Shipping ethics controversy in fanfiction

{{Short description|Debate over romantic and sexual content in fanfiction}} {{Redirect-multi|2|Ship wars|Antiship|the form of combat|Naval warfare|the TV series|Shipping Wars{{!}}''Shipping Wars''|the type of missile|Anti-ship missile}} {{Featured article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Use American English|date=May 2026}}  [[File:Wikipe-tan and Adult Commons-tan Yuri.png|thumb|[[Age disparity in sexual relationships|Significant age gaps]] and [[Incest in literature|incest]] in fictional relationships are common subjects of the discourse.|alt=A young girl sits in a park setting with her elder sister, an adult woman. The two are holding hands and looking at each other, blushing.|upright=1.2]] Beginning in the mid-2010s and continuing into the 2020s, significant discourse emerged in online [[fandom]] spaces around the [[ethical]] implications of [[taboo]] and [[Abuse|abusive]] content within [[Shipping (fandom)|shipping]], the depiction of [[Romance|romantic]] or [[sexual relationships]] between characters in [[fanfiction]] and other [[fan labor|fan-made works]]. The disagreement primarily centers on the degree to which fictional works depicting such content affect real-world behavior and attitudes.

The Internet allowed fans to share their works freely and [[Anonymity#Anonymity on the Internet|anonymously]], enabling them to depict disturbing content such as [[sexual abuse]], [[rape]], [[incest]], and [[pedophilia]], often with little connection to the source material. '''Anti-shippers''', also referred to as {{dfni|antis}}, take the view that such fictional portrayals normalize harmful dynamics and behaviors, and pose a risk to children and sexual abuse survivors. Fanfiction depicting underage characters in sexual contexts is often characterized as [[child pornography]], and the [[Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors|legality of such works]] varies greatly between jurisdictions. As the main opposition against anti-shippers, '''pro-shippers''' view that anti-ship equates to restricting [[artistic freedom]] and allowing [[moral censorship]], and generally reject the notion that works including such themes influence the [[Psychology|real-world behaviors]] of their readers and writers.

The discourse has been most prevalent among the younger, heavily [[LGBTQ]] fan communities on websites such as [[Tumblr]] and [[Archive of Our Own]]. Both pro-shippers and anti-shippers generally espouse [[progressivism|progressive]] beliefs and share similar demographics. Members of both factions have been accused of [[online harassment]]. Critics of anti-shippers have characterized the movement as a [[moral panic]] or censorship campaign; they oppose the equating of fictional content with real-world sexual abuse, and also the spread of [[moralism|moralistic]] attitudes towards [[sexuality]]. Pro-shippers have also faced criticism for minimizing other critiques against fan works, such as [[anti-racist]] criticism.

== Background == {{Main article|Shipping (fandom)}}

The term "[[shipping (fandom)|shipping]]", derived from "relationshipping", initially emerged in the mid-1990s within the ''[[X-Files]]'' [[fandom]] to refer to the fan practice of supporting a hypothetical romantic relationship between the main protagonists, [[Fox Mulder]] and [[Dana Scully]].{{sfn|van Monsjou|Mar|2019|p=432}}{{sfn|Scodari|Felder|2000|p=240}} Supporters of romance between the two characters titled themselves "shippers", seeing it as the inevitable resolution of the show's unresolved [[sexual tension]]. They were opposed within the fandom by "No-Romancers", who viewed the two characters' relationship as [[platonic friendship]].{{sfn|Scodari|Felder|2000|p=249}} Shippers often turned to [[fanfiction]] to depict romantic and sexual interactions between the characters, leading to contemporary fanfiction websites aligned with either camp. The term later broadened to include supporters of any fan pairing of fictional characters.{{sfn|van Monsjou|Mar|2019|p=432}}{{sfn|Scodari|Felder|2000|pp=246–247}} Such dynamics paralleled far older romantic pairings depicted in [[slash fanfiction]], a term originating in the early 1970s ''[[Star Trek]]'' fandom.{{sfn|Scodari|Felder|2000|pp=243–244}}{{sfn|Jenkins|1992|pp=192–193}} Even earlier examples of romantic fanfiction retroactively described as shipping include the 1914 novel ''[[Old Friends and New Fancies|Old Friends and New Fancies: An Imaginary Sequel to the Novels of Jane Austen]]''.{{sfn|van Monsjou|Mar|2019|p=432}}

Many shippers become strongly emotionally invested in their preferred romantic relationships, even when no such pairing is portrayed in [[canon (fiction)|canon]].{{sfn|van Monsjou|Mar|2019|p=445}} Because of this, conflict (dubbed "ship wars" in fan communities) can emerge in a fandom between proponents of different ships. This is exacerbated when there are multiple plausible partners for a particular character, such as within [[love triangle]]s.{{sfn|van Monsjou|Mar|2019|p=432}}{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|p=56}} By the early 2000s, [[anti-fan]]s opposed to certain ships came to be known as "anti-shippers".{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|p=138}} This term can include both fans who lack interest in the ship (non-shippers) and fans who oppose the plausibility or morality of the relationship.{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|p=56}} In smaller communities, such conflicts can affect which ships are featured in the most fanfiction, leading to increased stakes for participants.{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|pp=65–66}}

=== Internet fandom and fanfiction websites === [[File:Ao3-screenshot.png|alt=The front page of the website Archive of Our Own, as seen on 2021-10-11|thumb|Front page of Archive of Our Own, 2021|342x342px]]The emergence of Internet fan [[Online community|communities]] during the 1990s allowed for the proliferation of taboo fanfiction in an anonymous environment. Traditionally, [[erotica]], [[homoerotic]] romance, and depictions of torture (most notably in "[[hurt-comfort]]" works) were carefully distributed only within small cliques interested in such works.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=409–410}} In the 1990s, fanfiction proliferated on [[Internet forum|forums]] and platforms like [[Usenet]]. However, controversies about erotic fanfiction dissuaded some authors from posting their works.{{sfn|Derecho|2008|pp=140–150}}

Later on, large fan-work [[Website host|host websites]], such as [[DeviantArt]] and [[FanFiction.Net]], allowed the free spread of work without [[gatekeeping]] or the risk of [[doxing|connection to their creators' offline identities]]. These websites still forced works to adhere to [[terms of service]] that allowed the [[fansite]]s to remain profitable to [[online advertising|advertisers]]. Fanfiction portraying [[graphic violence]] or explicit sexuality was subject to frequent bouts of censorship and removal, which fans called "purges".{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=409–410}} Some purged works depicted [[abuse]], [[torture]], [[violence]], [[rape]], [[incest]], [[necrophilia]], [[pedophilia]], or [[bestiality]]. Such taboo works usually have no specific basis in the source material, which is often originally marketed towards children and young adults.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=411–414}}

In 2007, a pressure campaign to remove extreme sexual writings was launched by an American group named "Warriors for Innocence" against [[LiveJournal]], a [[blog]]ging website which served as the largest fan content host in the 2000s. [[Six Apart]], the owners of LiveJournal, briefly removed around five hundred journals in response; this prompted widespread community outrage, and Six Apart apologized and reinstated much of the content over the following months.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=|p=411}}{{Sfn|Alexander|2008|pp=120–121}} When LiveJournal was acquired by the Russian online media corporation [[SUP Media|SUP]] later in 2007,{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=|p=411}}{{sfn|Norton|2006}} the site underwent a mass-scale removal of content considered explicit under [[Censorship in Russia|Russian media laws]], [[LGBTQ rights in Russia|including many LGBTQ works]]. The "destruction of LiveJournal communities"{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=|p=411}} and ongoing censorship from Fanfiction.net led to the creation of the [[Organization for Transformative Works]] (OTW) and the [[Archive of Our Own]] (AO3), a nonprofit and advertisement-free hosting site for fanfiction.{{sfn|Fiesler|Morrison|Bruckman|2016|p=2582}} The gradual migration of much of the fanfiction community to AO3 allowed for the sharing of taboo works without censorship. AO3 implements a [[tag (metadata)|tagging system]] which allows authors to disseminate the work to particular fandoms and mark works containing triggering or upsetting content.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=411–412}}{{sfn|Lothian|2016|p=748}}

== Emergence == [[LiveJournal]] centered around communities divided by theme, making it more difficult for fans to discover content they wished not to see, whereas [[social media]] sites such as [[Tumblr]] and [[Twitter]] centralized the content of fan communities, allowing for more crossover between disparate parts of the community.{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|pp=57–58}} Fan communities on the Internet grew rapidly with the rise of social media, creating many younger fans with little connection to or knowledge of earlier fan communities.{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=106}}

Tumblr, launched in 2007, received an influx of fan creators from the controversies on LiveJournal.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=411}}{{Sfn|Valens|2020|loc=§ 2}} The site's unique system of post dissemination and tagging both allows for the discussion of [[social justice]] issues and intense conflict between different online fan communities.{{Sfn|Burkhardt|Trott|Monaghan|2021|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Morimoto|2020|p=176}} Tumblr discussion trends towards participants falling into separate camps based on the members' viewpoints and identities, sometimes creating highly combative "contact zones" where rival factions debate issues.{{Sfn|Burkhardt|Trott|Monaghan|2021|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Morimoto|2020|p=176}} The tagging system resulted in fans and opponents of the same ships using the same tags to discuss it. As this led to conflict between fans, it became a point of [[Etiquette in technology|etiquette]] to use separate tags for critical content; sometimes summarized as "don't tag your hate". However, the use of divergent tags inadvertently formed groups centered around their opposition to a ship. Fans in these communities sought to emphasize their dislike for ships to gain acceptance from their peers, leading to more extreme backlash and harassment of opponents.{{Sfn|Boyd|2020|p=209}} The use of "anti-" as a prefix in tags opposing a ship led to other fans dubbing members of such communities "antis".{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|pp=102–103}}

Tensions over pairings between characters within the 2016–2018 television series ''[[Voltron: Legendary Defender]]'' contributed to a large-scale expansion of shipping discussion in fandom spaces.{{Sfn|Drouin|2021|pp=71–73}}{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|pp=58–59}} Opponents of the romantic pairing of the characters [[Keith (Voltron)|Keith]] and [[Sven (Voltron)|Shiro]] characterized the relationship as [[pedophilic]] in nature; although both characters were adults within the source material, Shiro was seven years older than Keith.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=414}} Fans of the series saw a canonical gay couple as likely, due to comments by the show's creators saying that they wished to have an inclusive cast of characters. Conflict between different ships in the fandom became politicized, each side wishing to present their ship as the moral option.{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|pp=58–59}} Media scholar Mel Stanfill described the advocacy for a particular gay ship by fans through their works as "the ingredients of the anti argument that fan fiction is advocacy for whatever sex appears in the story".{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|pp=107–108}}

In Chinese fan communities in 2019, [[Xiao Zhan incident|conflict emerged]] over a [[real person fiction]] ship between [[Xiao Zhan]] and [[Wang Yibo]], the main actors of the TV series [[The Untamed (TV series)|''The Untamed'']], re-imagining Wang Yibo as a minor and Xiao Zhan as a transgender [[sex worker]]. The [[Censorship in China|Chinese government banned]] AO3 in February 2020, which many fans believed to be the result of the controversy over the ship.{{Sfn|Ciesielska|Rutkowska|2021|pp=64–65}}

Explicit content on Tumblr was stymied by a ban on "[[not safe for work]]" material in November 2018.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=411}}{{Sfn|Valens|2020|loc=§2}} Many anti-shippers migrated to Twitter in the late 2010s, although the movement has not gained the prominence it previously held on Tumblr.{{Sfn|Valens|2020|loc=§2}}

== Viewpoints ==

=== Anti-shippers === The terms {{dfni|anti}} and {{dfni|anti-shipper}} often refer to opponents of fictional sexual content considered harmful,{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=414–416}}{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=136–138}} although "anti" can also be applied to [[anti-fan]]s more generally.{{Sfn|TWC Editor|2022}} The question of whether fiction affects reality is a central point of dispute between anti-shippers and the opposing camp of "pro-shippers". Anti-shippers generally believe that taboo or abusive sexual content within fiction influences the views and actions of those who consume it, with pro-shippers disagreeing with anti-shippers for a broad spectrum of reasons, ranging from a complete rejection of fictional media's influence on behavior to a defense of harmful sexual dynamics when properly depicted as abusive.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=414–416}}{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=136–138}}

Although specific viewpoints vary significantly within the community, anti-shippers generally share some core beliefs. Anti-shippers oppose depictions of rape, incest, and pedophilia (which they consider harmful to survivors of [[sexual abuse]]), as well as power imbalances (including [[Age disparity in sexual relationships|age gaps]]) in relationships and the perceived [[sexual fetishism|fetishization]] of homosexual relationships.{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|p=106}}{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=138, 141}}{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=414}} Depictions of pedophilia are a major focus of anti-shippers,{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=109}} who argue that sexual content involving underage fictional characters is [[child pornography]] and that the dissemination of such works can function as a [[grooming (child abuse)|grooming tactic]] to normalize [[Child sexual abuse|sexual relations between adults and children]].{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|p=106}}{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|p=141}}{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=|p=143}} Anti-shippers generally view an author's inclusion of such harmful content or themes in a work as a reflection of the author's personal views and desires.{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=112}}

Legal restrictions on such material [[Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors|vary greatly between different countries and jurisdictions]].{{Sfn|Lievesley|Harper|Woodward|Tenbergen|2023|p=396}} In the United States, where the [[Organization for Transformative Works]] (OTW) is based,{{Sfn|Organization for Transformative Works}} sexual material which includes fictional depictions of minors is prohibited under [[United States obscenity law|federal obscenity law]], although such restrictions face frequent legal challenges.{{Sfn|Lievesley|Harper|Woodward|Tenbergen|2023|p=396}}{{sfn|McLelland|2017|pp=114–115}} Anti-shippers oppose the OTW's policies towards such content, arguing that it should be banned from the site.{{Sfn|Boyd|2020|p=214}} When depicting characters that are canonically minors in sexual contexts, artists often include disclaimers that characters in their work are depicted as adults to protect themselves from possible legal ramifications.{{Sfn|Valens|2020|loc=§2}}

Some fans warn that they do not wish to see such content or interact with their creators through "DNI" (Do Not Interact) notices on their personal pages.{{Sfn|Wang et al|2024|p=8}} DNIs are also used to signal opposition to either anti-shippers or pro-shippers, frequently listed alongside other disliked groups such as racists and [[trans-exclusionary radical feminists]].{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|pp=119–120}}

=== Pro-shippers === {{dfn|Pro-shippers}} (also known as {{dfni|anti-antis}}),{{Efn|Some sources distinguish anti-antis as a separate position or movement from pro-shippers,{{sfn|Aburime|2022|p=140}} while other sources treat the two as synonyms.{{sfn|Fazekas|2022|p=106}}}} etymologically inverted from anti-shipper,{{Efn|Sometimes said to be abbreviated from "problematic shipper",{{sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=405}} although other sources describe this as a misconception.{{sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=144–145}}{{sfn|Romano|2023}}|group=lower-alpha}} believe that creating or consuming fiction that depicts harmful content does not defend or encourage this behavior in reality.{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=139–140}}{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=113}} Pro-shippers defend works including disturbing content as beneficial for survivors of abuse,{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=109}} as some writers and readers use it as a way to process and explore their trauma.{{Sfn|Boyd|2020|p=212}} Some pro-shippers believe that fictional works can affect societal attitudes towards sexuality when portrayed irresponsibly, but they align with the general movement's support of artistic free expression and the continuation of adult content within fan spaces.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=415–417}} Pro-shippers emphasize the ability of individuals to choose what they read or create, and view attempts to restrict such content as an infringement on [[personal liberties]].{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|pp=115–116}}

=== Similarities === Both anti- and pro-shippers are largely [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]], reflecting the fanfiction community as a whole—a 2013 survey conducted by fans revealed that only 38% of AO3 users surveyed were heterosexual, with more [[nonbinary]] users than men.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=412}} The two groups are demographically similar in terms of racial, gender, and sexual identities and report similar rates of [[neurodiversity]] and survivorship of [[sexual abuse]]. Anti-shippers are generally younger than pro-shippers, many aged in their early-to-mid teens.{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|p=138}}{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=412}} Owing to this, many pro-shippers consider the anti-ship movement an attack on sexual content in general and an attempt to displace adult-oriented content from fan spaces.{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=415–417}}

Both camps frequently describe themselves as [[progressivism|socially progressive]] and their opponents as [[reactionary]] and problematic.{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=119}} They commonly align themselves with [[left-wing]] movements and views (such as [[Black Lives Matter]] or [[anti-police sentiment]]) and characterize their opposition as running against the viewpoints of such movements.{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|p=119}}

== Analysis and criticism == === Criticism of anti-shippers === The anti-ship movement has been linked to the convergence of [[call-out culture]] and "[[performative activism|faux activism]]" within [[online communities]] such as [[Tumblr]].{{sfn|Romano|2023}} The strong emphasis on protecting minors within the anti movement has been described as stemming from broader moral attitudes towards [[child protection|protecting children]] and adolescents from inappropriate sexuality and maintaining childhood [[innocence]],{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|pp=108–109}} and may reflect a broader [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] discomfort with sexual material.{{sfn|Romano|2023}} Queer writer Ana Valens criticized the movement for spreading allegations and endangering the financial stability of creators of adult material.{{Sfn|Valens|2020|loc=§2}}

Some critics have compared attempts to remove or ban disturbing elements of fanfiction to [[Censorship of LGBTQ issues|censorship campaigns against LGBTQ]], [[taboo]], or [[Sex|sexual]] works, and to historical regulatory codes such as the [[Hays Code]] and [[Comics Code]].{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|pp=140–141}}{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=415|pp=}}{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=140–141}} Scholars have variously characterized the movement as a harassment campaign,{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|pp=404-405}} [[moral panic]],{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|pp=107-108}} or as an unintentional outgrowth of [[religious conservatism]].{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|pp=140-141}}

The anti-ship movement has been accused of resorting to [[online harassment]], although many anti-shippers disavow such behavior. Some anti-shippers [[spamming|spam]] gore, violent pornography, and pedophilic imagery to pro-shippers, AO3 volunteer staff, and content tags associated with taboo fan-works. The "baffling" tactic of intentional dissemination of imagery opposed by the movement has been described by fandom researcher Agnieszka Urbańczyk as a means to attack pro-shippers: "The goal of such actions seems to be [[marginalization]] of people who create it or enjoy it."{{Sfn|Urbańczyk|2022|p=415}} Anti-shippers have also been criticized for sending [[death threat]]s to pro-shippers.{{Sfn|Aburime|2022|pp=141–143}} In 2020, ''[[Hannibal (TV series)|Hannibal]]'' screenwriter [[Bryan Fuller]] was faced with criticism and death threats from anti-shippers after expressing support for pro-shippers.{{sfn|Aburime|2022|p=136|ps= (citing {{harvnb|Mason|2020}}).}} Scholar Renee Ann Drouin, who experienced doxxing and death threats as a result of research she was undertaking related to the ''Voltron'' fandom, expresses concern about the challenges these discourses pose to researchers.{{Sfn|Drouin|2021}}

=== Criticism of pro-shippers === Scholars have criticized pro-shippers for minimizing valid critiques of fan works by labeling any critics of their works as antis. Anti-racist critiques of fanfiction are sometimes described as anti-ship by white fans, leading to an environment where these and other critiques are dismissed as "anti".{{Sfn|TWC Editor|2022}}{{Sfn|Fazekas|2022|pp=110–111}}{{Sfn|Pande|2024|p=115}} Pro-shippers have also been accused of engaging in online harassment campaigns, including harassment of people raising anti-racist critiques.{{Sfn|TWC Editor|2022}} The term "anti" itself has been characterized as vague or imprecise, as well as contributing to a lack of nuance in discourse over fanfiction. The [[media theorist]] Stitch characterized the division of discourse into anti- and pro-ship camps as an "unhelpful, conversation-ending binary", due to inconsistent and arbitrary criteria for belonging in either faction.{{Sfn|TWC Editor|2022}}

Pro-shippers often express their opposition to "[[guilt trip]]ping" from anti-shippers, believing that fans should not be shamed for reading or creating disturbing works. Media scholar Mel Stanfill describes this as an appeal to [[negative liberty]] (personal freedom from restrictions by others), arguing that pro-shippers' beliefs can be viewed as a form of "civil [[libertarianism]]", comparing it to American political defenses of the [[First Amendment]] by groups such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|pp=116–117}} Stanfill argues that pro-shippers conflate censorship and regulation, resorting to absolutist positions in which any amount of regulation on works is seen as a [[slippery slope]] towards broader censorship.{{Sfn|Stanfill|2024|pp=117–118}}

== See also == {{Portal|Internet|Freedom of speech}} * {{annotated link|Feminist sex wars}} * {{annotated link|Puriteen}}

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=20 April 2026|En-Shipping ethics controversy in fanfiction-article.ogg}} === Citations === {{reflist|20em}}

=== Print sources === {{div col}} {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal|first1=Samantha|last1=Aburime|title=Hate Narratives, Conditioned Language and Networked Harassment: A New Breed of Anti-Shipper and Anti-Fan: Antis|journal=Journal of Fandom Studies|volume=10|issue=2 & 3|doi=10.1386/jfs_00060_1|date=2022|pages=135–155|id={{EBSCOhost|163579560}} }} *{{cite book|first=Jenny |last=Alexander|chapter=Tortured Heroes: The Story of Ouch! Fan Fiction and Sadomasochism|title= Sex, Violence and the Body: The Erotics of Wounding|date=2008|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=9780230549340|doi=10.1057/9780230228399_8|pages=119–136|editor-first1=Viv|editor-last1=Burr|editor-first2=Jeff|editor-last2=Hearn|editor-link2=Jeff Hearn}} *{{cite thesis |first=Sarah |last=Boyd |title=The Archive of Our Own and the Stakes of Publishing Fanfiction |publisher=[[University of Stirling]] |date=2020 |url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/33600/1/BoydThesisFinal_STORRE.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909094002/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/33600/1/BoydThesisFinal_STORRE.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2024 |degree=PhD}}{{cbignore}} *{{cite journal|first1=Emily|last1=Burkhardt|first2=Verity|last2=Trott|first3=Whitney|last3=Monaghan|title='#Bughead Is Endgame': Civic Meaning-Making in ''Riverdale'' Anti-Fandom and Shipping Practices on Tumblr|journal=[[Television & New Media]]|volume=23|issue=6|doi=10.1177/15274764211022804|date=2021|pages=646–662 }} *{{cite journal |first1=Dominika |last1=Ciesielska |title=Między interpretacją a moralnością: Anty-shiperzy we współczesnym fandomie medialnym |trans-title=Between Interpretation and Morality: Anti-shippers in Modern Media Fandom |journal=Literatura Ludowa |language=Polish |doi=10.12775/ll.2.2021.004 |pages=13–68 |volume=65 |issue=2 |date=2021 |first2=Maria |last2=Rutkowska}} *{{Cite thesis |last=Derecho |first=Abigail |date=2008 |title=Illegitimate Media: Race, Gender and Censorship in Digital Remix Culture |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Northwestern University]] |url=https://arch.library.northwestern.edu/concern/generic_works/7w62f842b |doi=10.21985/N2DM9V}} *{{Cite book |last=Drouin |first=Renee Ann |title=A Fan Studies Primer: Method, Research, Ethics |date=2021 |publisher=[[University of Iowa Press]]|isbn=9781609388096 |editor-last=Booth |editor-first=Paul |chapter='I Have a Picture of Them, Just DM Me': When Ethical Netnography Endangers Lives |editor-last2=Williams |editor-first2=Rebecca|pages=65–80}} *{{cite thesis|title=Creative Becomings: Explicit Fanfiction, Reinventing Adolescence, and Queer Relationality|first=Angela Marie|last=Fazekas|degree=PhD|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]|date=2022|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/125628/3/Fazekas_Angela_202211_PhD_thesis.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110003642/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/125628/3/Fazekas_Angela_202211_PhD_thesis.pdf|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|title=[[Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture]]|first=Henry|last=Jenkins|author-link=Henry Jenkins|date=1992|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9780415905725}} *{{cite journal|first1=Rebecca|last1=Lievesley|first2=Craig 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329061634/https://www.themarysue.com/bryan-fuller-done-with-anti-ship-bs/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite journal|first=Mark|last=McLelland|title=Young People, Online Fandom, and the Perils of Child Pornography Legislation in Australia|doi=10.1177/1367877917704927|date=2017|journal=[[International Journal of Cultural Studies]]|volume=22|issue=1|pages=102–118}} *{{Cite book |last=Morimoto |first=Lori |title=A Tumblr Book: Platform and Cultures |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=9780472901296 |editor-last=McCracken |editor-first=Allison |pages=176 |chapter=A Roundtable Discussion About the Cultures of Fandom on Tumblr |doi=10.3998/mpub.11537055 |doi-access=free |jstor=10.3998/mpub.11537055.23 |jstor-access=free |editor-last2=Cho |editor-first2=Alexander |editor-last3=Stein |editor-first3=Louisa |editor-last4=Hoch |editor-first4=Indira Neill}} *{{Cite book |last1=Fiesler |first1=Casey |last2=Morrison |first2=Shannon |last3=Bruckman |first3=Amy S. |chapter=An Archive of Their Own: A Case Study of Feminist HCI and Values in Design |date=2016|title=Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2858036.2858409 |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|pages=2574–2585|doi=10.1145/2858036.2858409 |isbn=9781450333627}} *{{cite magazine|last=Norton|first=Quinn|author-link=Quinn Norton|title=Russia Growls at LiveJournal Deal|url=https://www.wired.com/2006/11/russia-growls-at-livejournal-deal/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=8 November 2006|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207023803/https://www.wired.com/2006/11/russia-growls-at-livejournal-deal/|url-status=live}} *{{Cite web |title=OTW Terms of Service |url=https://www.transformativeworks.org/otw_tos/ |access-date=December 24, 2024 |website=[[Organization for Transformative Works]]|ref={{harvid|Organization for Transformative Works}}|archive-date=1 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101030526/https://www.transformativeworks.org/otw-tos/|url-status=live}} *{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Aja |date=23 May 2023|title=Puritanism Took Over Online Fandom—and Then Came for the Rest of the Internet |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/23733213/fandom-purity-culture-what-is-proship-antiship-antifandom |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322075638/https://www.vox.com/culture/23733213/fandom-purity-culture-what-is-proship-antiship-antifandom |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Pande |first=Rukmini |date=2024 |title='Get Out of Here You Anti": Historizing the Operation of Structural Racism in Media Fandom |journal=Feminist Media Histories |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1525/fmh.2024.10.1.107 |issn=2373-7492 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal|title=Creating a Pocket Universe: 'Shippers,' Fan Fiction, and ''the X-Files'' Online|first1=Christine|last1=Scodari|first2=Jenna L.|last2=Felder|journal=[[Communication Research (journal)|Communication Studies]]|volume=53|issue=3|date=Fall 2000|doi=10.1080/10510970009388522}} *{{cite book |first=Mel |last=Stanfill |title=Fandom Is Ugly: Networked Harassment in Participatory Culture |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |date=2024 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479824984.003.0008 |isbn=9781479824984}} *{{Cite journal |last=((''Transformative Works and Cultures'' Editor)) |date=2022 |title=What is an Anti? Exploring a Key Term and Contemporary Debates |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/2277 |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |language=en |volume=37 |doi=10.3983/twc.2022.2277 |issn=1941-2258|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|TWC Editor|2022}} }} *{{cite journal|first1=Agnieszka|last1=Urbańczyk|title=Finding a Dead Dove in the Refrigerator. The Anti-Shippers' Call for Exclusion of Sensitive Content as a Means of Establishing Position in the Field of Fan Production|journal=Arts and Cultural Studies Review|volume=53|issue=3|date=2022|pages=404–420 |doi=10.4467/20843860PK.22.027.16616|doi-access=free}} *{{cite book|first=Ana|last=Valens|title=Tumblr Porn|date=2020|publisher=Instar Books|isbn=9781682199176}} *{{cite journal|first1=Elizabeth|last1=van Monsjou|first2=Raymond A.|last2=Mar|date=2019|title=Interest and Investment in Fictional Romances|journal=[[Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts]]|volume=13|issue=4|pages=431–449 |doi=10.1037/aca0000191}} *{{cite conference|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|title=Counting Carrds: Investigating Personal Disclosure and Boundary Management in Transformative Fandom|journal=Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|first1=Kelly|last1=Wang|first2=Dan Bially|last2=Levy|first3=Kien T.|last3=Nguyen|first4=Ada|last4=Lerner|first5=Abigail|last5=Marsh|ref={{harvid|Wang et al|2024}}|doi=10.1145/3613904.3642664|date=2024|pages=1–13 |isbn=9798400703300}} {{refend}} {{div col end}}

[[Category:2010s controversies]] [[Category:2010s in Internet culture]] [[Category:2020s controversies]] [[Category:2020s in Internet culture]] [[Category:Culture of Tumblr]] [[Category:Fan fiction]] [[Category:Moral panic]] [[Category:Obscenity controversies in literature]] [[Category:Online obscenity controversies]] [[Category:Shipping (fandom)]]