more reasonable men.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}}
In August Johnston read a paper before the [[Parliament of Scotland]], strongly condemning its [[legislative session#Procedure in Commonwealth realms|prorogation]]. In the following year he was appointed{{By whom|date=November 2011}} to attend the general of the army and the committee, and on 23 June, when the Scottish forces were preparing to invade England, he wrote to [[Thomas Savile, 2nd Baron Savile of Pontefract|Thomas, Lord Savile]] asking for definite support from the leading opposition peers in England and their acceptance of the National Covenant, which drew from the other side at first nothing but vague assurances.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}}
In October Johnston was a commissioner for negotiating the [[Treaty of Ripon]] and went to London. After the peace he continued to urge punishment of the incendiaries, especially of [[John Stewart, 1st Earl of Traquair|Traquair]], and in a private interview with the king strongly opposed the proposed act of general oblivion. On the King's arrival in Scotland in 1641 he led the opposition on the important constitutional point of the control of state appointments, supporting the claims of the parliament by an appeal to the state records he had succeeded in recovering.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}}
==Lord of Session== [[File:Assertion of Liberty of Conscience by the Independents of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, 1644.jpg|thumb|Assertion of Liberty of Conscience by the Independents of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, 1644]] In September, Johnston received public thanks for his services from the Scottish parliament, and, in accordance with the policy of conciliation then pursued for a short time by the King, was appointed on 13 November 1641 a Lord of Session, with the title Lord Warriston (from his estate at [[Currie, Edinburgh|Currie]] which he had purchased in 1636), was [[knight]]ed and given a pension of £200 a year. The same month the parliament appointed him a commissioner at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] for settling the affairs of Scotland.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=332-333}}
Lord Warriston was a chief agent in concluding the treaty with the English parliament in the autumn of 1643, and was appointed a member of the [[Committee of Both Kingdoms]] in London which directed the military operations, and in this capacity went on several missions to the parliamentary generals. The articles of the unsuccessful [[Treaty of Uxbridge]] were, for the most part, drawn up by him in late 1644. He took his seat early the same year in the [[Westminster Assembly]], to which he had been nominated, and vehemently opposed measures tolerating independency.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=332-333}}
Besides his public duties in England Warriston sat in the Scottish parliament for [[Edinburghshire (Parliament of Scotland constituency)|the county of Edinburgh]] from 1643 until 1647, and served on various committees. After the final defeat of Charles, when he had surrendered himself to the Scots, Johnston was made [[Lord Advocate|king's advocate]] in October 1646, and the same year was voted £3000 by the Scottish estates for his services. He continued to oppose concessions to Charles and strongly disapproved of the Engagement concluded in 1648 by the government of the [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]] with Charles at [[Carisbrooke Castle|Carisbrooke]], which, while securing little for [[Presbyterianism]], committed the Scots to hostilities with the English Parliament and the [[New Model Army]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=332-333}}
==The Remonstrants== Warriston now became one of the leaders of the [[Kirk Party]] opposed to the Engagement, and during the ascendancy of the [[Engagers]] retired to [[Kintyre]] as the guest of the [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll|Marquess of Argyll]]. He returned again after the [[Whiggamore Raid]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=332-333}} met Cromwell at Edinburgh in October after the defeat of the Engagers at Preston, and in conjunction with Argyll promoted the ''Act of Classes'', passed on 23 January 1649, disqualifying royalists from holding public office. The good relations now formed with Cromwell were soon broken, however, by the King's execution, and Warriston was present officially at the proclamation of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] as King at Edinburgh, on 5 February 1649.{{sfn|Espinasse|1903|p=697}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
On 10 March 1649 Warriston was appointed [[Lord Clerk Register]]. In May he pronounced the sentence of death on [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Montrose]] and is said to have witnessed along with Argyll the victim being drawn to the place of execution. He was present at the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|battle of Dunbar]] (3 September 1650) as a member of the [[Committee of Estates]]. After the defeat he urged the removal of General Leslie, afterwards Lord Newark, from the command of the Scottish army, and on 21 September delivered a violent speech in Charles' presence, attributing all the late misfortunes to the Stuarts and their opposition to the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=332-333}}
After Dunbar the Committee of Estates persuaded the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland that it was necessary to abandon the Act of Classes to allow a new national army to be raised, to include supporters of the Engagement and other royalists. A resolution to this effect was immediately drawn up. Warriston, along with some of the more implacable Presbyterians, drew up a Remonstrance or Protest against this move. The Act of Classes was duly abandoned, but the division between the majority Resolutioners and the minority Protestors was to haunt the Church of Scotland for decades after.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
In the autumn of 1656 Warriston went to London as representative of the Remonstrants; and soon afterwards, on 9 July 1657, he was restored by Cromwell to his office of [[Lord Clerk Register]], and on 3 November was appointed a commissioner for the administration of justice in Scotland, henceforth remaining a member of the government until the [[English Restoration|Restoration]]. In January 1658 he was included by Cromwell in his [[Cromwell's Upper House|new House of Lords]] and sat also in the upper chamber in [[Richard Cromwell]]'s parliament. Upon the latter's abdication and the restoration of the Rump, he was chosen a member of the [[Council of State (England)|Council of State]] and continued in the administration as a member of the [[Committee of Public Safety]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
==The Restoration== [[File:Archibald Johnston captured.png|thumb|Archibald Johnston captured{{sfn|Aikman|1850}}]] [[File:Original site of the Mercat Cross, High Street - geograph.org.uk - 1367417.jpg|thumb|Warriston was hanged at the [[Mercat Cross, Edinburgh|Mercat Cross]] in Edinburgh, now marked by these pavement setts.]]
Johnston lived in a mansion house at the foot of Warriston Close in Edinburgh (so named in his honour) on its east side, which had previously been home to Sir [[Lewis Craig]].<ref>Grant's Old and New Edinburgh vol.2 p.226</ref>
At the [[Restoration (Scotland)|Restoration]] Warriston was excluded from the general pardon. On 1 February 1661 he was summoned along with John Home of Kello, William Dundas of Magdalens and others to appear before Parliament on a charge of high treason. He had already fled to [[Holland]] and thence to [[Hamburg]] in Germany, so he was condemned to death (and stripped of his properties and title) ''in absentia'' on 15 May 1661.{{sfn|Lawson|1844|p=713}}
In 1663, having ventured into France, he was discovered at [[Rouen]], and with the consent of [[Louis XIV]] was brought to England and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. In June he was taken to Edinburgh and confined in the [[Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh|Tolbooth]]. He was hanged on 22 July at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh, the scene of many of his triumphs, and around 100 yards from his own house off the [[Royal Mile|High Street]]. His severed head was displayed on the Netherbow (town gate) and afterwards buried with his body in [[Greyfriars Kirkyard]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
==Character and political views== Johnston was a man of great energy, industry and ability, and played a large part in the defence of the Presbyterian settlement of 1638. He is described by his contemporary [[Robert Baillie]] as “one of the most faithful and diligent and able servants that our church and kingdom has had all the tymes of our troubles.”{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}} He was learned in Scottish law, eloquent and deeply religious. His passionate devotion to the cause of the Scottish church was seen by his critics as [[fanaticism]]. According to the ''History'' by his nephew [[Gilbert Burnet]], he looked on the Covenant as setting Christ on his throne.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
Johnston had by nature no republican leanings; all the Royalists in Scotland, wrote [[Robert Baillie]] as late as 1646, could not have pleaded so much for the Crown and the King's just power as the Chancellor and Warriston did for many days together. When, however, Presbyterianism was attacked and menaced by the Sovereign, he desired, like [[John Pym]], to restrict the royal prerogative by a parliamentary constitution, and endeavoured to found his arguments on law and ancient precedents.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
Johnston's acceptance of office under Cromwell hardly deserves the severe censure it has received. In both politics and religion he stood nearer to Cromwell than the royalists, and was able to offer useful service in office. Johnston was wanting in tact and in consideration for his opponents, confessing himself that his natural temper (or rather distemper) "hath been hasty and passionate".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
He was disliked by Charles I and hated by Charles II, whom he rebuked for lack of commitment to the Covenants; but he was associated in private friendship and public life with Argyll.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
==Family== [[File:James Johnston00.png|thumb|right|James Johnson]] He had a large family, the most famous of his sons being [[James Johnston (Scotland)|James Johnston]] (1643–1737), known as Secretary Johnston.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=332}} Having taken refuge in Holland after his father's execution, Johnston crossed over to England in the interests of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] just before the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688. In 1692 he was appointed one of the [[Secretary of State, Scotland|secretaries for Scotland]], but he was dismissed from office in 1696. Under [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], however, he began again to take part in public affairs, and was made [[Lord Clerk Register]]. Johnston's later years were passed mainly at his residence (much later known as Orleans House) [[Twickenham]], and he died at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] in May 1737 (see separate article).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=333}}
==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist}}
===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *{{cite book |last1=Aikman |first1=James |title=Annals of the persecution in Scotland, from the restoration to the revolution |date=1850 |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publications |location=Philadelphia |pages=[https://archive.org/details/annalsofpersecut01aikmuoft/page/126 126]-127 |edition=2nd American |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofpersecut01aikmuoft |access-date=19 July 2019}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor02ande |chapter=Johnston, Archibald |title=The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland |volume=2 |first=William |last=Anderson |publisher=A. Fullarton & co. |year=1877|page=[https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor02ande/page/578 578]-579}}{{PD-notice}} *{{cite book |last1=Baillie |first1=Robert |last2=Laing |first2=David |title=The letters and journals of Robert Baillie ... M.DC.XXXVII.-M.DC.LXII |date=1841–1842a |publisher=R. Ogle |location=Edinburgh |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersjournalso01bail/page/n7 |access-date=19 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Baillie |first1=Robert |last2=Laing |first2=David |title=The letters and journals of Robert Baillie ... M.DC.XXXVII.-M.DC.LXII |date=1841–1842b |publisher=R. Ogle |location=Edinburgh |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersjournalso02bail/page/n5 |access-date=19 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Baillie |first1=Robert |last2=Laing |first2=David |title=The letters and journals of Robert Baillie ... M.DC.XXXVII.-M.DC.LXII |date=1841–1842c |publisher=R. Ogle |location=Edinburgh |volume=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersjournalso03bail/page/n5 |access-date=19 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Robert |title=Memoirs of the life of Mr. Robert Blair |date=1754 |publisher=Printed by David Paterson |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsoflifeofm00blai/page/n3 |access-date=19 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Robert |last2=M'Crie |first2=Thomas |title=The life of Mr. Robert Blair, minister of St. Andrews, containing his autobiography, from 1593-1636 : with supplement of his life and continuation of the history of the times, to 1680 |date=1848 |publisher=Wodrow Society |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmrrobert00blai/page/n3 |access-date=19 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last=Brodie |first=Alexander |editor-last=Laing |editor-first=David |title=The diary of Alexander Brodie of Brodie, MDCLII-MDCLXXX. and of his son, James Brodie of Brodie, MDCLXXX-MDCLXXXV. consisting of extracts from the existing manuscripts, and a republication of the volume printed at Edinburgh in the year 1740 |date=1863 |publisher=Printed for the Spalding club |location=Aberdeen |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofalexander00broduoft/page/30 |author-link=Alexander Brodie, Lord Brodie|editor-link=David Laing (antiquary)}} *{{cite book |last1=Carruthers |first1=S. W. |title=The Solemn League and Covenant; its text and its translations |date=1938 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rschsv06p3carruthers/page/232 232]-251 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv06p3carruthers |access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Robert |last2=Thomson |first2=Thomas |title=A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen |date=1855 |publisher=Blackie |location=Glasgow |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict03chamiala/page/252 252]-264 |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict03chamiala |access-date=31 May 2019}}{{PD-notice}} *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Warriston, Archibald Johnston, Lord|volume=28|pages=332–333}}{{PD-notice}} *{{cite book |last1=Donald |first1=Peter H. |title=Archibald Johnston of Wariston and the politics of religion |date=1991 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rschsv024p2donald/page/123 123]-140 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv024p2donald |access-date=18 July 2019}} *{{cite DNB|last=Espinasse |first=Francis |year=1903 |wstitle=Johnston, Archibald}}{{PD-notice}} *{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=William |year=1994 |title=Scotland's relations with England: a survey to 1707 |publisher=The Saltire Society |isbn=978-0-85411-058-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFLJK8G1jzsC&pg=PA114 114]}} *{{cite book |last1=Forrester |first1=D. M. |title=Archibald Johnston of Wariston, especially as in his diaries |date=1947 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rschsv09p3forrester/page/127 127]-141|url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv09p3forrester |access-date=18 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=The story of the Scottish covenants in outline |date=1904 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |page=xii |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofscottishc00flemiala/page/xii |access-date=17 July 2019}}{{PD-notice}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich |chapter=Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston |title=The Scots worthies |first1=John |last1=Howie |first2=W. H. |last2=Carslaw |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |year=1870|pages=[https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich/page/298 298]-315}}{{PD-notice}} *{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Archibald, Lord Warriston |last2=Guthrie |first2=James |title=Causes of the Lords wrath against Scotland, manifested in his sad late dispensations : Whereunto is added a paper, particularly holding forth the sins of the ministery |date=1653 |url=https://archive.org/details/causesoflordswra00warr_0/page/n1 |access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Archibald, Lord Warriston |last2=Guthrie |first2=James |last3=Gillespie |first3=George |title=Causes of the Lord's wrath against Scotland : manifested in his sad late dispensations. Whereunto is added a paper, particularly holding forth the sin |date=1732 |url=https://archive.org/details/causesoflordswra00warr |access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Archibald, Lord Warriston |last2=Paul |first2=George Morison |title=Fragment of the Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston. (May 21-June 25 1639), The preservation of the honours of Scotland, 1651-52, Lord Mar's Legacies, 1722-27, Letters concerning Highland affairs in the 18th century |date=1896 |publisher=Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society |location=Edinburgh |volume=26 |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofsirarchib26scot/page/n15 |access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Archibald, Lord Warriston |last2=Paul |first2=George Morison |title=Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Volume 1: 1632-1639) |date=1911 |publisher=Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society |location=Edinburgh |series=1|volume=61 |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofsirarchib01warr/page/n7 |access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Archibald, Lord Warriston |last2=Fleming |first2=David Hay |title=Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Volume 2: 1650-1654) |date=1919 |publisher=Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society |location=Edinburgh |series=2|volume=18 |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofsirarchib18warr/page/n5 |access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Archibald, Lord Warriston |last2=Ogilvie |first2=James D. |title=Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Volume 3: 1655-1660) |date=1940 |publisher=Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society |location=Edinburgh |series=3|volume=34 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/scottish-history-society-publications/browse/archive/125885870#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=7&xywh=-223%2C341%2C2344%2C2840|access-date=17 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Kirkton |first1=James |title=The secret and true history of the church of Scotland from the Restoration to the year 1678 |date=1817 |publisher=J. Ballantyne |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/secrettruehistor00kirk/page/168 |access-date=18 July 2019}} *{{cite book|last=Lawson |first=John Parker |year=1844 |publisher=Gallie and Bayley |title=The Episcopal Church of Scotland: from the reformation to the revolution |page=[https://archive.org/details/episcopalchurch00lawsgoog/page/n729 713]}} *{{cite book|last1=Morison |first1=William |title=Johnston of Warriston |date=1901 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/johnstonofwarris00mori/page/8 |access-date=17 July 2019}} * {{cite ODNB |last=Seaward |first=Paul|year=2004 |id=5144 |title=Charles II (1630–1685) |mode=cs2 |freearticle=y}} *{{cite book |last1=Smellie |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Smellie|title=Men of the Covenant : the story of the Scottish church in the years of the Persecution |date=1903 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/menofcovenantsto00smel/page/107 107]-117 |chapter=A Nonsuch for a Clerk |publisher=Fleming H. Revell Co. |location=New York |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/menofcovenantsto00smel |access-date=11 July 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Wodrow |first1=Robert |last2=Burns |first2=Robert |title=The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation |date=1828–1830 |publisher=Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton & co., and Edinburgh: A. Fullarton & co. |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofsuffe01wodr/page/159 159] |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsuffe01wodr |access-date=7 April 2019}} *{{cite book |last1=Wodrow |first1=Robert |last2=Leishman |first2=Matthew |title=Analecta: or, Materials for a history of remarkable providences; mostly relating to Scotch ministers and Christians |date=1842 |publisher=Maitland Club |location=Glasgow |pages=[https://archive.org/details/analectaormateri03mait/page/92 92]-104 |volume=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/analectaormateri03mait |access-date=8 July 2019}} {{refend}}
==Further reading== *Omond's Lord Advocates of Scotland, 1883; *Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice, 1832; *R. Chambers's Biog. Dict. of Eminent Scotsmen, 1835–56; *Burton's Hist. of Scotland, 2nd edit. 1883; *S. R. Gardiner's Hist. of England, 1883; *Rothes's Relation of Affairs of Kirk of Scotland, 1637–8 (Bannatyne Club); *Gordon's Hist. of Scots Affairs (Spalding Club); *Lauderdale Papers (Camden Society); *Principal Baillie's Letters and Journals, 1841; *Sir James Balfour's Historical Works, 1825; *Wodrow's Hist. of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, 1829; *Stevenson's Hist. of the Church and State of Scotland, 1840; *Kirkton's Hist. of the Church of Scotland, 1817; *Life of Mr. Robert Blair, 1848; *Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, ed. 1871; *Whitelocke's Memorials; *Thurloe State Papers
{{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{succession box|title=[[Lord Advocate]]|before=Sir [[Thomas Hope, 1st Baronet]]|after=Sir Thomas Nicolson|years=16??–16??}} {{s-end}}
{{Westminster Assembly}} {{Scottish Commissioners at the Westminster Assembly}} {{Scots Worthies}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnston, Archibald}} [[Category:Covenanters]] [[Category:Members of the Faculty of Advocates]] [[Category:Shire commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland]] [[Category:Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1643–44]] [[Category:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1644–1647]] [[Category:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1648–1651]] [[Category:1611 births]] [[Category:1663 deaths]] [[Category:Lord advocates]] [[Category:Scottish commissioners at the Westminster Assembly]] [[Category:17th-century Scottish politicians]] [[Category:Scottish diplomats]] [[Category:People executed by Scotland by hanging]] [[Category:Politicians from Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Executed Scottish people]] [[Category:Protestant martyrs of Scotland]] [[Category: burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard]] [[Category:Members of Cromwell's Other House]]