Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China and Myanmar}} {{About|the endangered Southern Anung language|the Tai language|Nùng language (Tai)|the Northern Anung language that is intelligible with Derung|Derung language#Geographic distribution}} {{More citations needed|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox language | name = Anung | altname = Anong, Nung | pronunciation = {{IPA|nun|ɑ˧˩ nuŋ˧˥|}} | states = China, Myanmar | region = Fugong County | ethnicity = (Southern) Anung of Nu nationality | speakers = 450 | date = 2000–2007 | ref = e18 | speakers2 = 7,000 in China | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = Nungish | iso3 = nun | glotto = nung1282 | glottorefname = Nung (Myanmar) | notice = IPA | nativename = {{lang|nun|Anung}} | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|Nung is classified as Severely Endangered in Myanmar and Critically Endangered in China by the UNESCO ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''.}} }}

'''Southern Anung''' (autonym: {{IPA|nun|ɑ˧˩ nuŋ˧˥|}}; {{Lang-zh|c=阿侬语|p=Ānóngyǔ}};{{Efn|Sometimes misread as ''Āyī'' 阿依}} {{langx|lis-Latn|Fuche Naw}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Nung people in Fugong County, China, and Kachin State, Myanmar. The Anung language is closely related to the Derung and Rawang languages. Most of the Anung speakers in China have shifted to Lisu, although the speakers are classified as Nu people. The Northern Anung people speak a dialect of Derung, which is also called ''Anung'' ({{IPA|[ə˧˩ nuŋ˥˧]}}), but is not the same Anung discussed in this article.

The Burmese and Chinese dialects of Anung have 87% lexical similarity with each other.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Myanmar |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010180533/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |archive-date=2016-10-10 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World}}</ref> Anung has 73-76% lexical similarity with Derung, and 77-83% lexical similarity with the Matwang dialect of Rawang.<ref name=":0" />

==Demographics== Besides China and Myanmar, there are Anong people in Thailand and India.

===China=== Anong is spoken by over 7,000 people in China in the following townships.<ref name="s&l">{{cite book |author=孙宏开 |author2=刘光坤 |script-title=zh:阿侬语研究 |trans-title=A Study of Anong |publisher=民族出版社 |location=北京 |year=2005 |isbn=978-7-105-06814-2}}</ref> * Shangpa ({{lang|zh|上帕镇}}): 2,200 people * Lijia ({{lang|zh|里甲乡}}): 1,100 people * Lumadeng ({{lang|zh|鹿马登乡}}): 2,100 people * Lishadi ({{lang|zh|利沙底乡}}): 2,200 people

===Myanmar=== The majority of Anong speakers in Myanmar are found in Kachin State, specifically Myitkyina, Putao, Naungmun, Machanbaw, Tannai, and Khaunglangphu. There are over 5000 Naw (Anong) people in Kachin State, Myanmar.

* Putao: 2000 people * Myitkyina: 3000 people * Tanai: 500 people

In Myitkyina and Putao, there are literacy and language trainings every year.

Some Naw people live in Shan State, but it is not clear whether they still use Anong or not. There are also many living in cities such as Yangon, Khamti, and Taunggyi. Naw people are still mixed with the Lisu population.

== Phonology==

=== Consonants === Nung has 43 single consonants.{{fix|text=47 listed below}}<ref name="s&l" /> {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center !colspan=2| !Labial !Alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- !rowspan=2|Nasal !voiceless |{{IPA link|m̥}}||{{IPA link|n̥}}||{{IPA link|ɳ̥}}||{{IPA link|ɲ̥}}||{{IPA link|ŋ̊}}|| |- !voiced |{{IPA link|m}}||{{IPA link|n}}||{{IPA link|ɳ}}||{{IPA link|ɲ}}||{{IPA link|ŋ}}|| |- !rowspan=3|Plosive !aspirated |{{IPA link|pʰ}}||{{IPA link|tʰ}}||{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}|| ||{{IPA link|kʰ}}||{{IPA|}} |- !tenuis |{{IPA link|p}}||{{IPA link|t}}||{{IPA link|ʈ}}|| ||{{IPA link|k}}||{{IPA link|ʔ}} |- !voiced |{{IPA link|b}}||{{IPA link|d}}||{{IPA link|ɖ}}|| ||{{IPA link|ɡ}}|| |- !rowspan=3|Affricate !aspirated | ||{{IPA link|tsʰ}}||{{IPA link|tʂʰ}}||{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}|| || |- !tenuis | ||{{IPA link|ts}}||{{IPA link|tʂ}}||{{IPA link|tɕ}}|| || |- !voiced | ||{{IPA link|dz}}||{{IPA link|dʐ}}||{{IPA link|dʑ}}|| || |- !rowspan=2|Fricative !voiceless |{{IPA link|f}}||{{IPA link|s}}||{{IPA link|ʂ}}||{{IPA link|ɕ}}||{{IPA link|x}}||{{IPA link|h}} |- !voiced |{{IPA link|v}}||{{IPA link|z}}||{{IPA link|ʐ}}||{{IPA link|ʑ}}||{{IPA link|ɣ}}|| |- !rowspan=2|Lateral !voiceless | ||{{IPA link|l̥}}|| || || || |- !voiced | ||{{IPA link|l}}||{{IPA link|ɭ}}|| || || |- !Rhotic !voiced | || ||{{IPA link|ɹ}}|| || || |- |}

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== References == {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |author=Sun Hongkai |author2=Liu Guangkun |title= A Grammar of Anong. Language Death Under Intense Contact |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden • Boston |year=2009 |isbn=90-04-17686-1}} *Wu, Nye. 2013. ''[http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Nye_Wu_Thesis.pdf A Sociolinguistic Study of the Vitality of Anung (Anong) In Myanmar]''. Master’s thesis, Payap University. *Shintani, Tadahiko. 2018. ''The Khwingsang language''. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area, no. 113. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). {{refend}}

Category:Nungish languages Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages Category:Languages of Yunnan Category:Languages of Myanmar Category:Endangered languages of China Category:Endangered languages of Asia Category:Severely endangered languages Category:Critically endangered languages