{{Short description|Criticisms of the Olympic Games}} {{Multiple issues| {{Globalize|date=February 2015}} {{POV|date=September 2020}} }}
The Olympic Games have been criticized as upholding (and in some cases increasing) the colonial policies and practices of some host nations and cities either in the name of the Olympics by associated parties or directly by official Olympic bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee, host organizing committees and official sponsors.
The founder of the modern Olympic Games, French educator Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin wrote that sport and colonialism were "natural companions", terming sport "a vigorous instrument of the disciplining" of colonized people, and viewed it as a calming force in the French colonial empire.<ref name=":0">Coubertin, Pierre de (1912). "Les sports et la Colonisation", ''Revue Olympique'' (January): 7–10, cited in Schantz 2008, p. 177.</ref>
Critics have claimed that the Olympics have engaged in or caused: erroneous anthropological and colonial knowledge production; erasure; commodification<ref>Definition: "...the process of transforming an object, idea, activity, or service into a commodity by capitalist economies." Beaster-Jones 2013, par. 1.</ref> and appropriation of indigenous ceremonies and symbolism; theft and inappropriate display of indigenous objects; further encroachment on and support of the theft of indigenous lands; and neglect or intensification of poor social conditions for indigenous peoples.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
== Olympic Games as a colonial force and recommendations == The founder of the modern Olympic Games, French educator Pierre de Coubertin wrote that sport and colonialism were "natural companions". He called sports "a vigorous instrument of the disciplining" of colonized people, and viewed it as a calming force in the French colonial empire.<ref name=":0" /> O'Bonsawin writes that Olympism, as a ''philosophy'', speaks "in truisms of equity, anti-discrimination, mutual recognition and respect, tolerance and solidarity".<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 144">O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 144.</ref> But she and other critics argue that in reality Olympism serves as an ''apologetic'' for a movement that is actually "deeply politicized and xenophobic".<ref>Wamsley, Kevin B. "Laying Olympism to Rest", ''Post-Olympism? Questioning Sport in the Twentieth-First Century'', edited by John Bale and Mette Krogh Christensen, 231–242. Oxford: Berg, 2004, quoted in O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 144.</ref> O'Bonsawin also argues that in encouraging Olympic participants to "cast aside everyday lived experiences ... shaped by such factors as race, gender, sexuality, religion, culture, ideology, and class" Olympism itself erases the realities of marginalized peoples.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 144" />
To address this erasure and the disparity between Olympism ideals and Games practice, O'Bonsawin recommends that the IOC restructure their bid evaluation process so that they can determine whether bidding countries respect the human rights and needs of marginalized peoples.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 153">O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 153.</ref> Instrumental to this restructuring would be the inclusion of external consultation and evaluation.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 153" />
== 1904 Summer Olympics==
=== Louisiana Purchase Exposition and human zoos === [[File:Ainu archery - anthropological day - 1904 olympics.jpg|thumb|upright|An Ainu man competing in an archery contest during "Anthropology Days"]]
The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were held in conjunction with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (also known as the St. Louis World's Fair), and were the first modern Olympic Games to be held in North America.<ref>International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games. Retrieved 20 Feb 2013.</ref> Since the 1889 Paris Exposition, human zoos, as a key feature of world's fairs, functioned as demonstrations of anthropological notions of race, progress, and civilization. These goals were followed also at the 1904 World's Fair. Fourteen hundred indigenous people from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and North America were displayed in anthropological exhibits that showed them in their natural habitats.<ref>Parezo 2008, p. 63.</ref> Another 1,600 indigenous people displayed their culture in other areas of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (LPE),<ref>Brownell 2008, p. 32.</ref> including on the fairgrounds and at the Model School,<ref>Peavy, Linda and Ursula Smith, 2008, p. 246.</ref> where American Indian boarding schools students demonstrated their successful assimilation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/8-unusual-facts-about-the-1904-st-louis-olympics|title = 8 Unusual Facts About the 1904 St. Louis Olympics | HISTORY| date=12 July 2021 }}</ref>
=== Anthropology Days === According to theorist Susan Brownell, since the 1889 Paris Exposition, world's fairs – with their inclusion of human zoos – and the Olympics were a logical fit at this time, as they "were both linked to an underlying cultural logic that gave them a natural affinity".<ref>Brownell, 2008, p. 29.</ref> Taking this natural fit to the next level, two key figures at the 1904 World's Fair – William John McGee and James Edward Sullivan – devised an event that would bring anthropology and sport together: Anthropology Days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/demonstration/anthropology-days.htm|title = Olympic Games Anthropology Days}}</ref>
W. J. McGee was the head of the Department of Anthropology at the LPE and the founding president of the new American Anthropological Association.<ref>Brownell 2008, p. 14.</ref>
While Anthropology Days were not officially part of the Olympics program, they were closely associated with each other at the time, and in history—Brownell notes that even today historians still debate as to which of the LPE events were the "real" Olympic Games.<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 3">Brownell 2008, p. 3.</ref> Additionally, almost all of the 400 athletic events were referred to as "Olympian,"<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 3" /> and the opening ceremony was held in May<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 43">Brownell 2008, p. 43.</ref> with dignitaries in attendance, though the official Olympic program did not begin until July 1.<ref name="Brownell 2008, p. 43" /> Also, as previously noted, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.<ref name="Parezo 2008, p. 84">Parezo 2008, p. 84.</ref><ref>Brownell 2008, p. 34.</ref>
Anthropology Days took place on August 11 and 12, 1904, with about 100 paid indigenous men. Contests included "baseball throwing, shot put, running, broad jumping, weight lifting, pole climbing, and tugs-of-war before a crowd of approximately ten thousand".<ref>Parezo 2008, p. 59.</ref> No women participated in Anthropology Days, though some, notably the Fort Shaw Indian School girls basketball team, did compete in other athletic events at the LPE.
== 1936 Summer Games == Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong were Korean subjects of the Empire of Japan, which ruled Korea, which it called ''Chōsen'', since the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910. Their medals have been listed as Japanese, since they concourred for Japan under Japanese names. In 2025, the IOC added context about the colonial background of their participation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/12/16/2011121601539.html |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/12/16/2011121601539.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=조선일보 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bull |first=Andy |date=2011-08-27 |title=The forgotten story of Sohn Kee-chung, Korea's Olympic hero |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/aug/27/sohn-kee-chung-olympics-korea |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sun-ah |first=Shim |date=2025-08-14 |title=IOC adds colonial-era context to Korean marathoner Nam Sung-yong's biography {{!}} Yonhap News Agency |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20250814006500315 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814081917/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20250814006500315 |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Yonhap News Agency |language=en}}</ref>.
== 1976 Summer Olympics==
=== Context === The 1976 Summer Olympics have been criticized for a lack of consultation and the spectacular display of indigenous people in the closing ceremony. Sport scholar Christine O'Bonsawin explains how "Montreal organizers strategically included indigenous people and imagery in the closing ceremony at a time when Canadian indigenous and government relations were operating under heightened tensions".<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 37.</ref> She is referring to then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's 1969 Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (also called the White Paper), which was perceived by some Canadian indigenous people as a further attempt at assimilation.<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, pp. 37–38.</ref>
=== ''La Danse Sauvage'' === O'Bonsawin describes how amid these tensions the Montreal Olympic Games' closing ceremony employed indigenous symbolism without consultation with local First Nations.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 39">O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 39.</ref> Hundreds of performers were enlisted to perform a "tribal" dance that was choreographed by a non-indigenous choreographer, to a musical score (''La Danse Sauvage'', "The Savage Dance") created by a non-indigenous composer.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 40">O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 40.</ref> Only 200 of the 450 performers were indigenous, with the other 250 being non-indigenous people costumed and painted in "redface"—it was these non-indigenous performers who led the indigenous people into the stadium.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 39" /> O'Bonsawin notes that particularly problematic about this approach to including indigenous "participation" is that it became a model for future Canadian Olympic Games.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 40" />
== 1988 Winter Olympics ==
=== Lessons from the 1976 Summer Olympics === The 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta reflected some lessons learned from criticism of the 1976 games, but according to critics, they still perpetuated legacies of erasure, cultural and land theft, and appropriation committed by past Games and Canadian governmental bodies.
O'Bonsawin writes that there was significant protest from indigenous people against the use and appropriation of indigenous imagery in the 1988 Winter Games.<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 41.</ref> This imagery included "indigenous sounds, sights, and images [and] a massive teepee" in the opening ceremony,<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 49.</ref> and medals depicting "winter sporting equipment protruding from a ceremonial headdress".<ref>O'Bonsawin 2010, p. 147.</ref>
=== Conflict with the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation === The 1988 Winter Games were also the subject of an international boycott called by the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, a small community in northern Alberta. Their reasons centered around what they considered the illegal sale of their unceded lands to oil companies—unceded because they had been left out of the 1899 and 1900 treaties and the federal government was still not willing to negotiate a treaty.<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 42.</ref> While corporations extracted resources from their lands, the Lubicon Cree were experiencing "a 93% decline in their annual trapping income, high rates of alcoholism, a tuberculosis crisis, and malnourishment in the community".<ref>Ferreira, D.A. (1992). "Oil and Lubicons don't mix: A land claim in northern Alberta in historical perspective", ''Canadian Journal of Native Studies''. 12(1): 1-35, cited by O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 42.</ref>
The Lubicon Cree focused their boycott on a specific Olympic event: ''The Spirit Sings'' exhibit at the Glenbow Museum, part of the official cultural programming of the Games. They protested this exhibit on several grounds, including that almost half of its funding came from Shell Oil Canada—the very company drilling for oil on their unceded land.<ref>Cooper 2008, p. 22.</ref> The exhibit consisted of indigenous Canadian artifacts, art and objects gathered from collections around the world.<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 43.</ref> Of this, Lubicon Chief Bernard Ominayak said: "[The] irony of using a display of North American Indian artifacts to attract people to the Winter Olympics being organized by interests who are still actively seeking to destroy Indian people seems painfully obvious."<ref>Ominayak, Chief Bernard (1989) "Aboriginal land rights in Canada – myth and reality", NISTO – Lubicon Lake Indian Nation. http://nisto.com/cree/lubicon/, cited in O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 43.</ref>
The Lubicon Cree claimed that the 665 artifacts in the exhibit had originally been stolen—expatriated from indigenous communities and displayed in Europe for public consumption and curiosity.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 44">O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 44.</ref> Additionally "many of the objects were sacred and not intended for public display", including a Mohawk False Face mask.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 44" /> O'Bonsawin discusses how the Glenbow Museum committed a "second and more disgraceful wave of thievery" by returning the artifacts to the collections and museums who had loaned them, and refusing to assist indigenous groups in getting these items repatriated back to their communities.<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 44" /> The discourse generated by the Lubicon boycott of ''The Spirit Sings'' resulted in the formation of a task force that eventually released a ground-breaking report that continues to influence how museum professionals approach working with indigenous communities.<ref>Cooper 2008, pp. 25–28.</ref>
In addition to the boycott of ''The Spirit Sings'', the torch relay run was targeted by protesters for its sponsorship by Petro-Canada, which was "invading indigenous territories (including Lubicon lands) across Canada".<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 47.</ref> Indigenous objection was not confined to the Lubicon Cree since "protestors were present along the relay route in every province except Prince Edward Island".<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 48">O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 48.</ref> Of these protests, former Olympiques Calgary Olympics (OCO) chairperson later wrote: "There was no room for defiance or confrontation ..."<ref name="O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 48" />
== 2008 Summer Olympics ==
=== Tibet === {{See also|2008 Tibetan unrest|Tibetan independence movement}}
thumb|left|150px|The {{convert|13|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} banner which read "ONE WORLD ONE DREAM FREE TIBET" Some pro-Tibetan independence groups, such as Students for a Free Tibet, initiated a campaign against the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics<ref>{{cite news | title = Protests, Smog Cloud Olympics a Year Out | agency=Associated Press | first = Stephan | last = Wade |date=7 August 2008}}</ref> to protest for Tibetan independence, It also objected to the use of the Tibetan antelope (chiru) as the Fuwa Yingying.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.studentsforafreetibet.org/article.php?list=type&type=15 | title = Free Tibet 2008! – One World, One Dream: Free Tibet 2008 | access-date = 8 January 2007 | publisher = Students for a Free Tibet | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070101074244/http://www.studentsforafreetibet.org/article.php?list=type&type=15 | archive-date = 1 January 2007 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> The Tibetan People's Movement has also demanded representation of Tibet with its own national flag. American film actor Richard Gere, chairman of the International Campaign for Tibet called for a boycott to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent. There were also plans by Tibetans in exile to hold their own version of the Olympics in May, at the headquarters of the exiled government.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=f35048f8-e21b-4858-88ad-1956f57372c7&ParentID=d0415f44-d6d6-47c6-b39f-9a84c8322530&MatchID1=4664&TeamID1=5&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1173&MatchID2=4673&TeamID3=4&TeamID4=8&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1177&PrimaryID=4664&Headline=Tibetan+Olympics+from+May+15-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511195734/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=f35048f8-e21b-4858-88ad-1956f57372c7&ParentID=d0415f44-d6d6-47c6-b39f-9a84c8322530&MatchID1=4664&TeamID1=5&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1173&MatchID2=4673&TeamID3=4&TeamID4=8&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1177&PrimaryID=4664&Headline=Tibetan+Olympics+from+May+15-25 | archive-date = May 11, 2008 | title = Tibetan Olympics from 15 May-25 | date = 20 March 2008 | access-date = 9 August 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |location=India}}</ref>
The international journalist group Reporters Without Borders (RSF) advocated boycott to express concerns over violations of free speech and human rights in China. It hoped that international pressure could effect the release of prisoners of conscience and the upholding of promises made to the IOC regarding improvements in human rights.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=174 | title = Repression continues in China, one month before Olympic Games | access-date = 9 August 2008 | publisher = Reporters Without Borders | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020601081212/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=174 | archive-date = 1 June 2002 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>
In March 2008, Taiwan's president-elect Ma Ying-jeou threatened a Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee boycott "if the situation in Tibet continues to worsen".<ref name="ma ying-jeou">{{cite news | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2008/03/24/2197256.htm |title=Taiwan threatens Olympics boycott|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date= 24 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bangkokpost.com/sportsplus/sportsplus.php?id=126577 |title=Olympics 2008: Taiwan presidential candidate threatens to boycott Beijing Olympics| work=Bangkok Post}}</ref> Masahisa Tsujitani, a Japanese craftsman who makes shots used by many Olympic athletes, announced 14 April he refuses to allow his wares to be used at the games to protest China's treatment of protesters in Tibet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-boycott11apr11,1,5033988.story |title=Craftsman's 16-pound Olympic boycott| author=Bruce Wallace |date= 11 April 2008 |page= A-9 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
[[File:Tibet Olympics.jpg|thumb|150px|Pro-Tibetan independence protests during the Olympic Torch Relay]] During the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece on 24 March 2008, three Reporters Without Borders journalists breached a cordon of 1,000 police at the ancient Olympia stadium and interrupted the speech of Liu Qi, head of the Beijing Games committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/24/torch.relay/index.html |title=Protests disrupt Olympic torch ceremony |publisher=CNN |date=24 March 2008 |first=Anthee |last=Carassava |access-date=9 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518194307/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/24/torch.relay/index.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |df=dmy}}</ref> One protester tried to snatch the microphone as another unrolled a black flag showing the Olympic rings as handcuffs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stratton |first1=Allegra |title=Tibet protesters disrupt Olympic flame ceremony |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/24/tibet.olympicgames2008 |website=The Guardian |access-date=16 April 2025 |date=24 March 2008}}</ref>
Nearly 50 Tibetan exiles in India began a global torch relay 25 March 2008 with a symbolic "Olympic" flame that ended in Tibet on 8 August 2008, the day of the Summer Games' opening ceremonies in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/25/tibet.protest.relay.ap/index.html | title = Tibetan exiles stage fake Olympic relay | publisher=CNN| date =25 March 2008 | access-date = 9 August 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612112230/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/25/tibet.protest.relay.ap/index.html| archive-date = 12 June 2008}}</ref> Although the torch was heavily guarded by local police and Chinese security agents wearing blue track suits, protesters attempting to stop the relay or take the torch were a significant problem along the route.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120765486995597695 | title = Torch's Guards Have a Link to Tibet | publisher=wsj.com | date = 9 April 2008}}</ref>
Disruption of the torch relay and foreign condemnation of China resulted in a backlash of nationalism and anti-foreigner sentiment in China.<ref name=timeburning>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1734821,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429195144/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1734821,00.html|archive-date=April 29, 2008|title=Why China's Burning Mad|magazine=Time|date=24 April 2008|access-date=26 April 2008}}</ref> French goods and businesses were threatened with a reprisals for the assault on torch-bearers through Paris, France. French retailer Carrefour was boycotted, and there were flag burning protests outside some stores.<ref name=timeburning/> Foreign media, particularly CNN, was criticised by state media outlet ''China Daily'' for its reporting of the Tibetan riots.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-04/02/content_6587120.htm |title=CNN: What's wrong with you? |work=China Daily |date=2 April 2008}}</ref> The media reported that the attitudes of Han Chinese citizens towards non-Chinese and Chinese minorities in China noticeably worsened. In late April, Chinese Internet censors, who had previously permitted posts critical of non-Chinese, began blocking words such as "Carrefour", in what was seen as an attempt to calm tensions before the games.<ref>{{cite news |title=Carrefour Removed From Chinese Internet 30 April 2008 |publisher=China Tech News |url=https://www.chinatechnews.com/2008/04/30/6693-carrefour-removed-from-chinese-internet/}}</ref>
=== Uyghurs === {{See also|2008 Tibetan unrest|Uyghur nationalism}}
In 2008, the Chinese government announced that several terrorist plots by Uyghur separatists to disrupt the 2008 Olympic Games involving kidnapping athletes, journalists and tourists were foiled. The security ministry said 35 arrests were made in recent weeks and explosives had been seized in Xinjiang province. It said 10 others were held when police smashed another plot based in Xinjiang back in January to disrupt the Games. However, Uyghur activists accused the Chinese of fabricating terror plots to crack down on the people of the region and prevent them airing legitimate grievances. Some foreign observers were also skeptical, questioning if China was inflating a terror threat to justify a clampdown on dissidents before the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |title=China 'foils Olympic terror plot' |date=10 April 2008 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7340181.stm}}</ref>
In the run-up to the Summer Olympics in Beijing, during which world attention was drawn by pro-Tibet protests along the Olympic torch relay, Uyghur separatist groups staged protests in several countries.<ref>{{youTube|E4Jnwks3h6s|Uyghurs protest Olympic Torch in Istanbul – NTDTV}}</ref> According to the Chinese government, a suicide bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight in Xinjiang was thwarted in March 2008.<ref>{{cite news |first=Elizabeth Van Wie |last=Davis |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD18Ad01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512201206/http://atimes.com/atimes/China/JD18Ad01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=12 May 2008 |title=China confronts its Uyghur threat |work=Asia Times |date=18 April 2008}}</ref>
Four days before the Beijing Olympics, 16 Chinese police officers were killed and 16 injured in an attack in Kashgar by local merchants.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080804.wchinaraid0804/BNStory/International/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090108064109/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080804.wchinaraid0804/BNStory/International/ |archive-date=8 January 2009 |title=16 Chinese police officers killed in attack |work=The Globe and Mail |date=4 August 2008}}</ref> Chinese police injured and damaged the equipment of two Japanese journalists sent to cover the story.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/07/olympics.press.freedom.florcruz/?iref=mpstoryview |publisher=CNN |title=Behind the scenes: Internet police out in force for the Olympics |date=7 August 2008}}</ref> Four days later a bombing in Kuqa killed at least two people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL986830 |title=Blasts kill two in China's restive Xinjiang |agency=Xinhua |publisher=Reuters |date=10 August 2008}}</ref>
== 2010 Winter Olympics ==
=== Context and the Four Host First Nations (FHFN) === Again building on lessons learned from previous Olympic Games held in Canada, the 2010 Winter Games saw an unprecedented level of involvement by and collaboration with indigenous people, namely in the form of the Four Host First Nations (FHFN).<ref>O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 53.</ref> Composed of representatives from the Lil'wat, Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations from the Vancouver and Whistler areas, the FHFN was created to ensure that "their cultures and traditions are respected and showcased throughout the planning, staging, and hosting of the 2010 Winter Games".<ref>Government of Canada 2009, par, 1, 2.</ref> But former Neskonlith chief Arthur Manuel has argued that the FHFN was created to "divide and rule over indigenous peoples in Canada"<ref>Manuel 2010, par. 1.</ref> and that "Canada is deliberately trying to buy its way around its terrible human rights record by creating a media spin behind the Four Host First Nations".<ref name="Manuel 2010, par. 4">Manuel 2010, par. 4.</ref> Calling the FHFN a "cheap and shallow scheme",<ref name="Manuel 2010, par. 4" /> he points out that in 2007 Canada was one of only four countries to vote against the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.<ref>Manuel 2010, par. 6.</ref>
=== Protests === thumbnail|Large-scale signage with "No Olympics on Stolen Native Land" slogan
The 2010 Winter Games were met with massive protest locally and internationally. In October 2007, 1500 indigenous delegates at the Intercontinental Indigenous Gathering in Sonora, Mexico passed a resolution stating: "We reject the 2010 Winter Olympics on sacred and stolen territory of Turtle Island – Vancouver, Canada."<ref>Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report 2010, par. 3.</ref> This launched a global boycott of the 2010 Games with indigenous protests of the 2010 Winter Games rallying under the slogan, "No Olympics on stolen Native land."<ref>Paley 2010, par. 1.</ref> In an interview with ''Democracy Now!'', commentator and artist Gord Hill explains how the slogan refers to the lack of treaties in British Columbia: "It's illegal, and it's actually immoral, because they were bound by their own laws to make treaties before they settled on any land or any business took place on sovereign indigenous land."<ref>Lopez 2010, par. 11.</ref> The business referred to includes massive real estate developments as explained in a ''Dominion'' article:
<blockquote>Vast areas of unceded land that Indigenous communities depend on for hunting, fishing and general survival are at risk. Rivers, mountains and old-growth forests are being replaced by tourist resorts and highway expansions spurred by the 2010 games. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to build new resorts and expand existing ones in order to attract and accommodate tourists, Olympic athletes and trainers.<ref>Rolbin-Ghanie 2008, par. 4.</ref></blockquote> One such development was the Sea-to-Sky highway expansion for which the Eagle Ridge Bluffs in North Vancouver (on Squamish territory) were to be destroyed.<ref name="Hill 2012, p. 61">Hill 2012, p. 61.</ref> Harriet Nahanee, a 71-year-old Pacheedaht elder who had married into the Squamish First Nation, participated in a blockade to prevent this destruction.<ref name="Hill 2012, p. 61" /> She was arrested along with 23 other protesters and imprisoned.<ref name="Hill 2012, p. 61" /> Nahanee's already fragile health deteriorated while in prison and she died shortly after her release on February 24, 2007.<ref>Wonders, par. 1.</ref>
The 2010 Winter Games have also been criticized for being held in a city, province and country where so many indigenous people are living in desperate social conditions, particularly in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside (DTES), which, at the time of the Vancouver Games bid, was home to the largest off-reserve Aboriginal population in Vancouver.<ref>Statistics Canada 2001.</ref> According to the International Indigenous Youth Network in 2007, pre-Olympic real estate development was causing increased homelessness in the DTES: "512 low-income housing units were lost between June 2003 and June 2005 and almost 300 low-income housing units have been lost to rent increases in the same time period."<ref>Lindsay 2007, par. 10.</ref> Kat Norris of the Indigenous Action Group further explains why this is of particular concern to First Nations people, who, as of 2007, constituted 30%<ref name="Lindsay 2007, par. 11">Lindsay 2007, par. 11.</ref> of homeless people in the DTES: "The brutal history of residential schools coupled with present day racism and discrimination has meant that 'a high percentage of our people rely on services in the downtown eastside of Vancouver ... Many of these services are facing funding cuts.{{'"}}<ref name="Lindsay 2007, par. 11" /> Those funding cuts were occurring while the province was expected to spend $1.5 billion on the Games, and the federal government, $2.5 billion.<ref>Lindsay 2007, par 12.</ref>
thumb|left|Unveiling ceremony of Ilanaaq the inukshuk, the 2010 Winter Games emblem, April 23, 2005
The high incidence of violence against indigenous women is telling of Canada's treatment of indigenous peoples: 500 First Nations women are missing from across Canada, and 76 of them are from British Columbia, where the Games were being hosted.<ref>Rolbin-Ghanie 2008, par. 29.</ref> It has been estimated that of the 69 women on the official list of those missing from the DTES in Vancouver, at least a third of them are of indigenous ancestry, compared to 1.9% representation of indigenous women in the general population of Vancouver.<ref>Dean 2009, p. 8.</ref>
Indigenous people have also raised concerns about the marketing and branding of the 2010 Winter Games, starting with the selection of the official Games logo, which was based on the Inuit symbol of the inuksuk, and given the name "Ilanaaq", which translates to "friend".<ref>Miller 2005, par. 1.</ref> Several indigenous leaders criticized the Vancouver Olympic Organizing Committee (VANOC) for not consulting with indigenous groups on the selection of the emblem,<ref>Miller 2005, par. 7.</ref> and for choosing one that did not reflect the local First Nations of the host city.<ref>Miller 2005, par. 3, 4.</ref> President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs Chief Stewart Phillip said: "The First Nations community at large is disappointed with the selection ... The decision-makers have decided not to reflect the First Nations and the Pacific region in the design of the logo ... I can't help but notice the remarkable resemblance it has to Pac-Man."<ref>National Geographic 2010, par. 4, 5.</ref> Former Nunavut Commissioner Peter Irniq also criticized the design: "Inuit never build inuksuit with head, legs and arms";<ref>CBC Sports 2005, par. 7.</ref> and the process: "[Irniq] says every inukshuk has a meaning and a reason why it was built in a certain location. He says building the structures should not be taken lightly."<ref>CBC Sports 2005, par. 6.</ref> Criticism was also directed at the fact that the logo designers were not Inuit or even First Nations.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Some Inuit, in criticizing the adoption of "Ilanaaq", explicitly made the connection between cultural appropriation and commodificaton, "arguing that it dishonoured the traditional functions of inuksuk and risked turning them into commodities that could be sold for tourist consumption".{{attribution needed|date=February 2019}}<ref>Heyes, S. (2002). "Protecting the authenticity and integrity of Inuksuit in the Arctic milieu", ''Études/Inuit/Studies'', 26(2): 133–156, cited in O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 54.</ref>
== 2012 Summer Olympics ==
=== Northern Ireland === {{See also|Dissident Irish Republican campaign}} During the 2012 Summer Olympic torch relay in Northern Ireland, Irish republican supporters had disputed the event in Northern Ireland to protest against the British intervention in Northern Ireland. During the events of the relay, the police and the military had arrested several suspected IRA members.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ira-supporters-force-olympic-torch-to-alter-course/ |title = IRA supporters force Olympic torch to alter course|website = CBS News| date=4 June 2012 }}</ref>
=== Falkland Islands === {{See also|Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute}} On 2 May 2012, on the 30th anniversary of the sinking of the Argentine cruiser ARA ''General Belgrano'',<ref name="bbc arg-fal">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-latin-america-17948710 |title=Argentina's 'Falklands Olympics' advert sparks row |work=BBC News |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> an advertising film depicting the captain of Argentina's hockey team, Fernando Zylberberg, training in Stanley, Falkland Islands, was broadcast in Argentina under the slogan "To compete on British soil, we train on Argentine soil."<ref name="guardian arg-fal">{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/video/2012/may/04/argentinian-falkland-islands-advertisement-video?newsfeed=true |title=Argentinian Olympic advert depicts Falkland Islands as 'Argentine soil' |work=The Guardian |location =London |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> While it was claimed by several major Argentine newspapers that the film had not been commissioned by the Argentine government, with it being produced by the local office of the Young & Rubicam advertising agency, the rights to it were purchased by the Office of the President for national broadcast.<ref name="tasteless">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17946838 |title=UK criticises 'tasteless' Falklands Olympic ad |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 May 2012 |website=BBC News |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> An IOC statement said "the games should not be part of a political platform",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/05/4468415/falklands-ad-runs-again-despite.html |title=Falklands ad runs again despite IOC concerns |work=Sacramento Bee |location=California |agency=Associated Press |date=5 May 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012 |last=Wade |first=Stephen}}{{dead link|date=October 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> while Argentine Olympic Committee President Gerardo Werthein stated that "the Olympic Games cannot be used to make political gestures".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/youth_olympic_bids/youth_summer_olympics_2018/1216136180.html |title=Argentine NOC Statement On Controversial Ads |publisher=Gamesbids.com |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716062444/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/youth_olympic_bids/youth_summer_olympics_2018/1216136180.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Zylberberg stated that he had been unaware that the film would be used as a political advert.<ref name="tasteless" /> He subsequently was not selected for the Argentine hockey squad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gold |first1=David |url= http://www.insidethegames.biz/sports/summer/hockey/16921-argentine-hockey-player-featured-in-controversial-falklands-advert-dropped-from-squad-ahead-of-olympics |title=Argentine hockey player featured in controversial Falklands advert dropped from squad ahead of Olympics |work=insidethegames.biz - Olympic, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News |publisher=Insidethegames.biz |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>
== 2014 Winter Olympics ==
=== Circassian protests === [[File:Çerkez sürgününün anılması 1.jpg|thumb|Turkish Circassians commemorate the banishment of the Circassians from Russia in Taksim Square, Istanbul]] Circassian organisations have also spoken out against the 2014 Olympics, arguing that the Games will take place on land that had been inhabited by them since the beginning of recorded history by their ancestors until 1864,<ref>Jaimoukha, Amjad. ''Ancient Circassian Cultures and Nations in the First Millennium BCE''. pp. 1–7, 9–14</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Circassians: "From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires..."</ref> when the resolution of the Russian–Circassian War was stated to have caused the disappearance (variously by death or deportation) of 1.5 million Circassians, or 90<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS104971+22-May-2009+PRN20090522|title=145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue|date=22 May 2009|publisher=Reuters|access-date=28 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174523/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/22/idUS104971%2B22-May-2009%2BPRN20090522|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html|title=Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century|author=Ellen Barry|date=20 May 2011|work=The New York Times}}</ref>–94%<ref>Sarah A. S. Isla Rosser-Owen, MA Near and Middle Eastern Studies (thesis). ''The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers.'' Page 16: "... with one estimate showing that the indigenous population of the entire north-western Caucasus was reduced by a massive 94 per cent". Text of citation: "The estimates of Russian historian Narochnitskii, in Richmond, ch. 4, p. 5. Stephen Shenfield notes a similar rate of reduction with less than 10 per cent of the Circassians (including the Abkhazians) remaining. (Stephen Shenfield, "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?", in The Massacre in History, p. 154.)"</ref> of the Circassian nation. They demanded the Sochi 2014 Olympics be cancelled or moved unless Russia would apologize for what the Circassians regarded to be a genocide.<ref name="reuters.com">[https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-olympics-protest-idUSLDE62K02S20100321 Russian Olympics clouded by 19th century deaths]. Reuters. 21 March 2010</ref> Some Circassian groups have not expressed outright opposition to the Olympics but argue that symbols of Circassian history and culture should be included in the format, as Australia, the United States, and Canada did with their indigenous populations in 2000, 2002, and 2010 respectively.<ref>Azamat Bram. [http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=339641&apc_state=henpcrs Circassians Voice Olympian Anger]. Institute for War and Peace Reporting Caucasus Reporting Service No. 413, 5 October 2007. Retrieved on 2 April 2010.</ref>
The games are viewed to be particularly offensive because they include the date of the 150th anniversary of what they consider a genocide. It has thus been a rallying cry for Circassian nationalists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.circassianworld.com/new/general/1382-circassian-dimension-2014sochi-szhemukh.html|title=The Circassian Dimension of the 2014 Sochi Olympics|last=Zhemukhov|first=Sufian|date=September 2009|work=PONARS Policy Memo No. 65 – Georgetown University|publisher=Circassian World|access-date=28 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011120907/http://www.circassianworld.com/new/general/1382-circassian-dimension-2014sochi-szhemukh.html|archive-date=11 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS104971+22-May-2009+PRN20090522|title=145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue|date=22 May 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=28 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174523/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/22/idUS104971%2B22-May-2009%2BPRN20090522|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
=== Use of Red Hill === In particular, there is much ire over the use of a hill called Red Hill. In 1864, a group of Circassians apparently tried to return home but were attacked and a battle ensued, ending in their massacre, and the naming of the hill for the blood spilled. There were skiing and snowboarding events planned to be held on this hill.<ref name="NorthJersey-redhill">{{cite news|date=9 February 2010|author=Andrea Alexander|title=North Jersey Circassians 'in exile' launch Olympic protest|work=NorthJersey.com | quote = That is where the ski lifts and ski events will be held, at the Red Hill," said Zack Barsik, president of the local Circassian Institute. "The Olympic events of skiing and snowboarding will be held on that same mountain.}}</ref>
== 2018 Winter Olympics == {{Main|Joshua Cooper Ramo#Comment on Japan–Korea relations}}
During the opening ceremony, NBC analyst Joshua Cooper Ramo noted that Japan occupied Korea from 1910 to 1945, and then added, "But every Korean will tell you that Japan is a cultural and technological and economic example that has been so important to their own transformation." In ''The Korea Times'', Jung Min-ho called the comment "incorrect and insensitive," writing that "Tens of thousands of Koreans and non-Koreans alike have criticized Ramo and NBC Sports on their social media, urging them to correct this misinformation and apologize." Koreans still feel the pain of all those years under the Japanese occupation. In response to this backlash, NBC issued an on-air apology<ref>{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/winter-olympics/nbc-apologizes-to-korean-people-after-correspondents-ignorant-insensitive-comment/ar-BBIXGgh |title=NBC apologizes to Korean people after correspondent's 'ignorant, 'insensitive' comment |website=MSN.com |date=10 February 2018 |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211071813/https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/winter-olympics/nbc-apologizes-to-korean-people-after-correspondents-ignorant-insensitive-comment/ar-BBIXGgh |archive-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> and Ramo was fired from his job at NBC the next day.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/nbc-fires-analyst-ignorant-insensitive-on-air-comment-article-1.3813896 |title=NBC fires analyst after 'ignorant, insensitive' on-air comment |work=New York Daily News |agency=Associated Press |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref>
== 2020 Summer Olympics ==
=== Liancourt Rocks === {{main|Liancourt Rocks dispute|Kuril Islands dispute}}
Russian and South Korean officials took issue with a map of the torch relay on the Games' official website, which depicted the disputed Liancourt Rocks (territory claimed by Japan but governed by South Korea) and Kuril Islands (territory claimed by Japan and Russia) as part of Japan. Maria Zakharova, spokeswoman of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, described the inclusion as "illegal", and accused the Tokyo Organising Committee of "politicising" the Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1082786/disputed-territory-tokyo-2020-torch-map|title=South Korea complain after disputed territory appears on Tokyo 2020 map|website=insidethegames.biz|date=29 July 2019 |access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1083300/russia-japan-row-tokyo-2020-relay-map|title=Russia accuses Japan of politicising Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics|date=2019-08-10|website=insidethegames.biz|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>
=== Usage of the Rising Sun Flag === thumb|left|Rising Sun Flag The Japanese government's refusal to ban the controversial Rising Sun Flag in the Olympic sites has been criticized as going against the Olympic spirit, as the flag is offensive to East and Southeast Asian peoples due to its historical usage by the Imperial Japanese military during World War II, as well as its current usage by racist hate groups in Japan, such as Zaitokukai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dudden |first1=Alexis |title=Japan's rising sun flag has a history of horror. It must be banned at the Tokyo Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/01/japan-rising-sun-flag-history-olympic-ban-south-korea |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Punk |first1=Olie |title=Japan's 'Internet Nationalists' Really Hate Koreans |url=https://www.vice.com/da/article/japan-racism-zaitokukai/ |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=VICE |date=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Russell |first1=Alexander |title=Rising Sun, Rising Nationalism |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/comment/12827 |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=Varsity |date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Withnall |first1=Adam |title=South Korea asks for Japanese flag be banned at the Tokyo Olympics |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/2020-olympics-tokyo-south-korea-japan-rising-sun-flag-ban-a9101086.html |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=The Independent |date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The flag, often compared to the Nazi swastika, is associated with war crimes and atrocities committed under the Japanese Empire, as well as contemporary Japan's far-right nationalist attempts to revise, deny, and romanticise its imperialistic past.<ref>{{cite news |last=Illmer |first=Andreas |title=Tokyo 2020: Why some people want the rising sun flag banned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50285383 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=BBC News |date=3 January 2020}}</ref>
The controversial flag is currently banned by FIFA, and Japan was sanctioned by the Asian Football Confederation after Japanese football fans flew it at an AFC Champions League match in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sieg |first1=Linda |title=Tokyo Olympic organizers say no plans to ban 'Rising Sun' flag despite South Korean demand |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southorea-japan-olympics-flag/tokyo-olympic-organizers-say-no-plans-to-ban-rising-sun-flag-despite-south-korean-demand-idUSKCN1VY0W9 |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=Reuters |date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
In September 2019, the South Korean parliamentary committee for sports asked the organizers of 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo to ban the Rising Sun Flag,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/06/asia/japan-korea-olympics-rising-sun-flag-intl-hnk-trnd/index.html|title='Symbol of the devil': Why South Korea wants Japan to ban the Rising Sun flag from the Tokyo Olympics|date=2019-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/911771.html|title=Democratic Party lawmaker proposes resolution opposing Rising Sun Flag in Ntl. Assembly|date=2019-10-02}}</ref> and the Chinese Civil Association for Claiming Compensation from Japan sent a letter to the International Olympic Committee in order to ban the flag.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190928/p2g/00m/0sp/008000c|title=China group asks IOC to ban 'rising sun' flag at Tokyo Olympics|date=2019-09-28|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date=2019-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001001843/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190928/p2g/00m/0sp/008000c|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==2022 Winter Olympics == {{See also|Tibetan independence movement|Uyghur nationalism|2019–20 Hong Kong protests}} During the bidding process of the Olympics, many Tibetan protesters had criticized the IOC for allowing China to host the 2022 Olympics due to policies against Tibetans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2015/07/28/tibetan-groups-campaign-against-2022-olympics-going-to-china/30771287/|title = Tibetan groups campaign against 2022 Olympics going to China|website = USA Today}}</ref> In the aftermath of the 2019 leak of the Xinjiang papers and the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, calls were made for a boycott of the 2022 games.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/the-case-for-boycotting-beijing-2022/ | title=The Case for Boycotting Beijing 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/26/asia/china-xinjiang-leaks-analysis-intl-hnk/index.html|title = Huge leaks are exposing Xinjiang's re-education camps. But don't expect Beijing to back down|website = CNN|date = 27 November 2019}}</ref>
==See also== *Antisemitism in the Olympic Games
== References == {{reflist}}
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{{Olympic Games}}
Olympic Games Category:History of the Olympics Category:Olympic Games controversies Category:Olympic culture