{{Short description|British astronomer (1868–1947)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_suffix= {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRAS}} | image = Annie-Scott-Dill-Maunder-ne-Russell.jpg | caption = Annie S. D. Maunder in 1931 | image_size = | birth_name = Annie Scott Dill Russell | birth_date = 14 April 1868 | birth_place = [[Strabane]], County Tyrone, Ireland | death_date = 15 September 1947 (aged 79) | death_place = [[Wandsworth]], London, England | alma_mater =[[Victoria College, Belfast]]<br>[[Girton College, Cambridge]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Edward Walter Maunder]]|1851|1928}} | known_for = [[Maunder Minimum]] | fields = [[Solar astronomy]] | workplaces= [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] }}
'''Annie Scott Dill Maunder''' ({{née|Russell}}; 14 April 1868 – 15 September 1947) was an Irish-British astronomer, who recorded the first evidence of the movement of the sunspot emergence from the poles toward the equator over the 11-year [[solar cycle]], finding the now-called [[Maunder Minimum]]. As sole author, she also devised with her husband, [[Edward Walter Maunder]], the butterfly diagram for sunspots. Alone, she discovered that the sunspots in the Sun were asymmetrical. She was one of the leading astronomers of her time, but because of her gender, her contribution was often underplayed at the time. In 1916, she was elected to the [[Royal Astronomical Society]], 21 years after being refused membership because of her gender.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annie Maunder – pioneering female astronomer |url=https://ireland-calling.com/annie-maunder/ |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830082926/http://ireland-calling.com/annie-maunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="obit_mnras">{{cite journal | last = Evershed | first = M. A. | author-link = Mary Acworth Evershed | title = Annie Scott Dill Maunder | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 108 | number = 1 | pages = 48–49 | date = 1948 | bibcode = 1948MNRAS.108...48. | doi=10.1093/mnras/108.1.48 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="obit_jbaa">{{cite journal | last = Evershed | first = M. A. | author-link = Mary Acworth Evershed | title = Obituary: Mrs. Walter Maunder | journal = [[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]] | volume = 57 | number = 6 | page = 238 | date = 1947 | bibcode = 1947JBAA...57..238. }}</ref><ref name="bruck1994">{{cite journal | last = Brück | first = Mary T. | author-link = Mary Brück | title=Alice Everett and Annie Russell Maunder, torch bearing women astronomers | journal = [[Irish Astronomical Journal]] | date = 1994 | volume=21 | pages=280–291 | bibcode=1994IrAJ...21..281B }}</ref><ref name="bruck_grew1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Brück | first1 = Mary T. | author-link1 = Mary Brück | last2 = Grew | first2 = S. | title=The Family Background of Annie S. D. Maunder (née Russell) | journal = [[Irish Astronomical Journal]] | date = 1996 | volume = 23 | pages = 55–56 | bibcode = 1996IrAJ...23...55B }}</ref><ref name="ogilvie2000">{{cite journal | last = Ogilvie | first = Marilyn Bailey | author-link = Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie | title = Obligatory Amateurs: Annie Maunder (1868–1947) and British Women Astronomers at the Dawn of Professional Astronomy | journal = [[British Journal for the History of Science]] | date = 2000 | volume = 33 | pages = 67–84 | doi=10.1017/s0007087499003878 | bibcode = 2000BrJHS..33...67O | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
== Early life and education == Annie Scott Dill Russell was born in 1868 in The Manse, [[Strabane]], [[County Tyrone]], Ireland, to William Andrew Russell and Hessy Nesbitt Russell (née Dill).<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=1948|title=Obituary Notices:- Maunder, Annie Scott Dill|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=108|pages=48|doi=10.1093/mnras/108.1.48|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1948MNRAS.108...48.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Lyndsay|last2=Dalla|first2=Silvia|date=2016-10-01|title=A pioneer of solar astronomy|journal=Astronomy & Geophysics|language=en|volume=57|issue=5|pages=5.21–5.23|doi=10.1093/astrogeo/atw181|issn=1366-8781|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|chapter=Maunder, Annie Scott Dill Russell|date=2014|pages=1418–1420|editor-last=Hockey|editor-first=Thomas|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_912|isbn=9781441999177|editor2-last=Trimble|editor2-first=Virginia|editor3-last=Williams|editor3-first=Thomas R.|editor4-last=Bracher|editor4-first=Katherine|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789048124725|title=Women in Early British and Irish Astronomy: Stars and Satellites|last=Brück|first=Mary|date=2009|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9789048124725|language=en|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404082052/https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789048124725|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father was the minister of the [[Presbyterian]] Church in Strabane until 1882.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":5" /> Her mother was the daughter of a minister at the same church.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /> Annie was one of six children brought up in a devoutly Christian household with a "serious minded upbringing."<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /> All of the children were talented, high-level academics.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":5" /> Her older sister, Hester Dill Russell (later Smith), studied medicine under [[Elizabeth Garrett Anderson]] at the [[London School of Medicine for Women]].<ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":5" /> Hester qualified as the first [[Exhibition (scholarship)|exhibitioner]] in the final MB examination in 1891.<ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":5" /> Hester became a medical missionary in India and later married another medical missionary.<ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":5" />
Annie and her sister Hester pursued secondary education at the Ladies Collegiate School in [[Belfast]], which later became [[Victoria College, Belfast|Victoria College]].<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Winning a prize in an 1886 intermediate school examination at the age of 18, Annie was able to sit the Girton open entrance scholarship examination and was awarded a three-year scholarship of £35 annually.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
Annie studied at [[Girton College, Cambridge]], and in 1889 she passed the degree examinations with honours, as the top mathematician of her year at Girton.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /> Here, she also ranked [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Senior Optime]] (equivalent to [[Degree class|second class]] at other universities) in the university results list.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> Annie was the first woman from Ireland to receive this rank.<ref name="bruck1994" /> Her mathematician tutor was a fellow of a men's college. He praised her for ability to "throw herself into her work with such success, in spite of being more than ordinarily handicapped, even for a woman, with insufficiency of preliminary training".<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":5" /> However the restrictions of the period did not allow her to receive the bachelor's degree she had earned; Cambridge did not award degrees to women until 1948.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
==Personal life== Annie, aged 27, married Walter, aged 45, in a Presbyterian church in Greenwich on 28 December 1895.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Walter and Annie had no children together; although, Walter had five children from a previous marriage.<ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Annie was 17 years younger than Walter and only nine years older than his oldest son.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Kinder|first=A. J.|date=2008-02-01|title=Edward Walter Maunder FRAS (1851–1928): his life and times|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=118|pages=21–42|issn=0007-0297|bibcode=2008JBAA..118...21K}}</ref> The oldest of the children was 21 and the youngest was 7.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Annie was described as having an active mind and a "lively imagination combined with a tireless zeal in seeking evidence and working out details before presenting any conclusions."<ref name=":1" /> Walter died in 1928 at the age of 76.<ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Annie died almost two decades later, aged 79, in [[Wandsworth]], [[London]] in 1947.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="bruck_grew1996" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
==Astronomical research== === Work at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich === [[File:Mrs. Walter Maunder and her Two Cameras.png|thumb|Annie Maunder and her two cameras, at work in [[Algiers]] in 1900. Photographed by her stepdaughter Edith Maunder.]] In January 1890, Annie was told about a position at Greenwich that was available by her good friend [[Alice Everett]].<ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /> In response, Annie wrote many times to the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] hoping to be considered for the position. Annie's father submitted a request for her to obtain the job, and a powerful promoter, [[Robert Stawell Ball|Sir Robert Ball]], wrote her a letter of recommendation.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/maunderminimumva0000soon|title=The Maunder minimum and the variable sun-earth connection|last1=Wei Hock Soon|first1=Willie|last2=Yaskell|first2=Steven H.|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789812382757|location=Singapore|url-access=registration}}</ref> For a year, Annie worked as a mathematics mistress at the Ladies' High School on the [[Jersey|island of Jersey]] until she was offered the position by the Chief Assistant, [[Herbert Hall Turner]].<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /> In 1891, Annie began her work at the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]], serving as one of the "[[Human computer|lady computers]]" assigned to the solar department.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> This was a special department set up in 1873 to photograph the sun.<ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":6" /> Annie was offered £4 a month which she regarded as being barely enough to live on, as a teacher she had made £80 a year and was provided housing.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
Annie worked under [[Edward Walter Maunder|Walter Maunder]] on the [[Greenwich]] [[Solar telescope|photoheliograph]] program.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Her duties included using the [[John Henry Dallmeyer|Dallmeyer photo-heliograph]] to capture pictures of sunspots, find their location, and determine their properties.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> There, Annie assisted [[Edward Walter Maunder|Walter Maunder]], and she spent a great deal of time photographing the sun.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> She also tracked the movements of a great number of [[sunspot]]s caused by the [[solar maximum]] of 1894.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> This included the [[Maunder Minimum|giant sunspot of July 1892]] which was caused by a magnetic storm resulting in the largest spot ever record at [[Greenwich]] at the time.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":5" /> In 1891, her first year at Greenwich, the number of recorded observations in the solar department exceeded 7 times the average number of recordings for the past 35 years.<ref name=":5" /> While she was not credited for this, Walter Maunder nominated her for the Fellowship of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1892.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> In November 1894, she was made editor of the ''Journal of the [[British Astronomical Association]]'' (BAA) by her husband who was president at the time. She kept this position for 35 years.<ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
=== Collaboration with Walter === [[File:Edith Maunder.png|thumb|Edith Maunder calling time on the solar eclipse in Algier, 1900.]] Annie and Walter were married in 1895, and Annie was required to resign from her job due to restrictions on married women working in public service.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> It is believed that "the lady computer scheme began as an experiment, was destined to have a time limit and was not repeated".<ref name=":5" /> Forty years passed before another woman astronomer was hired alongside men at the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]].<ref name=":5" /> However, the two continued to collaborate, and Annie accompanied Walter on [[solar eclipse]] expeditions.<ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> [[Edward Walter Maunder|Walter]] was in charge of financing and organizing expeditions through the National Eclipse Committee of the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] of Greenwich. Annie took part in five eclipse expeditions with the [[British Astronomical Association|BAA]], her first in 1896 in Norway.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> For the Maunders expedition to India in 1898, Walter was not a designated member of the expedition, so he and Annie went on their own.<ref name=":5" />
In 1897, Annie received a grant from Girton College to acquire a short-focus camera with a 1.5-inch lens which she took on expeditions.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> The lens used was made by [[Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer|T.R. Dallmeyer]], a famous London optician.<ref name=":5" /> She used this camera in India to photograph the outer [[solar corona]] in the [[Solar eclipse of January 22, 1898]].<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> With this camera she captured the longest ray, [[coronal streamer]], seen at the time with her own equipment that she operated and designed herself.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="obit_jbaa" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> It was made with a large field-of-view for photographing the [[Milky Way]], which made it possible to look for faint and distant corona.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Annie took a series of photographs with her camera and ranging exposures during the couple minutes of the totality of the eclipse.<ref name=":5" /> Her photographs recorded a stream from the Sun that extended over 10 million kilometres.<ref name=":5" /> The Irish science writer [[Agnes Mary Clerke|Agnes Clerke]] observed, "Mrs. Maunder with her tiny lens has beaten all the big instruments."<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":5" /> Annie's description of the direction and motion of the particles in the corona which she observed, describes the now accepted [[Heliospheric current sheet|Parker Spiral]] structure of the [[solar wind]].<ref name=":0" />
In 1900 Annie, along with other members of the BAA, travelled to [[Algiers]] to observe the total [[Solar eclipse of May 28, 1900]].<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /> Annie's stepdaughters Edith and Irene joined the observation, with Edith keeping time and Irene taking photographs; Irene published an account of her experience of the eclipse in the BAA journal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Association |first=British Astronomical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkc6AQAAIAAJ&q=edith+maunder+eclipse |title=The Total Solar Eclipse, 1900: Report of the Expeditions Organized by the British Astronomical Association to Observe the Total Solar Eclipse of 1900, May 28 |date=1901 |publisher="Knowledge" Office |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jr |first1=S. James Gates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okRzDwAAQBAJ&dq=edith+maunder&pg=PT25 |title=Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe |last2=Pelletier |first2=Cathie |date=2019-09-24 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-5417-6223-7 |language=en}}</ref> The members of the association that accompanied her were [[Mary Acworth Evershed]], [[Lilian Martin-Leake]], and [[Catherine Octavia Stevens|C O Stevens]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> She photographed the corona and observed "plume" like rays, coining the term which is still used today.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" />
In May 1901, the Maunders went on a solar expedition in [[Mauritius]] in which Annie was not included as an official observer (though her husband Walter was) and had to pay her own way.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":5" /> Since Annie was not an official observer, she decided to go to a separate location to photograph the eclipse.<ref name=":5" /> Of the two [[Mauritius]] corona photographs that were published, one was Walter's and one was Annie's.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> The only expedition in which Annie's expenses were paid for was the expedition to Canada where the Maunders were invited and sponsored by the Canadian Government.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
===Publications=== [[File:Maunder, E.W. - Distribution of the latitude of sunspot centres (butterfly diagram, 1877-1902), 1904.jpg|thumb|1904 butterfly diagram by the Maunders]] In 1904, Annie and Walter created the [[Solar cycle|butterfly diagram]] to analyse sunspots, showing the latitude of the sunspots over time.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /> The butterfly diagram "is one of the most powerful representations of the inner workings of the Sun".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> The paper originally had two desiccated butterflies but a third was added after the 11 to 12-year course.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> Annie was not published as coauthor on her husband's paper over the butterfly diagram.<ref name=":0" /> In 1943 [[Sydney Chapman (mathematician)|Sydney Chapman]], President of the Royal Society used the butterfly diagram as the subject of his 1943 presidential address, an honour for something she considered as her "most cherished pieces of work".<ref name=":5" /> The butterfly diagram is currently in the [[High Altitude Observatory]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> Annie gave the butterfly diagram to [[Walter Orr Roberts]] (the director of the High Altitude Observatory) during the Second World War.<ref name=":7" />
Annie co-authored with her husband on some papers.<ref name=":0" /> In 1907, she published a paper covering "an analysis of the formidable sunspot data-set that had been gathered at the ROG, covering 1889–1901"<ref name=":0" /> as sole author.<ref name=":0" /> This analysis contained data that took 13 years to collect, and 19 tables of results.<ref name=":0" /> In this paper she found east–west asymmetries in sunspots, a controversial finding which she could not explain.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Years later, [[Arthur Schuster]], a famous physicist, confirmed her findings and suggested an explanation for the asymmetry.<ref name=":0" /> Modern science and data has also confirmed her observations on the asymmetrical nature of the sunspots.<ref name=":0" /> Annie published ''The Heavens and their Story'' in 1908, with her husband Walter as co-author.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> (She was credited by her husband as the primary author.)<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":0" /> The book was written for the amateur readers, containing her photographs of the sun and the Milky Way, in hopes to draw in more people to the field of astronomy.<ref name="ogilvie2000" /><ref name=":0" /> The book discusses the sudden terrestrial magnetic storms coinciding with the sunspots' rotation period which was seen in the 1898 eclipse in India.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":0" /> The Maunders thought that the magnetic storms were made of positively and negatively charged electrified particles, an "insight [that] far predates better-known statements on the same matter, and has much in common with our present-day understanding".<ref name=":0" />
* {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=H D|date=November 1897|title=Hints for Board Ship and Tent Life in India during the Eclipse Expedition of 1898|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1897JBAA....8...38R|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=8|issue=1|pages=38–39|bibcode=1897JBAA....8...38R }} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=January 1898|title=Expedition for the Observation of the Total Solar Eclipse, August 9th, 1896. Mr. and Mrs. Maunder's Report|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1898MmBAA...6...20M|journal=Memoirs of the British Astronomical Association|volume=6|issue=1|pages=20–21|bibcode=1898MmBAA...6...20M }} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=February 1898|title=The Zodiacal Light|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1898JBAA....8..174W|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=8|issue=4|pages=174–176|bibcode=1898JBAA....8..174W }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=January 1902|title=Preliminary note on observations of the Total Solar Eclipse of 1901 May 18, made at Pamplemousses, Mauritius|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=62|pages=57–63|doi=10.1093/mnras/62.1.57 |bibcode=1902MNRAS..62A..57M |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=July 1903|title=Some Experiments on the Limits of Vision for Lines and Spots as applicable to the Question of the Actuality of the Canals of Mars|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1903JBAA...13..344M|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=13|issue=9|pages=344|bibcode=1903JBAA...13..344M }} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=March 1904|title=Date of Passage of the Vernal Equinox from Taurus into Aries|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=64|pages=488–505|doi=10.1093/mnras/64.5.488 |bibcode=1904MNRAS..64..488M |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=April 1904|title=The Oldest Astronomy III|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904JBAA...14..241M|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=14|issue=6|pages=241–426|bibcode=1904JBAA...14..241M }} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=June 1905|title=Rotation Period of the Sun from Greenwich Sun-spot Measures, 1879–1901|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=65|pages=813–825|doi=10.1093/mnras/65.8.813 |bibcode=1905MNRAS..65..813M |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=May 1907|title=An Apparent Influence of the Earth on the Numbers and Areas of Sun-spots in the Cycle 1889-1901|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0067//0000451.000.html|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=67|issue=7 |pages=451–476|doi=10.1093/mnras/67.7.451 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=January 1909|title=Catalogue of Recurrent Groups of Sun Spots for the Years 1874 to 1906 Compiled by Mrs. Annie S. D. Maunder, from the Ledgers of Groups of Sun Spots Published in the Greenwich Observations, 1886–1907|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1909GOAMM..69O...1M|journal=Greenwich Observations in Astronomy, Magnetism and Meteorology Made at the Royal Observatory |series=Series 2|volume=69|pages=O1–O50|bibcode=1909GOAMM..69O...1M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=August 1907|title=The "Highways" and the "Waterways" of Mars|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2834658&view=1up&seq=209|journal=Knowledge & Scientific News|volume=4|issue=8|pages=169–171}} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=June 1911|title=An Apparent Influence of the Earth on the Numbers and Areas of Sun-spots in the Cycle 1889–1901|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1911Obs....34..236M|journal=The Observatory|volume=34|issue=436|pages=236–239|bibcode=1911Obs....34..236M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=October 1912|title=The Date of the Bundahis|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912Obs....35..362M|journal=The Observatory|volume=35|issue=453|pages=362–367|bibcode=1912Obs....35..362M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=November 1912|title=The Zoroastrian Star-Champions|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912Obs....35..393M|journal=The Observatory|volume=35|issue=454|pages=393–396|bibcode=1912Obs....35..393M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=December 1912|title=The Zoroastrian Star-Champions|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912Obs....35..438M|journal=The Observatory|volume=35|issue=455|pages=438–443|bibcode=1912Obs....35..438M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=March 1913|title=The Zoroastrian Star-Champions|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913Obs....36..136M|journal=The Observatory|volume=36|issue=459|pages=136–141|bibcode=1913Obs....36..136M }} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=January 1923|title=La Période de Rotation du Soleil d'après les Orages Magnétiques|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1923BuLyo...6...19M|journal=Bulletin de l'Observatoire de Lyon|volume=6|pages=19–21|bibcode=1923BuLyo...6...19M }} * {{cite journal|last1=Maunder|first1=A S D|last2=Maunder|first2=E W|date=June 1924|title=The Rotation Period of the Sun as Derived from Magnetic Storms|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=84|issue=8 |pages=610–615|doi=10.1093/mnras/84.8.610 |bibcode=1924MNRAS..84..610M |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=August 1934|title=The Origin of the Symbols of the Planets|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1934Obs....57..238M|journal=The Observatory|volume=57|issue=723|pages=238–247|bibcode=1934Obs....57..238M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=September 1934|title=Old Cometary Records|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1934Obs....57..278M|journal=The Observatory|volume=57|issue=724|pages=278–281|bibcode=1934Obs....57..278M }} * {{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A S D|date=December 1936|title=The Origin of the Constellations|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1936Obs....59..367M|journal=The Observatory|volume=59|issue=751|pages=367–375|bibcode=1936Obs....59..367M }}
===Fellowship at the Royal Astronomical Society=== She was elected as a Fellow of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] (RAS) in November 1916, ten months after the bar on female Fellows was lifted.<ref name="obit_mnras" /><ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1916-12-01|title=1916 November 10 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society|journal=The Observatory|volume=39|pages=479–493|issn=0029-7704|bibcode=1916Obs....39..479.}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She had become a member of the [[British Astronomical Association|BAA]] on 25 November 1891, just over a year since Walter participated in its foundation in 1890.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> Annie had two stints as the editor of the ''[[Journal of the British Astronomical Association|BAA Journal]]'' initially from 1894 to 1896 and then from 1917 to 1930. Although Walter had been fellow of the [[Royal Astronomical Society|RAS]] since 1875, he wanted an association of people from every class of society who were interested in astronomy, especially open for women.<ref name=":7" /> Annie had first been nominated for election to the [[Royal Astronomical Society|RAS]] 24 years earlier due strongly in part to Walter's recommendation.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Mandy|date=2016-02-01|title=Women and the RAS: 100 years of FellowshipWOMEN & THE RAS: INTRODUCTION|journal=Astronomy & Geophysics|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=1.19–1.21|doi=10.1093/astrogeo/atw037|issn=1366-8781|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016A&G....57a1.19B}}</ref> Along with her were two additional nominees, [[Elizabeth Brown (astronomer)|Elizabeth Brown]] and [[Alice Everett]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> None of the three women received the three-quarters vote at the April 1892 meeting that was required for election.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /> One Fellow specifically implied that the women would largely serve as a distraction and simply a social element to the meetings without contributing much of worth.<ref name=":3" /> Annie did not take lightly to the prejudice against her and other women throughout her field occupied largely by men, and she especially did not agree with the results of the 1892 [[Royal Astronomical Society|RAS]] election.<ref name="bruck1994" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" />
==Legacy== The crater [[Maunder (lunar crater)|Maunder]] on the Moon is jointly named for Walter and Annie Maunder, as is the [[Maunder Minimum]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
In 2016 the RAS established the Annie Maunder medal for an outstanding contribution to outreach and public engagement in astronomy or geophysics.<ref name=":0" />
In June 2018 it was announced that the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] had installed a new telescope in its Altazimuth Pavilion, the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich#Greenwich site returns to active use|Annie Maunder Astrographic Telescope]] (AMAT), as part of a revival of telescopy in London enabled by cleaner air and advanced technology. There is also to be an exhibition about Maunder's story, on the ground floor of the building.
In March 2022 [[English Heritage]] unveiled a [[blue plaque]] to Annie and Walter Maunder at their former home in [[Brockley]], south London. The Maunders wrote ''The Heavens and their Story'' (1908) while they were living in Brockley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Plaques to tell stories of working class experience|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/blue-plaques-to-tell-stories-of-working-class-experience/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=English Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Astromers honoured with blue plaque |work=The Herald |date=17 March 2022 |page=11}}</ref>
On 1 April 2022, a satellite named after her ([[ÑuSat|ÑuSat 23]] or "Annie", COSPAR 2022-033M) was launched into space as part of the [[Satellogic]] Aleph-1 constellation.
In 2023 an asteroid was named after Maunder; it is called Anniemaunder.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Donna |date=2023-09-10 |title=Giant leap for women: early 'lady' astronomers have asteroids named in their honour |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/sep/10/giant-leap-for-women-early-lady-astronomers-have-asteroids-named-in-their-honour |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.girton.cam.ac.uk/news/stellar-tribute|title=A Stellar Tribute | Girton College|website=www.girton.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>
== References == {{reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Annie Russell Maunder}} * [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0180%2FRGO%20205 Online catalogue of Annie Scott Dill Maunder's personal and working papers], Cambridge University Library; accessed 11 October 2015. *{{MacTutor|id=Maunder|title=Annie Scott Dill Maunder}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Maunder, Annie Russell}} [[Category:1868 births]] [[Category:1947 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Irish mathematicians]] [[Category:20th-century mathematicians from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:Irish people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:People from Strabane]] [[Category:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge]] [[Category:British women astronomers]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Irish women scientists]] [[Category:Irish women mathematicians]] [[Category:Scientists from County Tyrone]] [[Category:People educated at Victoria College, Belfast]] [[Category:19th-century Irish women scientists]] [[Category:20th-century women scientists from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:20th-century scientists from Northern Ireland]] [[Category:20th-century British astronomers]] [[Category:19th-century Irish astronomers]] [[Category:20th-century Irish astronomers]] [[Category:20th-century British women mathematicians]] [[Category:19th-century British women mathematicians]]