{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Anzia colpodes.jpg | image_alt = Sprigs of lichen on rocks | image_caption = ''Anzia colpodes'' | taxon = Anzia | authority = Stizenb. (1861) | type_species = ''Anzia colpodes'' | type_species_authority = (Ach.) Stizenb. (1862) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Chondrospora'' {{small|A.Massal. (1860)}} }}
'''''Anzia''''' is a genus of foliose lichens known as black-foam lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.<ref name="Crespo et al. 2007"/>
==Taxonomy==
The genus was circumscribed by Ernst Stizenberger in 1862, with ''Anzia colpodes'' assigned as the type species.<ref name="Stizenberger 1861"/> This lichen was originally described as ''Lichen colpodes'' by Erik Acharius in 1799.<ref name="Acharius 1799"/> The genus name honours Martino Anzi (1812–1883), an Italian botanist and professor of theology.<ref name="Hertel 2012"/>
In 1932, Yasuhiko Asahina divided the genus into three sections (''Simplices'', ''Duplices'', and Nervosae) based on the structure of the medulla.<ref name="Asahina 1935"/> When Isao Yoshimura later observed that ''Anzia japonica'' had two medulla types in a single species (i.e. both a single-layered and a double-layered medulla), he combined sections ''Simplices'' and ''Duplices'' into section ''Anziae''.<ref name="Yoshimura 1987"/>
==Description==
Members of ''Anzia'' have a foliose growth form, with a thallus that can measure anywhere from {{convert|2|–|30|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} wide. The narrow lobes that comprise the thallus are pale greyish white to greyish green in colour. It is one of the only groups in the family not to have eight spores in each ascus, but instead has numerous spores in each ascus (varying slightly from ascus to ascus). These ascospores are crescent shaped. A characteristic of the genus is the presence of a brown-black or pale brown spongy cushion called a spongiostratum, which covers the lower surface.<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/>
''Pannoparmelia'' also has a spongiostratum, but in this genus the asci contain eight ascospores, and the upper cortex is yellow-green.<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/>
==Distribution==
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Japan.<ref name="Galloway 2007"/> Species of ''Anzia'' are typically found at eletvations between {{cvt|1000|and|4000|m}} in subtropical or temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. They show a strong preference for growing on tree bark, particularly on ''Pinus'' (pine), ''Quercus'' (oak), and ''Rhododendron'' species. In montane and subalpine regions, they can also be found on ''Abies'' (fir), ''Picea'' (spruce), and occasionally on other woody substrates. While most species are epiphytic (growing on bark), some can rarely be found growing on rock surfaces in temperate mountain environments.<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/>
==Evolutionary history==
A fossilized ''Anzia'', ''Anzia electra'', was found in 35–40 Myr-old Baltic amber. Its features suggest that the main distinguishing characteristics in the thallus morphology of section ''Anzia'' have been retained for tens of millions of years.<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2002"/>
==Species== thumb|right|''Anzia entingiana'' thumb|right|Side view of ''Anzia ornata'', showing the black spongiostratum on the lobe underside *''Anzia afromontana'' {{small|R.Sant. (1986)}} *''Anzia americana'' {{small|Yoshim. & Sharp (1968)}} *''Anzia centrifuga'' {{small|Haugan (1992)}}<ref name="Haugan 1992"/> – Porto Santo, Madeira *''Anzia colpodes'' (sack black-foam lichen<ref name=NGSWG>{{NGSWG}}</ref>) {{small|(Ach.) Stizenb. (1862)}} *''Anzia colpota'' {{small|Vain. (1921)}} *''Anzia electra''† {{small|Rikkinen & Poinar (2002)}}<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2002"/> *''Anzia endoflavida'' {{small|Yoshim. (1995)}} *''Anzia entingiana'' {{small|Elix (1997)}}<ref name="Elix 1997"/> – New Zealand *''Anzia flavotenuis'' {{small|Jayalal, Wolseley & Aptroot (2012)}}<ref name="Jayalal et al. 2012"/> – Sri Lanka *''Anzia formosana'' {{small|Asahina (1937)}}<ref name="Asahina 1937"/> *''Anzia gallowayi'' {{small|Elix (2007)}}<ref name="Elix 2007"/> – Australia *''Anzia hypoleucoides'' {{small|Müll.Arg. (1891)}}<ref name="Müller 1891"/> *''Anzia hypomelaena'' {{small|(Zahlbr.) Xin Y.Wang & Li S.Wang (2015)}} – China *''Anzia isidiolenta'' {{small|Diederich & Sipman (1995)}} *''Anzia isidiosa'' {{small|Yoshim. (1995)}}<ref name="Yoshimura et al. 1995"/> – New Guinea *''Anzia jamesii'' {{small|D.J.Galloway (1978)}}<ref name="Galloway 1978"/> *''Anzia japonica'' {{small|(Tuck.) Müll.Arg. (1889)}} – China; Japan *''Anzia leucobatoides'' {{small|(Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1907)}} – China *''Anzia mahaeliyensis'' {{small|Jayalal, Wolseley & Aptroot (2012)}}<ref name="Jayalal et al. 2012"/> – Sri Lanka *''Anzia minor'' {{small|Yoshim. (1992)}}<ref name="Yoshimura & Elix 1993"/> *''Anzia opuntiella'' {{small|Müll.Arg. (1881)}}<ref name="Müller 1891"/> – Asia *''Anzia ornata'' {{small|(Zahlbr.) Asahina (1937)}} – Asia; North America *''Anzia pseudocolpota'' {{small|Xin Y.Wang & Li S.Wang (2015)}}<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/> – China *''Anzia rhabdorhiza'' {{small|Li S.Wang & M.M.Liang (2012)}}<ref name="Liang et al. 2012"/> – China *''Anzia tianjarana'' {{small|Yoshim. & Elix (1992)}}<ref name="Yoshimura & Elix 1993"/> – Australia
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Acharius 1799">{{cite book |last1=Acharius |first1=E. |year=1799 |title=Lichenographiae Sueciae Prodromus |page=124 |location=Linköping |publisher=D.G. Björn |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44220562}}</ref>
<ref name="Asahina 1935">{{cite journal |last1=Asahina |first1=Y. |year=1935 |title=''Anzia''-Arten aus Japan |journal=Journal of Japanese Botany |volume=11 |pages=224–238}}</ref>
<ref name="Asahina 1937">{{cite journal |last1=Asahina |first1=Y. |year=1937 |title=''Anzia''-Arten aus Japan mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der chemischen Bestandteile |journal=Journal of Japanese Botany |volume=13 |pages=219–226 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Crespo et al. 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Crespo |first1=A. |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H. T. |last3=Mattsson |first3=J. E. |last4=Blanco |first4=O. |last5=Divakar |first5=P. K. |last6=Articus |first6=K. |last7=Wiklund |first7=E. |last8=Bawingan |first8=P. A. |last9=Wedin |first9=M. |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029 |title=Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear ''RPB1'' gene |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=812–824 |year=2007 |pmid=17276700}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix 1997">{{cite journal |last=Elix |first=J.A. |year=1997 |title=Further new species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Australasia |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=63 |pages=419–430}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |year=2007 |title=New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Australasia |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=95 |pages=171–182}}</ref>
<ref name="Galloway 1978">{{cite journal |last=Galloway |first=D.J. |year=1978 |title=''Anzia'' and ''Pannoparmelia'' (Lichenes) in New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=16 |pages=261–270}}</ref>
<ref name="Galloway 2007">Galloway, D.J. (2007). Flora of New Zealand - Lichens - Revised 2nd Edition http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx</ref>
<ref name="Jayalal et al. 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Jayalal |first1=Udeni |last2=Wolseley |first2=Pat |last3=Gueidan |first3=Cécile |last4=Aptroot |first4=André |last5=Wijesundara |first5=Siril |last6=Karunaratne |first6=Veranja |title=''Anzia mahaeliyensis'' and ''Anzia flavotenuis'', two new lichen species from Sri Lanka |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=44 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=381–389 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000946 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236341081}}</ref>
<ref name="Liang et al. 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Meng Meng |last2=Qian |first2=Zi Gang |last3=Wang |first3=Xin Yu |last4=Chen |first4=Hong Mei |last5=Liu |first5=Dong |last6=Wang |first6=Li Song |title=Contributions to the lichen flora of the Hengduan Mountains, China (5). ''Anzia rhabdorhiza'' (Parmeliaceae), a new species |journal=The Bryologist |volume=115 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=382–387 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-115.3.382 |jstor=23321053}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Anzia'' Stizenb. |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=237 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Haugan 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Haugan |first1=Reidar |year=1992 |title=''Anzia centrifuga'', a new lichen species from Porto Santo, Madeira |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0044/001/0045.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Hertel 2012">{{cite book |last1=Hertel |first1=Hannes |year=2012 |title=Gattungseponyme bei Flechten und Lichenicolen Pilzen |trans-title=Generic eponyms in lichens and lichenicolous fungi |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=107 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-443-58086-5 |page=11 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Müller 1891">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1891 |title=Lichenologische Beiträge XXXIV |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=107–113 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Rikkinen |first1=Jouko |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Fossilised ''Anzia'' (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from European Tertiary amber |journal=Mycological Research |volume=106 |issue=8 |year=2002 |pages=984–990 |doi=10.1017/S0953756202005907}}</ref>
<ref name="Stizenberger 1861">{{cite journal |last1=Stizenberger |first1=E. |year=1861 |title=''Anzia'', eine neue Flechtengattung |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=44 |pages=390–393 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53841}}</ref>
<ref name="Wang et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xin Yu |last2=Goffinet |first2=Bernard |last3=Liu |first3=Dong |last4=Liang |first4=Meng Meng |last5=Shi |first5=Hai Xia |last6=Zhang |first6=Yan Yun |last7=Zhang |first7=Jun |last8=Wang |first8=Li Song |title=Taxonomic study of the genus ''Anzia'' (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) from Hengduan Mountains, China |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=47 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=99–115 |doi=10.1017/S0024282914000644 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273766529}}</ref>
<ref name="Yoshimura 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshimura |first1=I. |year=1987 |title=Taxonomy and speciation of ''Anzia'' and ''Pannoparmelia'' |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=25 |pages=185–195}}</ref>
<ref name="Yoshimura & Elix 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshimura |first1=I. |last2=Elix |first2=J.A. |year=1993 |title=The lichen genera ''Anzia'' and ''Pannoparmelia'' in Australia |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=74 |pages=287–298}}</ref>
<ref name="Yoshimura et al. 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshimura |first1=I. |last2=Sipman |first2=H.J.M. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |year=1995 |title=The lichen genus ''Anzia'' in New Guinea |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=58 |pages=439–469}}</ref>
}}
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Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Parmeliaceae Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa described in 1861 Category:Taxa named by Ernst Stizenberger