{{Short description|Subfamily of wasps}} {{Distinguish|Aphidinae}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Aphid.with.Praon.2.jpg | image_caption = ''Praon'' cocoon below hollowed aphid | taxon = Aphidiinae | authority = Haliday, 1833 | diversity_link = | diversity = c. 50 genera, 400 species | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = }} left|thumb|''Aphidius'' attacking pea aphid
The '''Aphidiinae''' are a subfamily of tiny parasitoid wasps that use aphids as their hosts. Several species have been used in biological control programs of various aphids.
== Biology and distribution == Aphidiines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult and immature aphids. While the larva of the 2–3 mm long ''Praon'' leaves the hollowed shell of the aphid from below to pupate in a volcano-like cocoon, most other Aphidiinae pupate inside the dead aphid and break out afterwards.
These wasps are found worldwide, but are primarily found in the northern hemisphere. Several species have been introduced to countries outside of their natural range, both accidentally and purposefully for biocontrol.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sharkeylab.org/sharkeylab/docs/posts/web/Manual%20of%20the%20New%20World%20Genera%20of%20Braconidae.pdf|title=Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera)|last=Wharton|first=Robert A.|last2=Marsh|first2=Paul M.|last3=Sharkey|first3=Michael J.|publisher=The International Society of Hymenopterists|year=1997|location=Washington DC|pages=69|archive-date=2023-08-03|access-date=2017-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803082239/http://www.sharkeylab.org/sharkeylab/docs/posts/web/Manual%20of%20the%20New%20World%20Genera%20of%20Braconidae.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Systematics== Although they have often been treated as a separate family, the Aphidiidae, the Aphidiinae are a lineage within the Braconidae. It is not yet clear to which braconid subfamilies they are most closely related.
{{Cladogram|caption=Aphidiinae relationships<br />(after Shi & Chen 2005) |clades={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |1=Ephedrini |2={{clade |1=Praini |label2=Aphidiini |2={{clade |1=Monoctonina |2=Trioxina |3=Aphidiina }} }} }} }}
The Aphidiinae are subdivided into several tribes, the Ephedrini, Praini, Trioxini, Aclitini, and Aphidiini, with the latter subdivided into three subtribes.<ref>Shi & Chen 2005</ref> Most species reside in the Aphidiini. The Praini's loss of internal pupation is likely to be secondary.<ref>Belshaw & Quicke 1997</ref>
There are ~400 spp. in ~50 genera worldwide.
==Genera==
thumb|250px|right|parasitized aphid, still closed thumb|250px|right|parasitized aphid with exit hole [[File:Lysiphlebus. Aphidiinae.jpg|thumb|''Lysiphlebus'' sp.]]
Ephedrini * ''Ephedrus'' * ''Indoephedrus'' * ''Neoephedrus'' * ''Toxares''
Praini * ''Praon'' * ''Dyscritulus'' * ''Harkeria'' * ''Areopraon''
Trioxini * ''Trioxys'' * ''Binodoxys'' * ''Monoctonus'' * ''Monoctonia'' * ''Lipolexis'' * ''Parabioxys'' * ''Bioxys''
Aclitini<ref>Žikić, et al. 2012</ref> * ''Aclitus''
Aphidiini * ''Aphidius'' * ''Diaeretiella'' * ''Diaeretus'' * ''Diaeretellus'' * ''Lysaphidus'' * ''Lysiphlebia'' * ''Paralipsis'' * ''Pauesia'' * ''Protaphidius'' * ''Pseudopauesia'' * ''Adialytus'' * ''Lysiphlebus'' * ''Xenostigmus''
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
==See also== *''Aphidius nigripes''
==Footnotes== {{Reflist}}
==References== * {{aut|Belshaw, R. & Quicke, D.L.J.}} (1997): A Molecular Phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''7'''(3): 281-293. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/fy/1997/00000007/00000003/art00400?token=00371330b3c275c277b422c4967567d76345f2c506e2f592f3f3b2c Abstract] * {{aut|Shi, Min & Chen, Xue-Xin}} (2005): Molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on DNA sequences of 16S rRNA, 18S rDNA and ATPase 6 genes. ''Eur. J. Entomol.'' '''102''': 133-138. [http://www.eje.cz/pdfarticles/1000/eje_102_2_133_Shi.pdf PDF] * {{aut|Žikić, V., Ilić, M., Stanković, S., Petrović, A., Petrović-Obradović, O., Kavallieratos, N. G., Starý, P., and Tomanović, Ž.}} (2012): Aphidiinae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) of Serbia and Montenegro – tritrophic interactions. ''Acta Entomologica Serbica'' '''17'''(1/2): 83-105. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102227/http://www.eds.org.rs/AES/AES_content_17-1-2.htm]
==External links== {{Wikispecies|Aphidiinae}} {{Commons}} * BugGuide.net: [http://bugguide.net/node/view/42264 Information and Pictures of Aphidiinae] * Cedar Creek: [http://www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/insects/album/025014003ap.html Picture of a ''Praon'' sp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121623/https://www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/insects/album/025014003ap.html |date=2021-03-08 }} *[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/bca_parasitoid.htm brown citrus aphid parasitoid, ''Lipolexis scutellaris''] on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1953246}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Braconidae Category:Apocrita subfamilies