{{Short description|Group of Aboriginal Australian people}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} {{Use Australian English|date=July 2018}} [[File:Walter Baldwin Spencer and Francis J Gillen - Arrernte welcoming dance, entrance of the strangers, Alice Springs, Central Australia, 9 May 1901 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Arrernte welcoming dance, entrance of the strangers, Alice Springs, Central Australia, 9 May 1901, photograph]] [[File:Namatjira govt house sydney.jpg|thumb|Artist [[Albert Namatjira]] was a Western Arrernte man.]]
The '''Arrernte''' ({{IPAc-en|'|V|r|@|n|d|@}}) '''people''' (also known as '''Aranda''', '''Arunta''' or '''Arrarnta''') are a group of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australian peoples]] who live in the [[Arrernte (area)|Arrernte lands]] at ''Mparntwe''{{sfn|Brooks|1991}}{{sfn|Short|2013|p=196}} ([[Alice Springs]]){{efn|Earlier the town was also referred to as ''Tjoritja,'' the word for the MacDonnell Ranges, and also frequently as ''Kapmanta'' (etymologically, ''kaputa''(head) plus ''manta'' (thick), because it struck Arrernte visitor as so many packed corrugated roofs together ('head' as in househead/roof) ('In neuerer Zeit wird Alice Springs häufig Kapmanta genannt:kap ist eine Abkürzing von kaputa {{=}} Kopf und manta {{=}} dicht.) Kapmanta heißt wörtlich: dichter Kopf. Gemeint sind:dichte Dächer (Dach {{=}} des Hauses Kopf) weil hier die Eingeboreren zuerst mit Wellblech gedeckte Dächer gesehen haben'. {{harv|Strehlow|1907|p=42, n.7}}}} and surrounding areas of the [[Central Australia]] region of the [[Northern Territory]]. Many still speak one of the [[Upper Arrernte language|various Arrernte dialects]]. Some Arrernte live in other areas far from their homeland, including the [[Australian capital cities|major Australian cities]] and overseas.
Arrernte spirituality focuses on the landscape and [[The Dreaming]] which the Arrernte name for is Altyerre.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Jennifer |date=August 2012 |title=The Altyerre Story—'Suffering Badly by Translation' |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x |issn=1035-8811|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Altjira]] is the creator being of the [[Inapertwa]] that became all living creatures. [[Tjurunga]] are objects of religious significance.
The [[Arrernte Council]] is the representative and administrative body for the Arrernte Lands and is part of the [[Central Land Council]].
Tourism is important to the economy of Alice Springs and the surrounding communities.{{sfn|Ryan|Deane|Cunningham|2008|pp=286–288}}{{efn|The Arrernte way of life is presented through [[tour guide]]s and [[storytelling|storytellers]] speaking of the life, their artwork, their culture and language in a variety of different ways. Tours are run regularly to [[Hermannsburg, Northern Territory|Hermannsburg]] and [[Wallace Rockhole]], both of which are (Western) Arrernte,{{sfn|AAA&CC}} to learn more about the Arrernte way of life, from their artwork to their culture and language.}}
==Arrernte languages== {{Main|Arrernte language}}
"Aranda" is a simplified, [[Australian English]] approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the name of ''Arrernte'' {{IPA|aus|ˈarəɳ͡ɖa |}}.{{sfn|Turpin|2004}} The ancestors of the Arrernte all spoke one or more of the many Arrernte dialects in the Arrernte [[Dialect continuum|group of languages]]. Today, several are completely or nearly extinct, but some (especially Eastern or Central Arrernte) are widely spoken and taught in schools.
The Arrernte also had a highly developed [[Arrernte Sign Language|sign language]].{{sfn|Kendon|1988|pp=49–50}}
==Culture== [[File:Milwaukee Public Museum January 2023 43 (Australia--Hunters of the Central Australian Desert- Arunta Hunter).jpg|thumb|The ''Hunters of the Central Australian Desert: Arunta Hunter'' diorama at the [[Milwaukee Public Museum]]]]
Arrernte religion and cultural life were documented thoroughly from the late nineteenth century by the Lutheran missionary [[Carl Strehlow]], the seminal Australian anthropologists [[Walter Baldwin Spencer]] and [[Francis Gillen]] and later by [[T. G. H. Strehlow]]. The Arrernte men worked with Strehlow to document their songs and ceremonies between 1932 and 1974.{{sfn|Gibson|2020|}} Arrernte oral history discusses the region of Alice Springs (''Mparntwe'') and its environs being shaped by primordial [[caterpillar]]-beings known as ''Ayepe-arenye'' (''[[Hyles livornicoides]]''), ''Ntyarlke'' (''[[Hippotion celerio]]''), and ''Utnerrengatye'' (''[[Coenotes eremophilae]]'') which were ancestral to the Arrernte people. The eastern [[MacDonnell Ranges]] was formed by the ''Ayepe-arenye'', while the western portion of the ranges was formed by ''Ntyarlke''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Community & Culture |url=https://alicesprings.nt.gov.au/about-alice-springs/living-in-alice-springs/local-community-culture |website=Alice Springs Town Council |access-date=13 August 2021 |language=en-AU |quote=Arrernte stories describe how the landscape surrounding Alice, including the MacDonnell Ranges, was created by the actions of their ancestors, the caterpillar beings Ayepe-arenye, Ntyarlke and Utnerrengatye.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Fiona |title=Box BIO11 Caterpillars as big as a mountain: the role of spiritual beliefs about animals and plants |url=https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and |website=Australia State of the Environment Report |access-date=13 August 2021 |language=en |date=13 February 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006113052/https://soe.environment.gov.au/case-study/biodiversity/box-bio11-caterpillars-big-mountain-role-spiritual-beliefs-about-animals-and |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sleath |first1=Emma |title=Sacred caterpillars plentiful after the rain |url=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/05/4174922.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>
==Country== The Arrernte's lands, according to [[Norman Tindale]]'s estimate, encompass some {{convert|47,000|mi2|km2}}.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|pp=220–221}} Of their overall territory he wrote that they were:
<blockquote>At Mount Gosse, Mount Zeil, and Mount Heughlin; on the Finke River to Idracowra, Blood Creek, Macumba, Mount Dare, and Andado, and some distance east into the sandhills of the Arunta (Simpson) Desert; northeast to Intea on the lower Hale River, thence north to Ilbala on Plenty River; west to Inilja and Hart Range, Mount Swan, Gillen Creek, Connor Well, and Narwietooma; in Central MacDonnell, James, and Ooraminna Ranges.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|pp=220–221}}</blockquote>
==Sub-divisions== The name Arrernte refers to the following distinct groups (or "mobs"):
* [[Central Arrernte]], from the township of [[Alice Springs]] and its immediate surrounds. * [[Eastern Arrernte]], from the Arrernte lands east of Alice Springs. * [[Western Arrarnta]], from the Arrernte lands west of Alice Springs, out to [[Mutitjulu, Northern Territory|Mutitjulu]] and [[Kings Canyon (Northern Territory)|King's Canyon]].
==See also== * [[Arrernte language]] * [[Veronica Perrule Dobson]] * [[HMAS Arunta|HMAS ''Arunta'']] * [[Margaret Kemarre Turner]]
; Spirituality and mythology: * [[Altjira]] * [[Inapertwa]] * [[Tjurunga]]
== Notes == === Explanatory notes === {{notelist}}
=== Citations === {{Reflist|20em}}
== General and cited sources == {{refbegin|35em}} *{{cite web| title = Aboriginal Art Culture and Tourism Australia | publisher = Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre | url = http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html | access-date = 23 March 2013 | ref = {{harvid|AAA&CC}} }} *{{Cite web| title = AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia | date = 28 March 2025 | publisher = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] | url = https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia | ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS}} }} *{{Cite book| title = A Town Like Mparntwe: A Guide to the Dreaming Tracks and Sites of Alice Springs | last = Brooks | first = David | year = 1991 | publisher = Jukurrpa Books | isbn = 978-1-864-65045-7 }} *{{cite book| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development | last = Dixon | first = R. M. W. | year = 2002 | author-link = Robert M. W. Dixon | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR39 | isbn = 978-0-521-47378-1 }} *{{Cite book| title = Ceremony Men: Making Ethnography and the Return of the Strehlow Collection | last = Gibson | first = Jason | year = 2020 | publisher = SUNY Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uL3rDwAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781438478548 }} *{{Cite news| title = Another language faces sunset in dead centre | last = Kearney | first = Simon | publisher = [[The Australian]], [[Swarthmore College]] | url = http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/dharris2/pdfs/australian-2007-09-20.pdf | date = 20 September 2007 }} *{{Cite book| title = Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives | last = Kendon | first = Adam | year = 1988 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YonNUqqnIRkC&pg=PA49 | isbn = 978-0-521-36008-1 }} *{{Cite book| title = The Aranda's Pepa: An introduction to Carl Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920) | last = Kenny | first = Anna | year = 2013 | publisher = [[Australian National University]] | isbn = 978-1-921-53677-9 | jstor = j.ctt5hgz6k.10 }} *{{Cite book| chapter = 'Less was hidden among these children': Géza Roheim, Anthropology and the Politics of Aboriginal Childhood | last = Morton | first = John | year = 2013 | title = Growing Up In Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence | editor-last = Eickelkamp | editor-first = Ute | publisher = [[Berghahn Books]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FXRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 | pages = 15–48 | isbn = 978-1-782-38127-3 }} *{{cite book| chapter = Australian Indigenous Art: Local Dreamings, Global Consumption | last1 = Ryan | first1 = Mark David | last2 = Deane | first2 = Michael | last3 = Cunningham | first3 = Stuart | year = 2008 | title = Cultures and Globalization: The Cultural Economy | editor1-last = Anheier | editor1-first = Helmut K. | editor2-last = Isar | editor2-first = Yudhishthir Raj | publisher = [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dlt9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 | pages = 284–291 | isbn = 978-1-473-90357-9 }} *{{Cite book| title = Globalization, Modernity and the City | last = Short | first = John Rennie | year = 2013 |authorlink1=John Rennie Short | publisher = [[Routledge]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JIyoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 | isbn = 978-1-136-67151-7 }} *{{Cite book| title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 1 Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Aranda –Stammes | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1907 | author-link = Carl Strehlow | editor-last = Leonhardi | editor-first = Moritz von | editor-link = Moritz von Leonhardi | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/3/Die%20Aranda_Issue%201.pdf }} *{{Cite book| title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 2. Mythen, Sagen und Märchen des Loritja–Stämmes | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1908 | author-link = Carl Strehlow | editor-last = Leonhardi | editor-first = Moritz von | editor-link = Moritz von Leonhardi | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/4/Die%20Aranda_Issue%202.pdf }} *{{Cite book| title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3 | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1910 | author-link = Carl Strehlow | editor-last = Leonhardi | editor-first = Moritz von | editor-link = Moritz von Leonhardi | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/9/Die%20Aranda_Issue%203.pdf }} *{{Cite book| title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 4: Abteilung | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1913a | author-link = Carl Strehlow | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/6/Die%20Aranda_Issue%204.pdf }} *{{Cite book| title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien.: Part 4. 1 Abteilung: Stammbaum Tafeln | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1913b | author-link = Carl Strehlow | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/8/Die%20Aranda%20und%20Loritja-Stamme%20-%20Inserts.pdf }} *{{Cite book| title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien: Part 5 | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1920 | author-link = Carl Strehlow | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/7/Die%20Aranda_Issue%205.pdf }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Aranda | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974 | author-link = Norman Tindale | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = [[ANU Press|Australian National University Press]] | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/aranda.htm | archive-date = 20 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320020206/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/aranda.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 }} *{{Cite web| title = Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is? | last = Turpin | first = Myfany | publisher = [[Central Land Council]] | url = https://www.clc.org.au/index.php?/articles/info/have-you-ever-wondered-why-arrernte-is-spelt-the-way-it-is/ | date = August 2004 }} {{refend}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Arrernte people}} * [https://www.aboriginalart.com.au/culture/arrernte.html Arrernte Tribal Group]
{{Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Arrernte| ]]