Richard Whately

{{short description|English academic, philosopher, and theologian}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Archbishop | honorific-prefix = The Right Reverend and Right Honourable | honorific-suffix = PC (Ire) | name = Richard Whately | image = Richard Whately.jpg | caption = | church = Church of Ireland | title = Archbishop of Dublin<br>Bishop of Glendalough<br>Primate of Ireland | diocese = Dublin and Glendalough | term = 1831–1863 | predecessor = William Magee | successor = Richard Chenevix Trench | other_post = | ordination = | consecration = 23 October 1831 | consecrated_by = Richard Laurence | bishops = | birth_date = {{birth date|1787|2|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Cavendish Square, London, England | death_date = {{death date and age|1863|10|8|1787|2|1|df=y}} | death_place = Dublin, County Dublin, Ireland | buried = Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin | nationality = English | religion = Anglican | spouse = Elizabeth Whately | children = 5 {{Infobox philosopher | embed = yes | education = Oriel College, Oxford<br/>(B.A., 1808) | institutions = Oriel College, Oxford | school_tradition = Oriel Noetics | main_interests = Theology, logic | notable_ideas = Erotetics }} }} '''Richard Whately''' (1 February 1787 – 8 October 1863) was an English academic, rhetorician, logician, philosopher, economist, and theologian who also served as a reforming Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin. He was a leading Broad Churchman, a prolific and combative author over a wide range of topics, a flamboyant character, and one of the first reviewers to recognise the talents of Jane Austen.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary L. Colledge|title=God and Charles Dickens: Recovering the Christian Voice of a Classic Author|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu6NZBTg3c0C&pg=PA146|date=1 June 2012|publisher=Baker Books|isbn=978-1-4412-3778-1|page=146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Cornwell|title=Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ5HAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|date=15 September 2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-7323-2|page=34}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=29176|first=Richard|last=Brent|title=Whately, Richard}}</ref>

==Early life and education== Whately was born in London, the son of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Whately (1730–1797). He was educated at a private school near Bristol, and at Oriel College, Oxford, from 1805. He obtained a B.A. in 1808, with double second-class honours, and the prize for the English essay in 1810; in 1811, he was elected Fellow of Oriel, and in 1814 took holy orders. After graduation he acted as a private tutor, in particular to Nassau William Senior who became a close friend, and to Samuel Hinds.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite ODNB|id=25090|first=Phyllis|last=Deane|title=Senior, Nassau William}}</ref>

==Career== ===University of Oxford=== In 1825, Whately was appointed principal of St. Alban Hall at the University of Oxford, a position obtained for him by his mentor Edward Copleston, who wanted to raise the notoriously low academic standards at the Hall, which was also a target for expansion by Oriel.<ref name="ODNB"/>

Whately returned to the University of Oxford, where he had seen the social impact of unemployment on the city and region.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stefan Collini|author2=Richard Whatmore|author3=Brian Young|title=Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual History 1750-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuT3zV0jFwEC&pg=PA190|date=22 May 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63978-1|page=190}}</ref>

A reformer, Whately was initially on friendly terms with John Henry Newman. They fell out over Robert Peel's candidacy for the Oxford University seat in Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/pusey/liddon/1.10.html|title=Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey by Henry Parry Liddon, D.D. London: Longmans, 1894 volume one Chapter X|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1829, Whately was elected as Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford in succession to Nassau William Senior. His tenure of office was cut short by his appointment to the archbishopric of Dublin in 1831. He published only one course of ''Introductory Lectures'' in two editions (1831 & 1832).<ref name="DNB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Whately, Richard}}</ref>

===Archbishop of Dublin=== Whately's appointment by Lord Grey to the see of Dublin came as a political surprise. The aged Henry Bathurst had turned the post down. The new Whig administration found Whately, who was known at Holland House and effective in a parliamentary committee appearance speaking on tithes, an acceptable option. Behind the scenes Thomas Hyde Villiers had lobbied Denis Le Marchant on his behalf, with the Brougham Whigs.<ref>David de Giustino, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3167906 "Finding an Archbishop: The Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831"], ''Church History'', Vol. 64, No. 2 (June., 1995), pp. 218–236. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History.</ref> The appointment was challenged in the House of Lords, but without success.<ref name="DNB"/>

In Ireland, Whately's bluntness and his lack of a conciliatory manner caused opposition from his own clergy, and from the beginning he gave offence by supporting state endowment of the Catholic clergy.{{clarify|date=September 2022}} He enforced strict discipline in his diocese; and he published a statement of his views on Sabbath (''Thoughts on the Sabbath'', 1832). He lived in Redesdale House in Kilmacud, just outside Dublin, where he could garden. He was concerned to reform the Church of Ireland and the Irish Poor Laws.<ref name="DNB"/> He considered tithe commutation essential for the Church.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stefan Collini|author2=Richard Whatmore|author3=Brian Young|title=Economy, Polity, and Society: British Intellectual History 1750-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuT3zV0jFwEC&pg=PA191|date=22 May 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63978-1|page=191}}</ref>

===Irish national education 1831 to 1853=== In 1831, Whately attempted to establish a national and non-sectarian system of education in Ireland, on the basis of common instruction for Protestants and Catholics alike in literary and moral subjects, religious instruction being taken apart.

In 1841, Catholic archbishops William Crolly and John MacHale debated whether to continue the system, with the more moderate Crolly supporting Whately's gaining papal permission to go on, given some safeguards.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=17528|first=Emmet|last=Larkin|title=Crolly, William}}</ref> In 1852, the scheme broke down due to the opposition of the new ultramontanist Catholic archbishop of Dublin, Paul Cullen, who would later become the first Irish prelate named Cardinal. Whately withdrew from the Education Board the following year.

During the famine years of 1846 and 1847, the archbishop and his family tried to alleviate the miseries of the people.<ref name="DNB"/> On 27 March 1848, Whately became a member of the Canterbury Association.<ref name="blain">{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/blain_canterbury2007.pdf|title=Reverend|last=Blain|first=Michael|year=2007|work=The Canterbury Association (1848–1852): A Study of Its Members' Connections|pages=87|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref> He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterW.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

===Personal life=== After his marriage to writer Elizabeth Whately ({{nee}} Pope) in 1821, Whately lived in Oxford. He gave up his college fellowship, which could not then be held by married men, and began tutoring and writing.<ref>{{cite book|title=The London Quarterly Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXFAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA477|year=1867|publisher=Epworth Press|page=477}}</ref>

An uncle, William Plumer, presented him with a living in Halesworth in Suffolk, and Whately moved there. His daughters were writer Jane Whately and missionary Mary Louisa Whately.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Whately|author2=Elizabeth Jane Whately|title=Life and Correspondence of Richard Whately, D.D.: Late Archbishop of Dublin|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo00whatgoog|year=1866|publisher=Longmans, Green|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo00whatgoog/page/n64 44]}}</ref> One of his nephews was Canon William Pope.<ref name="Gordon-Gorman 1910" >{{cite book |last1=Gordon-Gorman |first1=William James |title=Converts to Rome : a biographical list of the more notable converts to the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom during the last sixty years |date=1910 |publisher=Sands |location=London |pages=220,221/242–243 |url=https://archive.org/details/a583403600gorduoft/page/n241/mode/2up |access-date=19 July 2024 |quote=Reverends William and John, both sons of Rev. F.S.W. Pope, were nephews of Richard Whately, Bishop of Dublin}}</ref>

===Death=== [[File:Dublin St. Patrick's Cathedral South Transept West Aisle Monument Dedicated to Archbishop Richard Whately II 2012 09 26.jpg|thumb|The monument dedicated to Whately in St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, sculpted by Thomas Farrell<ref>{{cite book |last=Casey |first=Christine |title=The Buildings of Ireland: Dublin |year=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-10923-8 |page=621}}</ref>]] Beginning in 1856, Whately began experiencing symptoms of decline, including paralysis of his left side, but he continued his public duties.<ref name="IrishBio"/>

In the summer of 1863, Whately was prostrated by an ulcer in his leg; after several months of acute suffering, he died on 8 October 1863.<ref name="DNB"/>

==Works== Whately was a prolific writer, a successful expositor and Protestant apologist in works that ran to many editions and translations. His ''Elements of Logic'' (1826) was drawn from an article "Logic" in the ''Encyclopædia Metropolitana''.<ref>Whately, Richard, ''Elements of Logic'', p.vii, Longman, Greens and Co. (9th Edition, London, 1875).</ref> The companion article on "Rhetoric" provided ''Elements of Rhetoric'' (1828).<ref name="DNB"/> In these two works Whately introduced erotetic logic.<ref>Mary Prior and Arthur Prior, "Erotetic Logic", ''The Philosophical Review'' '''64'''(1) (1955): pp. 43–59.</ref>

In 1825 Whately published a series of ''Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion'', followed in 1828 by a second series ''On Some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul'', and in 1830 by a third ''On the Errors of Romanism Traced to Their Origin in Human Nature''. In 1837 he wrote his handbook of ''Christian Evidences'', which was translated during his lifetime into more than a dozen languages.<ref name="DNB"/> In the Irish context, the ''Christian Evidences'' was adapted to a form acceptable to Catholic beliefs, with the help of James Carlile.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald H. Akenson|title=Being Had: Historians, Evidence, and the Irish in North America|year=1985|publisher=P. D. Meany|isbn=978-0-88835-014-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beinghadhistoria0006aken/page/183 183–4]|url=https://archive.org/details/beinghadhistoria0006aken/page/183}}</ref>

===Selective listing=== Whately's works included:<ref name="DNB"/>

*1819 [https://archive.org/details/historicdoubtsr00what/page/n4 ''Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte''], a ''jeu d'ésprit'' directed against excessive scepticism as applied to the Gospel history.<ref name="ODNB"/> *1822 [https://archive.org/details/useabuseofpartyf00what ''On the Use and Abuse of Party Spirit in Matters of Religion''] (Bampton Lectures) *1825 ''Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion'' *1826 [https://archive.org/details/elementsoflogic04what/page/n6 ''Elements of Logic''] *1828 [https://archive.org/details/elementsrhetori17whatgoog/page/n4 ''Elements of Rhetoric''] *1828 ''On Some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul'' *1830 ''On the Errors of Romanism Traced to Their Origin in Human Nature'' *1831 [https://archive.org/details/introductorylec02whatgoog/page/n6 ''Introductory Lectures on Political Economy''], 1st ed. (London: B. Fellowes). Eight lectures. *1832 ''Introductory Lectures on Political Economy'', 2nd ed. (London: B. Fellowes). Nine lectures and appendix. *1832 ''A View of the Scripture Revelations Concerning a Future State'', lectures advancing belief in Christian mortalism. *1832 [https://archive.org/details/scriptureaccount00stop/page/n4 ''Thoughts on the Sabbath''] *1836 ''Charges and Tracts'' *1833 ''Sermons on Various Subjects'' *1839 ''Essays on Some of the Dangers to Christian Faith'' *1841 ''The Kingdom of Christ'' *1845 onwards "Easy Lessons": On Reasoning, On Morals, On Mind, and On the British Constitution *1856 ''Introductory Lessons on Morals, and Christian Evidences''

(Linked works are from Internet Archive)

===Editor=== * William Wake (1866) ''Treatises of Predestination''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Living Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA388|year=1866|publisher=Littell, Son and Company|page=388}}</ref> * Francis Bacon (1858) [https://archive.org/details/baconsessays02whatgoog/page/n4 Bacon's Essays with Annotations], See Essays (Francis Bacon). * William Paley: (1837) [1796] [https://archive.org/details/viewofevidenceso00pale/page/n6 ''A View of the Evidences of Christianity, in three parts''] * William Paley: ''Moral Philosophy''<ref name="DNB"/>

==Character== Humphrey Lloyd told Caroline Fox that Whately's eccentric behaviour and body language was exacerbated in Dublin by a sycophantic circle of friends.<ref>{{cite book|author=Caroline Fox|title=The Journals of Caroline Fox 1835-1871: A Selection|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaroli0000foxc|url-access=registration|year=1972|publisher=Elek Books|isbn=978-0-236-15447-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaroli0000foxc/page/167 167]}}</ref> He was a great talker, a wit, and loved punning. In Oxford his white hat, rough white coat, and huge white dog earned for him the sobriquet of the White Bear, and he exhibited the exploits of his climbing dog in Christ Church Meadow.<ref name="DNB"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Giustino |first=David |date=1995 |title=Finding an Archbishop: The Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3167906 |journal=Church History |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=218–236 |doi=10.2307/3167906 |jstor=3167906 |issn=0009-6407|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Views== A member of the loose group called the Oriel Noetics, Whately supported religious liberty, civil rights, and freedom of speech for dissenters, Roman Catholics, Jews, and even atheists. He took the line that the civil disabilities imposed on non-Anglicans made the state only nominally Christian, and supported disestablishment.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Marilyn D. Button |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXNzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Victorians and the Case for Charity: Essays on Responses to English Poverty by the State, the Church and the Literati |author2=Jessica A. Sheetz-Nguyen |date=4 November 2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-7032-7 |pages=90}}</ref> He was a follower of Edward Copleston, regarded as the founder of the Noetics taken as apologists for the orthodoxy of the Church of England.<ref name="ODNB"/>

A devout Christian, Whately took a practical view of Christianity. He disagreed with the Evangelical party and generally favoured a more intellectual approach to religion. He also disagreed with the later Tractarian emphasis on ritual and church authority.<ref name="DNB"/> Instead, he emphasised careful reading and understanding of the Bible.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

His cardinal principle was that of Chillingworth —‘the Bible, and the Bible alone, is the religion of protestants;’ and his exegesis was directed to determine the general tenor of the scriptures to the exclusion of dogmas based on isolated texts. There is no reason to question his reception of the central doctrines of the faith, though he shrank from theorising or even attempting to formulate them with precision. On election he held, broadly speaking, the Arminian view, and his antipathy to Calvinism was intense. He dwelt more on the life than on the death of Christ, the necessity of which he denied.{{sfn|McMullen Rigg|1885}}

Whately took a view of political economy as an essentially logical subject. It proved influential in Oxford. The Noetics were reformers but largely centrist in politics, rather than strong Whigs or Tories.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nigel F. B. Allington|author2=Noel W. Thompson|title=English, Irish and Subversives Among the Dismal Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fjwxnH8VPcC&pg=PA201|year=2010|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-0-85724-061-3|page=201}}</ref> One of Whately's initial acts on going to Dublin was to endow a chair of political economy in Trinity College. Its first holder was Mountifort Longfield.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Longfield, Mountifort|volume=34}}</ref> Later, in 1846, he founded the Dublin Statistical Society with William Neilson Hancock.<ref name="IrishBio">{{cite IrishBio|wstitle=Whately, Richard}}</ref>

Whately's view of political economy, and that common to the early holders of the Trinity college professorship, addressed it as a type of natural theology.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thomas Boylan|author2=Renee Prendergast|author3=John Turner|others=Chief Research Scientist John Turner|title=A History of Irish Economic Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz5ZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-93349-3|page=7}}</ref> He belonged to the group of supporters of Thomas Malthus that included Thomas Chalmers, some others of the Noetics, Richard Jones and William Whewell from Cambridge.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald Winch|title=Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834|date=26 January 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55920-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richespovertyint0000winc/page/371 371–2]|url=https://archive.org/details/richespovertyint0000winc/page/371}}</ref>

He saw no inconsistency between science and Christian belief, which differed from the view of other Christian critics of Malthus.<ref>{{cite book|last=Winch|first=Donald|title=Wealth and Life: Essays on the Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1848–1914|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521715393|page=12}}</ref> He differed also from Jones and Whewell, expressing the view that the inductive method was of less use for political economy than the deductive method, properly applied.<ref>{{cite book|author=James P. Henderson|title=Early Mathematical Economics: William Whewell and the British Case|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye2p5tMnVAcC&pg=PA72|year=1996|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8201-0|page=72}}</ref>

In periodicals, Whately addressed other public questions, including the topic of transportation and the "secondary punishments" on those who had been transported; his pamphlet on this topic influenced the politicians Lord John Russell and Henry George Grey.<ref>{{cite book|author=Norval Morris|title=The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwvH5ce94eIC&pg=PA256|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511814-8|page=256}}</ref>

==Legacy== Whately was an important figure in the revival of Aristotelian logic in the early nineteenth century. The ''Elements of Logic'' gave an impetus to the study of logic in Britain,<ref name="DNB"/> and in the United States of America, logician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) wrote that his lifelong fascination with logic began when he read Whately's ''Elements'' as a 12-year-old boy.<ref>Fisch, Max, "[http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/writings/v1/v1intro.htm Introduction]", W 1:xvii.</ref>

Whately's view of rhetoric as essentially a method for persuasion became an orthodoxy, challenged in mid-century by Henry Noble Day.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Connors|title=Composition-Rhetoric: Backgrounds, Theory, and Pedagogy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=047XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|date=5 June 1997|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=978-0-8229-7182-5|page=221}}</ref> ''Elements of Rhetoric'' is still cited, for thought about presumption, burden of proof, and testimony.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Rescher|title=Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfP-j2wPcuwC&pg=PA18|date=19 June 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45718-7|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Crookall|title=Intimations of Immortality: Seeing that Leads to Believing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqyGM1AXJ-EC&pg=PA14|date=1 November 1987|publisher=James Clarke & Co.|isbn=978-0-227-67662-2|pages=14–}}</ref>

Irish historian William Edward Hartpole Lecky thought Whately’s importance and influence greater than his later historical repute would indicate, and that Whately’s unsystematic, aphoristic style of writing might explain history’s relative forgetfulness of him:<blockquote>He had a singular felicity of illustration, and especially of metaphor, and a rare power of throwing his thoughts into terse and pithy sentences; but his many books, though full of original thinking and in a high degree suggestive to other writers, had always a certain fragmentary and occasional character, which prevented them from taking a place in standard literature. He was conscious of it himself, and was accustomed to say that it was the mission of his life to make up cartridges for others to fire.<ref>William Edward Hartpole Lecky, “Formative Influences,” ''Historical and Political Essays'', [https://archive.org/details/historicalandpol00leck/page/85/mode/1up?view=theater p.85], (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1910) (retrieved June 9, 2024).</ref></blockquote>

In 1864, Jane Whately, his daughter, published ''Miscellaneous Remains'' from his commonplace book and in 1866 his ''Life and Correspondence'' in two volumes. ''The Anecdotal Memoirs of Archbishop Whately'', by William John Fitzpatrick, was published in 1864.<ref name="DNB"/>

==Notes and references== ===Citations=== {{reflist}}

===Sources=== * {{cite DNB |wstitle= Whately, Richard |volume= 60 |last= Rigg |first= James McMullen |author-link= |pages= 423-429 |short= 1}}

;Attribution * {{EB1911|wstitle=Whately, Richard}}

==Further reading== A modern biography is ''Richard Whately: A Man for All Seasons'' by Craig Parton {{ISBN|1-896363-07-5}}. See also Donald Harman Akenson ''A Protestant in Purgatory: Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin'' (South Bend, Indiana 1981)

*Einhorn, Lois J. "Consistency in Richard Whately: The Scope of His Rhetoric." ''Philosophy & Rhetoric'' 14 (Spring 1981): 89–99. *Einhorn, Lois J. "Richard Whately's Public Persuasion: The Relationship between His Rhetorical Theory and His Rhetorical Practice." ''Rhetorica'' 4 (Winter 1986): 47–65. *Einhorn, Lois J. "Did Napoleon Live? Presumption and Burden of Proof in Richard Whately's Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Boneparte." ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 16 (1986): 285–97. *Giustino, David de. "Finding an archbishop: the Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831." ''Church History'' 64 (1995): 218–36. *McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately: Religious Controversialist of the Nineteenth Century." ''Prose Studies: 1800–1900'' 2 (1979): 160–87. *McKerrow, Ray E. "Archbishop Whately: Human Nature and Christian Assistance." ''Church History'' 50.2 (1981): 166–189. *McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately on the Nature of Human Knowledge in Relation to the Ideas of his Contemporaries." ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 42.3 (1981): 439–455. *McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately's Theory of Rhetoric." In ''Explorations in Rhetoric''. ed. R. McKerrow. Glenview IL: Scott, Firesman, & Co., 1982. *McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately and the Revival of Logic in Nineteenth-Century England." ''Rhetorica'' 5 (Spring 1987): 163–85. *McKerrow, Ray E. "Whately's Philosophy of Language." ''The Southern Speech Communication Journal'' 53 (1988): 211–226. *Poster, Carol. "Richard Whately and the Didactic Sermon." ''The History of the Sermon: The Nineteenth Century''. Ed. Robert Ellison. Leiden: Brill, 2010: 59–113. *Poster, Carol. "An Organon for Theology: Whately's Rhetoric and Logic in Religious Context". ''Rhetorica'' 24:1 (2006): 37–77. *Sweet, William. "Paley, Whately, and 'enlightenment evidentialism'". ''International Journal for Philosophy of Religion'' 45 (1999):143-166.

== External links == {{wikiquote}} {{commons category}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=7798| name=Richard Whately}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Richard Whately}} * [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=inauthor:richard+inauthor:whately&tbs=,bkv:f Works by Richard Whately] at Google Books * [https://archive.org/details/introductorylect00whatrich/page/n5 Introductory Lectures on Political Economy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041206223557/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/whately.htm New School: Richard Whately]

{{S-start}} {{S-aca}} {{S-bef|before=Nassau Senior}} {{S-ttl|title=Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford|years=1830–1831}} {{S-aft|after=William Forster Lloyd}} {{S-rel|ie}} {{S-bef|before=William Magee}} {{S-ttl|title=Archbishop of Dublin|years=1831–1863}} {{S-aft|after=Richard Chenevix Trench}} {{S-end}} {{Anglican archbishops of Dublin}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Whately, Richard}} Category:1787 births Category:1863 deaths Category:19th-century British economists Category:19th-century English Anglican priests Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford Category:Anglican archbishops of Dublin Category:Anglican philosophers Category:Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin Category:Drummond Professors of Political Economy Category:English logicians Category:19th-century English philosophers Category:English rhetoricians Category:Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Members of the Canterbury Association Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland Category:Principals of St Alban Hall, Oxford Category:Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland