{{Short description|1077–1260 Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin}} {{redirect|Khwarazmian dynasty|the territorial states over which it ruled|Khwarazmian Empire|earlier dynasties that ruled over Khwarazm|Khwarazmshah}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use American English|date = January 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox family||name=Anushtegin dynasty|native_name={{lang|fa|{{Nastaliq|خاندان انوشتکین}}}}, Khānedāne Ānushtegin|country={{plainlist| *Khwarazmian Empire *Mamluk Egypt }}|region=Central Asia<br/>Iran<br/>Afghanistan<br/>Egypt|parent house=Begdili<ref name="anush">{{cite book |last1=Fazlallakh |first1=Rashid ad-Din |title=Oghuznameh (in Russian) |date=1987 |location=Baku |quote=Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.}}</ref> or Qangli or other<ref name=clifford>C.E. Bosworth "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anustigin-garcai-slave-commander LINK])</ref>|current head=|coat of arms=|titles=* Khwarazmshah * Shah * Sultan|founded=1077|founder=Anushtegin Gharchai|final ruler=Saif ad-Din Qutuz<ref>{{cite book |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |title=Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-46226-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsmamluksma0000amit }}</ref>|dissolution=1260|deposition={{plainlist| *1231 (Khwarazmian Empire) *1260 (Mamluk Egypt)}}|image=File:Il-Arslan.jpg|image_size=300px|caption=Khwarazmshah Il-Arslan at his coronation, painting from the book Jami' al-Tawarikh|traditions=Sunni Islam (Hanafi)}} The '''Anushtegin dynasty''' or '''Anushteginids''' (English: {{IPAc-en|æ|n|u|ʃ|t|ə|'|g|i|n|i|d}}, {{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|خاندان انوشتکین}}}}), also known as the '''Khwarazmian dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|خوارزمشاهیان}}}}) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin from the Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks.<ref>Negmatov, B. M. [https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjp/article/download/291/252 "ABOUT THE ARMY OF STATE OF JALOLIDDIN KHOREZMSHAH."] CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2, no. 09 (2021): 13-18. p.16. '''“The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs. It is natural, therefore, that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe”'''</ref><ref>Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/282052 "Hârezmşâh Hükümdarlarına Ait Farsça Şiirler/The Persian Poems of Khwārizmshāh Rulers."] Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2: 25-51. '''“The Khwārizmshāh rulers, descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz’s”'''</ref><ref>Ata, Aysu. [https://books.google.com/books?id=za8bAQAAIAAJ&q=beğdili Harezm-Altın Ordu Türkçesi.] Turkey: Mehmet Ölmez, 2002. p.11. '''“Anuştigin Garçai, Reşidü'd - din'in Cāmi'ü't - tevāriņ'ine göre Oğuzların Begdili boyuna mensuptur”'''</ref><ref>Bosworth in ''Camb. Hist. of Iran'', Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, ''"Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"''; Delhi, 2005; {{ISBN|81-7541-246-1}}</ref><ref>C. E. Bosworth, ''"Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times"'' in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: ''"The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs{{which lang|date=June 2022}}."'' ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii LINK])</ref> The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire, consisting in large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuks<ref>Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.</ref> and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao),<ref>Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.</ref> and later{{when|date=May 2025}} as independent rulers, up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century.
The dynasty was founded by commander Anushtegin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarazm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarazm.<ref name="Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", ([https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045365/Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty#87942.hook LINK])</ref> Anush Tigin may have belonged to either the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks<ref name="anush">{{cite book |last1=Fazlallakh |first1=Rashid ad-Din |title=Oghuznameh (in Russian) |date=1987 |location=Baku |quote=Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.}}</ref> or to Chigil, Khalaj, Qipchaq, Qangly, or Uyghurs.<ref name=clifford>C.E. Bosworth "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anustigin-garcai-slave-commander LINK])</ref>
==History== {{See also|Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)}} The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud.<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids:994-1040'', (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237. </ref> In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ''ribat'' of Farawa.<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids:994-1040'', 237. </ref> As a result, Khwarezm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the Seljuqs, fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Qara Khitai at the battle of Qatwan, and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Qara Khitan.<ref>Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.</ref>
Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Toghrul III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish, who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204).<ref>Rene, Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.</ref> Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, the Qara Khitai who sent him an army.<ref>Rene, Grousset, 168.</ref> With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghurids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Ala ad-Din Muhammad's alliance with his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the Kara-Khanids, and defeated a Qara-Khitai army at Talas (1210),<ref>Rene, Grousset, 169.</ref> but allowed Samarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Qara-Khitai.<ref>Rene, Grousset, 234.</ref> He overthrew the Karakhanids (1212)<ref>Rene, Grousset, 237.</ref> and Ghurids (1215). In 1212, he shifted his capital from Gurganj to Samarkand. Thus incorporating nearly the whole of Transoxania{{citation needed|date=July 2011}} and present-day Afghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the Syr Darya to the Zagros Mountains, and from the northern parts of the Hindu Kush to the Caspian Sea. By 1218, the empire had a population of 5 million people.<ref>John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", 6 Feb. 2007. Page 180.</ref>
==Anushteginid Khwarazmshahs== {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Titular Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Reign |- |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | align="center" | ''Shihna'' |align="center"| Anushtegin Gharchai <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq|نوشتکین غرچه}} </small> |align="center"|1077/1097 C.E. |- |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | align="center" | ''Shihna'' |align="center"| Ekinchi ibn Qochqar <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| ایکینچی بن قوچار}} </small> |align="center"|1097 C.E. |- |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" |align="center"| ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Qutb ad-Din Abul-Fath'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| قطب الدین ابو الفتح}} </small> |align="center"| Arslan Tigin Muhammad ibn Anush Tigin <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| ارسلان طگین محمد ابن أنوش طگین }} </small> |align="center"|1097–1127/28 C.E. |- |- style="background:lightpink" | align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر}} </small> |align="center"| Qizil Arslan Atsiz ibn Muhammad<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| قزل ارسلان أتسز بن محمد}} </small> |align="center"|1127–1156 C.E. |- |- style="background:orange" | align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Taj al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| تاج الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح}} </small> |align="center"| Il-Arslan ibn Qizil Arslan Atsiz<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq|ایل ارسلان بن قزل ارسلان أتسز }} </small> |align="center"|1156–1172 C.E. |- |- style="background:orange" | align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر}} </small> |align="center"| Tekish ibn Il-Arslan<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| تکش بن ایل ارسلان }} </small> |align="center"|1172–1200 C.E. |- |- style="background:orange" | align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Qasim'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو القاسم}} </small> |align="center"| Mahmud Sultan Shah ibn Il-Arslan<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلان}} </small><br /><small>Initially under regency of Turkan Khatun, his mother. He was a younger half-brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan</small> |align="center"|1172–1193 C.E. |- | align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح}} </small> |align="center"| Muhammad ibn Tekish <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq|محمد بن تکش}} </small> |align="center"|1200–1220 C.E. |- |align="center"| ''Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar '' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر}} </small> |align="center"| Jalal al-Din Mangburni<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| مِنکُبِرنی ابن محمد}} </small> |align="center"|1220–1231 C.E. |} *''Purple Row Signifies Seljuq Empire rule.'' **''Pink Row Signifies suzerainty shifting between Qara-Khitai & Seljuq Empire'' ***''Orange Rows Signify suzerainty of Qara-Khitai''
==Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty== {{Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty}}
===Simplified Family Tree=== {{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Anush-Tegin Dynasty}} {|- valign=top | colspan=100% style="text-align:left" | {{Color sample|border=#202020|#white; border-width:2px}} Khwarezmian Empire <br> {{Color sample|border=#F0BA00|#white; border-width:2px}} Mamluk Sultanate |} {{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}} {{Tree chart| | | | A01 | | | | |A01=Anush-Tegin <br>''Shihna'' <br>{{r.|1077|1097}} |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 }} {{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | |}} {{Tree chart| | | | A01 | | | | |A01='''Muhammad I''' <br>{{r.|1097|1127}} |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 }} {{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | |}} {{Tree chart| | | | A01 | | | | |A01='''Atsiz''' <br>{{r.|1127|1156}} |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 }} {{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | |}} {{Tree chart| | | | A01 | | | | |A01='''Il-Arslan''' <br>{{r.|1156|1172}} |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 }} {{Tree chart| | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}} {{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | |A01='''Tuqish''' <br>{{r.|1172|1200}} |A02='''Sultan-Shah''' <br>{{r.|1172|1172|<br>1181|1193}} |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 |boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#202020 }} {{Tree chart| | |)|-|-|-|.| | |}} {{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | |A01='''Muhammad II''' <br>{{r.|1200|1220}} |A02=Maw'dud |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 }} {{Tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | |}} {{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | |A01='''Mengu-Berdi''' <br>{{r.|1220|1231}} |A02='''Qutuz''' <br>{{r.|1259|1260}} |boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020 |boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#F0BA00 }} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}}
==Gallery== <gallery> File:Il-Arslan Mausoleum (42486914261).jpg|Mausoleum of Khwarazm Shah, Il-Arslan, Köneürgench, Turkmenistan File:Urgench.jpg|Mausoleum of Khwarazm Shah Tekish, Köneürgench, Turkmenistan File:Guldursun-Kala.jpg|The fortress of Guldursun-Kala was last occupied by Muhammad II of Khwarazm (1169, 1200–20), before it fell to the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire. </gallery>
==See also== *Full list of Persian Kingdoms *Khwarezmia *List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
==Notes and references== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth'', member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, {{ISBN|9971-77-488-7}}.
{{Central Asian history}} {{Empires}} {{Iran topics}}
Category:Anushtegin dynasty Category:Khwarazmian Empire Category:1231 disestablishments in Asia Category:States and territories established in 1077 Category:Former monarchies of Central Asia Category:11th century in Iran Category:12th century in Iran Category:13th century in Iran Category:Medieval Khorasan Category:Dynasties of Central Asia Category:Sunni dynasties