Antonae

{{Short description|Genus of treehoppers}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Antonae_guttipes_ZSM.jpg |image_caption = ''Antonae guttipes'' | taxon = Antonae | authority = Stål, 1867 | type_species = ''Antonae tigrina'' | type_species_authority = Fairmaire, 1846 | synonyms = {{Genus list |Tumayaua|Schmidt, 1906 }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=WAC/> }}

'''''Antonae''''' is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae.<ref name="WAC">{{Cite web |title=Antonae|url=https://hoppers.speciesfile.org/otus/53622/overview|access-date=17 Jul 2023|website= Dmitriev, D.A. et al. (2022 onward) World Auchenorrhyncha Database. TaxonPages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antonae Stål, 1867|url=https://www.gbif.org/en/species/2022570|access-date=17 Jul 2023|website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility|language=en}}</ref><ref name="iNat-Antonae">{{cite web |title=Genus Antonae |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/878137-Antonae |website=iNaturalist|access-date=2023-07-17|language=en}}</ref>

==Description==

Members of '''''Antonae''''' are about 6.9 to 10.2 millimetres in size, usually yellowish in color, often with black spots or black with yellow spots.<ref name="Kopp1979">{{cite journal|last1=Kopp|first1=D.D.|last2=Yonke|first2 =T.R.| title = A Taxonomic Review of the Tribe Ceresini (Homoptera: Membracidae).| journal = Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America |volume=11| number=2|date=1979|pages=1–98}}</ref> The Pronotum is divided by a constriction. The frontal part is rounded and often has lateral spines. The rear part is rounded and relatively thick. Similarly humpbacked Membracidae belong to ''e.g.'' ''Ilithucia'', ''Parantonae'' and ''Lallemandia''.<ref name="Godoy2006">{{cite book |last1=Godoy|first1=C.|last2=Miranda|first2=X.|last3=Nishida|first3=K.|title=Treehoppers of tropical America|publisher=Instituto national de Biodiversidad|place=Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica|pages=352|date=2006|isbn=9968-927-10-4}}</ref> The genus ''Illithucia'' has at times been regarded as a synonym of ''Antonae'' (''e.g.'' in the catalog of Membracidae <ref name="McKamey1998">{{cite journal|last1=McKamey|first1=S.H.|title=Taxonomic Catalogue of the Membracoidea (exclusive of Leafhoppers).|journal=Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute|volume=60|date=1998|pages=1–377}}</ref>), but more recently is again considered a separate genus,<ref name="Saka2002">{{cite journal| last1=Sakakibara|first1=A.M.|title=Revalidation of Ilithucia Stal, and descriptions of new species (Homoptera, Membracidae, Smiliinae).|journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=19|number=1|pages=189–200|date=2002|doi=10.1590/S0101-81752002000100017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and several species have been exchanged between them.

==Distribution==

The genus is found in the Neotropics, in northern South America, Central America and Mexico. A relatively large number of species are known from Colombia.<ref name="Florez2015">{{cite journal| last1=Florez-V.|first1=C.|last2=Wolff|first2=M.I.|last3=Cardona-Duque|first3=J.|title=Contribution to the taxonomy of the family membracinae Rafinesque (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in Colombia|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3910|date=2015|pages=1–261|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3910.1.1 |pmid=25661431 }}</ref> Only recently, a species from Brazil was described for the first time.<ref name="Saka2009">{{cite journal|last1=Sakakibara|first1=A.M.|last2=Lencioni-Nieto|first2= F.|title=Duas espécies novas de mambracídeos (Hemipera, Maembracidae) da Mata Atlantica do Estado de Sao paula, Brasil.|journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia|volume=49|number=16|date=2009|pages=191–196|doi=10.1590/S0031-10492009001600001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some species occur at relatively high altitudes (3000 to 4000 m) where they are associated with plants of the genus ''Espeletia''.<ref name="Godoy2006"/> However, others also occur in lowland rainforests of the lowlands (e.g. ''Antonae guttipes'').<ref name="Schulze2016">{{cite journal|last1=Schulze|first1=K.|last2=Heß|first2=M.|last3=Schönitzer|first3=K.|title=Treehoppers of Panguana (Peru), with additional faunistic remarks and 3D-SEM illustrations (Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae).|journal=Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft|volume=106|date=2016|pages=39–64}}</ref>

==Ecology==

The adults are mostly solitary, sometimes nymphs with adults have been found in groups under leaves or on the tops of plants. The larvae are very well camouflaged with the hairy coat of the plants. They live almost exclusively on plants of the families Asteraceae and Solanaceae, where they feed on phloem.<ref name="Florez2015"/>

==Species== These 14 species belong to the genus ''Antonae'':<ref name="WAC" /> {{Div col|colwidth=27em}}

* ''Antonae bulbosa'' {{small|Funkhouser, 1930}} * ''Antonae eva'' {{small|(Schmidt, 1906)}} * ''Antonae flaccida'' {{small|(Fairmaire, 1846)}} * ''Antonae gracilicornis'' {{small|(Richter, 1943)}} * ''Antonae guttipes'' {{small|(Walker, 1858)}} * ''Antonae incrassata'' {{small|(Fairmaire, 1846)}} * ''Antonae inflata'' {{small|Stål, 1869}} * ''Antonae nigerrima'' {{small|(Richter, 1943)}} * ''Antonae nigropunctata'' {{small|Goding, 1929}} * ''Antonae nigrovittata'' {{small|(Richter, 1943)}} * ''Antonae nodosa'' {{small|Funkhouser, 1914}} * ''Antonae praegrandis'' {{small|Richter, 1943}} * ''Antonae sufflava'' {{small|(Richter, 1943)}} * ''Antonae tigrina'' {{small|(Fairmaire, 1846)}}

==Taxonomy== Other selected affiliated species: * For ''Antonae centrotoides'' see ''Ilithucia centrotoides'' {{small|(Walker, 1858)}} * For ''Antonae ciliata'' see ''Ilithucia ciliata'' {{small|(Fairmaire, 1846)}} * For ''Antonae elegans'' see ''Ilithucia elegans'' {{small|(Fowler, 1895)}} * For ''Antonae incornigera'' see ''Ilithucia incornigera'' {{small|(Richter, 1942)}} * For ''Antonae pacificata'' see ''Ilithucia pacificata'' {{small|(Buckton, 1905)}} * For ''Antonae terminata'' see ''Ilithucia terminata'' {{small|(Fairmaire, 1846)}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Membracidae Category:Auchenorrhyncha genera Category:Taxa named by Carl Stål