Anne Lawrence

{{short description|American psychologist (born 1950)}} {{Multiple issues| {{BLP primary sources|date=May 2024}} {{BLP self-published|date=May 2024}} }} {{Use American English|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox person |name = Anne Alexandra Lawrence |image =  |alt =  |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|11|17|df=y}} |birth_place = |death_date =  |death_place = |other_names = |alma_mater = Washington School of Professional Psychology, Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota, University of Chicago<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> |occupation = Sexologist, psychologist, anesthesiologist<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> |years_active = |known_for = Work on transgender women, gender transition, autogynephilia, erotic target location errors, paraphilias<ref name="Lawrence-Publications" /><ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> |notable_works = |spouse = Unknown (married 1987–1995)<ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> |children = 2<ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> |website = {{URL|annelawrence.com}} }}

'''Anne Alexandra Lawrence''' (born November 17, 1950) is an American psychologist, sexologist, and physician. She has published extensively on gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias.<ref name="Lawrence2017a" /><ref name="Lawrence-About-2023">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=About the Author - Anne A. Lawrence MD, PhD On Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism |website=annelawrence.com |date=December 2023 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= https://annelawrence.com/about/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211131604/https://annelawrence.com/about/ |archive-date=2023-12-11 }}</ref><ref name="Lawrence-Publications">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |date=November 2017 |title=Dr. Anne Lawrence Publications |website=annelawrence.com |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/publications.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807065009/http://www.annelawrence.com/publications.html |archive-date=2019-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="Lawrence-CV">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D., M.A. Curriculum Vitae, January 2014 |date=January 2014 |website=annelawrence.com |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/lawrence_cv.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402111600/http://www.annelawrence.com/lawrence_cv.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-02 }}</ref><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" />

Lawrence is a transgender woman and self-identifies as autogynephilic.<ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022">{{cite podcast |url= https://www.widerlenspod.com/p/67-pioneers-series-men-trapped-in-e7a |title=67 - Pioneers Series: Men Trapped in Men's Bodies, with Anne Lawrence |website=Gender: A Wider Lens |publisher=Substack |host=Stella O'Malley and Sasha Ayad |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref> Her 2013 book on autogynephilia, ''Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism'', has been regarded by Ray Blanchard, who developed Blanchard's transsexualism typology, as the definitive text on the subject.<ref name="Lawrence-About-2023" /><ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> Lawrence is one of the major researchers in the area of Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and has been one of the most major proponents of the theory.<ref name="Dreger2008" /><ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> Blanchard's typology and autogynephilia are highly controversial subjects and are not accepted by many transgender women and academics.<ref name="Dreger2008" /><ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="Illy2023">{{cite book |last=Illy |first=P. |title=Autoheterosexual: Attracted to Being the Other Sex |publisher=Houndstooth Press |date=2023 |isbn=978-1-5445-4144-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YDDtzwEACAAJ |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Lawrence's work also extends beyond Blanchard's typology to transgender women and to gender transition more generally.<ref name="Lawrence-Publications" /><ref name="Lawrence-CV" /><ref name="Dreger2008" />

==Personal life== Lawrence attended the University of Chicago from 1967 to 1971, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in chemistry.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> She subsequently attended the University of Minnesota from 1971 to 1974, where she earned a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.).<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> She completed internship, residency, and fellowship from 1974 to 1977 and was licensed as an anesthesiologist.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> She practiced in this area from 1978 to 1997, mostly at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> Lawrence was married from 1987 to 1995 and had two children, a son and a daughter, before separating from her wife in May 1995.<ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" />

Lawrence is a trans woman.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> She uses "she" pronouns for herself.<ref name="Lawrence-About-2023" /> Lawrence is a proponent of Ray Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and personally self-identifies as autogynephilic.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Lawrence2013" /> She has described having autogynephilic feelings and gender dysphoria from early childhood.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> She began privately crossdressing at age 8, which resulted in sexual arousal, and has described herself as unremarkably masculine and not feminine as a child.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> Lawrence came out to her parents as wanting to be a girl when she was age 14 in the 1960s.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> She was sent to psychotherapy, which she found to be unhelpful.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> Lawrence discovered Harry Benjamin's ''The Transsexual Phenomenon'' (1966) while at the University of Chicago, which was her first exposure to the concept of transgender people.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> She did not relate well to Benjamin's writings, as Benjamin's descriptions of trans women as being highly feminine and androphilic did not match her own presentation.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> Lawrence privately continued to crossdress and she self-administered estrogen off and on starting at age 18 and throughout her adulthood.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> She also seriously considered attempting self-castration, but ultimately did not go through with this.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> Lawrence suppressed her feelings about her gender identity for decades as she found nothing that spoke to her own experience and due to fears of the strong societal prejudice towards transgender people that existed at the time.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> She felt that transitioning would cause her to be seen as "psychotic".<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" />

In 1994, Lawrence discovered Ray Blanchard's work on transgender people and described this experience as an epiphany for her.<ref name="Lawrence1999">{{cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Anne |title=Lessons from Autogynephiles: Eroticism, Motivation, and the Standards of Care. Presented at the 16th HBIGDA Symposium, London, UK, August 18, 1999. |website=annelawrence.com |date=18 August 1999 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/1999hbigda1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011023011624/http://www.annelawrence.com/1999hbigda1.html |archive-date=2001-10-23 |quote=As you may imagine, I've done a great deal of reading about transsexualism over the past 30 years. But among all the books and papers I've read, one article stands out as having most influenced my thinking about transsexualism. When I first read it in 1994, I experienced a kind of epiphany. This article's initially unpromising title was "Clinical Observations and Systematic Studies of Autogynephilia." It was written by Ray Blanchard, a clinical psychologist at the Clarke Institute in Toronto.}}</ref><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Joyce2021">{{cite book |last=Joyce |first=H. |title=Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality |chapter=Sissy Boys and the Woman Inside |publisher=Oneworld Publications |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-86154-050-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n8QgEAAAQBAJ |access-date=13 May 2024 |pages=31–52}}</ref> She has said that Blanchard's writings gave her the insight and courage to undergo gender transition.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> Lawrence started transitioning in mid-1994, when she was age 44.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="Joyce2021" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=About My Transition (A Document for My Colleagues) |date=2000 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url=http://www.annelawrence.com/mytrans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000622002449/http://www.annelawrence.com/mytrans.html |archive-date=2000-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Lawrence-Portlandia-1996">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Taking Portlandia's Hand: Sex Reassignment Surgery in Portland |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/portlandia.html |date=1996 |website=annelawrence.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821172552/http://www.annelawrence.com/portlandia.html |accessdate=12 May 2024|archive-date=2007-08-21 }}</ref> She saw Marsha C. Botzer at the Ingersoll Gender Center in Seattle for psychotherapy and was diagnosed in early 1995.<ref name="Joyce2021" /><ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> She was on full feminizing hormone therapy by 1995<ref name="Lawrence-Transition-2000" /> and underwent vaginoplasty with Toby Meltzer in 1996.<ref name="Lawrence-Portlandia-1996" /> Following transition, Lawrence pivoted her career from anesthesiology to transgender health.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /><ref name="Lawrence-Workplace-1997">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Transitioning in the Professional Workplace: One Woman's Experience |date=1997 |website=annelawrence.com |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/workplace.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011005132234/http://www.annelawrence.com/workplace.html |archive-date=2001-10-05 }}</ref> From 1997 to 2001, Lawrence attended the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality and earned a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in sexology.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> From 2003 to 2006, she attended the Washington School of Professional Psychology and earned a Master of Arts (M.A.) in clinical psychology.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /> Starting in 1996, Lawrence published extensively in the areas of gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias, both in academic journals and on her personal website, ''Transsexual Women's Resources''.<ref name="Lawrence2017a" /><ref name="Lawrence-Publications" /><ref name="Lawrence-CV" /><ref name="Lawrence-Presentations-2001">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Anne Lawrence, M.D. -- Presentations and Papers |website=annelawrence.com |date=1 October 2001 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/presentations.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011212165250/http://www.annelawrence.com/presentations.html |archive-date=2001-12-12 }}</ref><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /><ref name="TranssexualWomensResources1998">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=A Brief History of the Transsexual Women's Resources Web Site |date=1998 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://www.mindspring.com/%7Ealawrence/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990202161620/http://www.mindspring.com/%7Ealawrence/history.html |archive-date=1999-02-02 }}</ref><ref name="Lawrence-Site-1999">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Transsexual Women's Resources: Medical and Other Resources for Transsexual Women (Male-to-Female) |date=1999 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://annelawrence.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001151645/http://annelawrence.com/ |archive-date=1999-10-01 }}</ref> From 2000 to 2015, she maintained a private practice in transgender medicine and psychotherapy.<ref name="Lawrence-CV" /><ref name="Lawrence-Practice">{{Cite web |title=Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D. – Practice Information |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/practice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171020051021/http://www.annelawrence.com/practice.html |archive-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> From 2008 until at least 2017, she was an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta.<ref name="Lawrence2017a" /><ref name="Lawrence-CV" />

Lawrence was involved in the controversy surrounding J. Michael Bailey's 2003 book ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism''.<ref name="Dreger2008" /><ref name="Lawrence2008b">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawrence AA |title=Shame and narcissistic rage in autogynephilic transsexualism |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=457–461; discussion 505–510 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18431633 |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9325-1 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2008-shame-and-narcissistic-rage.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Joyce2021" /> Lawrence defended Bailey and Blanchard's typology and has described feeling traumatized and alienated from transgender community following the backlash against the book.<ref name="Dreger2008" /><ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" />

Lawrence retired from practice in 2015.<ref name="Lawrence-Practice-2016">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Dr. Anne Lawrence Practice Information |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/practice.html |date=2016 |website=annelawrence.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024145159/http://www.annelawrence.com/practice.html |archive-date=2016-10-24 }}</ref> She was last published in 2018.<ref name="Lawrence-Publications" /><ref name="Lawrence2018">{{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis, Eighth Edition |chapter=Gender Dysphoria |publisher=Wiley |date=11 May 2018 |isbn=978-1-394-25897-0 |doi=10.1002/9781394258970.ch17 |pages=633–668}}</ref><ref name="Lawrence2017a">{{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Autogynephilia and the Typology of Male-to-Female Transsexualism: Concepts and Controversies |journal=European Psychologist |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=2017 |pages=39–54 |issn=1016-9040 |doi=10.1027/1016-9040/a000276 |s2cid=151624961 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2017-AGP-and-typology-of-MtF.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240424082626/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2017-AGP-and-typology-of-MtF.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-24 |quote=Anne A. Lawrence, MD, PhD, is an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge, AB, Canada. She is the author of Men Trapped in Men’s Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism (Springer, 2013) and over 50 book chapters, research studies, review articles, and commentaries concerning gender identity disorders and paraphilias.}}</ref> In 2023, Lawrence debuted a new version of her website and stated that she is working on a new research project of long-term narratives by self-described autogynephilic transgender women who had transitioned more than 10{{nbsp}}years ago,<ref name="Lawrence-Website-2023">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Anne A. Lawrence MD, PhD On Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism |website=annelawrence.com |date=December 2023 |accessdate=11 December 2023 |url= https://annelawrence.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211131530/https://annelawrence.com/ |archive-date=2023-12-11 }}</ref><ref name="Lawrence-Research-Project-2023a">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Did You Transition Ten or More Years Ago?: A Research Project |url= https://annelawrence.com/research-project/ |website=annelawrence.com |date=2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211131654/https://annelawrence.com/research-project/ |accessdate=14 May 2024|archive-date=2023-12-11 }}</ref> which was removed months later.<ref name="Lawrence-Research-Project-2023b">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Did You Transition Ten or More Years Ago?: A Research Project |url= https://annelawrence.com/research-project/ |website=annelawrence.com |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513063952/https://annelawrence.com/research-project/ |accessdate=14 May 2024|archive-date=2024-05-13 }}</ref>

As of 2023, Lawrence resides in Seattle, Washington with her two cats.<ref name="Lawrence-About-2023" />

==Work== Lawrence is a proponent of Ray Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and self-identifies as an autogynephilic transgender woman.<ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="EkinsKing2006">{{cite book |author1=Richard Ekins |author2=Dave King |title=The Transgender Phenomenon |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2TlvmbN9X7wC&pg=PA86 |date=23 October 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-84787-726-0 |pages=86–87}}</ref> Along with Ray Blanchard and J. Michael Bailey, she is one of the major researchers in the area of Blanchard's typology (also sometimes referred to as the "Blanchard–Bailey–Lawrence" typology), and of autogynephilia particularly.<ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="Dreger2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dreger AD |title=The controversy surrounding "The man who would be queen": a case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=366–421 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18431641 |pmc=3170124 |doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1 |url=}}</ref> Lawrence has proposed that autogynephilia is not only sexual in nature, but also encompasses elements and feelings of romantic love, much like gynephilia.<ref name="Bering2013">{{cite book |author-last=Berring |author-first=Jesse |chapter=The Third Gender |title=Disarming Cupid: Love, Sex and Science |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zvWNrYyMyAIC&pg=PT188 |date=11 February 2013 |publisher=Scientific American |isbn=978-1-4668-3384-5 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="Lawrence2007a">{{cite journal |author=Lawrence, Anne A. |date=2007 |title=Becoming What We Love: Autogynephilic Transsexualism Conceptualized as an Expression of Romantic Love |url=https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2007-becoming-what-we-love.pdf |journal=Perspect. Biol. Med. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=506–520 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2007.0050 |pmid=17951885 |s2cid=31767722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211132349/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2007-becoming-what-we-love.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-11 |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref>

Blanchard's typology and autogynephilia are highly controversial subjects, and are rejected and viewed as offensive by many transgender women.<ref name="Lawrence2017a" /><ref name="Dreger2008" /> Critiques have been lobbied at these constructs on a variety of grounds.<ref name="Serano2020">{{cite journal |last=Serano |first=Julia |title=Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative 'embodiment fantasies' model |journal=The Sociological Review |volume=68 |issue=4 |date=2020 |issn=0038-0261 |doi=10.1177/0038026120934690 |pages=763–778}}</ref><ref name="Serano2010">{{cite journal |last=Serano |first=Julia M. |title=The Case Against Autogynephilia |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=12 |issue=3 |date=2010-10-12 |issn=1553-2739 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2010.514223 |pages=176–187}}</ref><ref name="Moser2010">{{cite journal |last=Moser |first=Charles |title=Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory: A Critique |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=57 |issue=6 |date=30 June 2010 |issn=0091-8369 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2010.486241 |pages=790–809 |pmid=20582803}}</ref> Some transgender women, most notably Lawrence herself, identify with autogynephilia and feel that it accurately describes their experiences.<ref name="Lawrence2013" /><ref name="Dreger2008" /><ref name="Illy2023" /> Lawrence wrote a 2013 book on autogynephilia called ''Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism''.<ref name="Lawrence2013">{{cite book |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism |series=Focus on Sexuality Research |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Lawrence-2013-men-trapped-in-mens-bodies-book.pdf |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-5182-2 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-5182-2 |oclc=910979847 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Lawrence-2013-men-trapped-in-mens-bodies-book.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}}</ref> This book includes over 300 first-person narratives of autogynephilia by trans women and cisgender men that were submitted to and collected by Lawrence via her website.<ref name="Lawrence2013" /> Lawrence stated in 2022 that all her life she had an absence of narratives that gave meaning to her own experience, and this was her motivation for writing the book.<ref name="GenderWiderLens2022" /> It has been regarded by Blanchard as the definitive text on the subject of autogynephilia, and he has compared it to Magnus Hirschfeld's classic 1910 work, ''Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung über den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb'' (''Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress'').<ref name="Lawrence2013" />

Besides her book, Lawrence has published numerous literature reviews on autogynephilia, Blanchard's typology,<ref name="Lawrence2004">{{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Autogynephilia: A Paraphilic Model of Gender Identity Disorder |journal=Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy |volume=8 |issue=1/2 |date=2004 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1080/19359705.2004.9962367 |citeseerx=10.1.1.656.9256 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2004-AGP-paraphilic-model-of-GID.pdf |access-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2004-AGP-paraphilic-model-of-GID.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}}</ref> erotic target location errors, paraphilias,<ref name="Lawrence2006a">{{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Clinical and Theoretical Parallels Between Desire for Limb Amputation and Gender Identity Disorder |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=35 |issue=3 |date=2006 |pages=263–278 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=16799838 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9026-6 |s2cid=17528273 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2006-desire-for-limb-amputation-and-GID.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2006-desire-for-limb-amputation-and-GID.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}}</ref> gender dysphoria, transgender people, and gender transition.<ref name="Lawrence2007b">{{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |chapter=Transgender Health Concerns |editor1-last=Meyer |editor1-first=Ilan H. |editor2-last=Northridge |editor2-first=Mary E. |title=The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations |publisher=Springer US |publication-place=Boston, MA |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-28871-0 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4 |pages=473–505 |url= http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/73523/1/908.pdf#page=485|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425164620/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/73523/1/908.pdf#page=485 |archive-date=2024-04-25 }}</ref> She has published multiple clinical studies on transgender women, gender transition, autogynephilia, and paraphilias.<ref name="Lawrence2003">{{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Factors Associated with Satisfaction or Regret Following Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=32 |issue=4 |date=2003 |doi=10.1023/A:1024086814364 |pages=299–315 |pmid=12856892 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2003-satisfaction-and-regret-after-MtF-SRS.pdf}}</ref> Lawrence has defended Blanchard's typology against opposition and critiqued studies that contradict the typology.<ref name="LawrenceBailey2008">{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Anne A. |last2=Bailey |first2=J. Michael |title=Transsexual Groups in Veale et al. (2008) are "Autogynephilic" and "Even More Autogynephilic" |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=2009 |issn=0004-0002 |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9431-0 |pages=173–175 |pmid=18989768 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-Bailey-2009-TS-groups-in-Veale-AGP-and-more-AGP.pdf}}</ref> She has also challenged claims by some, such as sexologist Charles Allen Moser, that cisgender women experience autogynephilia similarly to transgender women.<ref name="Lawrence2009d">{{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Erotic Target Location Errors are Easy to Mischaracterize: A Reply to Moser |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=46 |issue=5 |date=24 September 2009 |issn=0022-4499 |doi=10.1080/00224490903230061 |pages=385–386 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2009-ETLEs-easy-to-mischaracterize.pdf}}</ref> She has critiqued the theory of the structure of the brain being a cause of gender incongruence, at least applied to trans women who she considers autogynephilic.<ref name="BaileyTriea2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey JM, Triea K |title=What many transgender activists don't want you to know: and why you should know it anyway |journal=Perspect Biol Med |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=521–534 |date=2007 |pmid=17951886 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2007.0041 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5893630 |access-date=2024-11-18 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428113018/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J-Bailey-4/publication/5893630_What_Many_Transgender_Activists_Don%27t_Want_You_to_Know_and_why_you_should_know_it_anyway/links/558ad03308ae31beb10032bf/What-Many-Transgender-Activists-Dont-Want-You-to-Know-and-why-you-should-know-it-anyway.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 2009, Lawrence published a case report of autoandrophilia in a gay man.<ref name="Lawrence2011a">{{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |date=2011 |title=Autogynephilia: An Underappreciated Paraphilia |url=https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2011-AGP-underappreciated.pdf |journal=Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=31 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1159/000328921 |isbn=978-3-8055-9825-5 |issn=1662-2855 |pmid=22005209 |s2cid=16143265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2011-AGP-underappreciated.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

Lawrence has been a member of the American Medical Association and the International Academy of Sex Research and has served on the board of directors of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.<ref name="Lawrence2004" /> She has been a member of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health since 1995.<ref name="Lawrence-HBIGDA-Board-2001">{{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Anne Lawrence, M.D. -- Nominee for the HBIGDA Board of Directors, 2001 |website=annelawrence.com |date=2001 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://www.annelawrence.com/board/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011005082213/http://www.annelawrence.com/board/ |archive-date=2001-10-05 }}</ref> Lawrence was a consultant for the fifth version (1998), a coauthor of the sixth version (2001), and provided limited recommendations for the seventh version (2012) of the WPATH ''Standards of Care'' for gender dysphoria and transgender people.<ref name="Lawrence-HBIGDA-Board-2001" /><ref name="HBIGDA-SOC5-1998">{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=S. B. |last2=Brown |first2=G. |last3=Coleman |first3=E. |last4=Cohen-Kettenis |first4=P. |last5=Joris Hage |first5=J. |last6=Van Maasdam |first6=J. |last7=Petersen |first7=M. |last8=Pfaefflin |first8=F. |last9=Schaefer |first9=L. C. |date=June 1998 |title=The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders [Fifth Version] |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= |url= http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0405.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205104251/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0405.htm |archive-date=1998-12-05 |quote=Consultants: Dallas Denny MA, Domineco DiCeglie MD, Wolf Eicher MD, Jamison Green, Richard Green MD, Louis Gooren MD, Donald Laub MD, Anne Lawrence MD, Walter Meyer III MD, C. Christine Wheeler Ph.D}}</ref><ref name="HBIGDA-SOC6-2001">{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=W. |last2=Bockting |first2=W. O. |last3=Cohen-Kettenis |first3=P. |last4=Coleman |first4=E. |last5=DiCeglie |first5=D. |last6=Devor |first6=H. |last7=Gooren |first7=L. |last8=Joris Hage |first8=J. |last9=Kirk |first9=S. | last10 = Kuiper | first10 = B. |last11=Laub |first11=D. |last12=Lawrence |first12=A. |last13=Menard |first13=Y. |last14=Patton |first14=J. |last15=Schaefer |first15=L. |last16=Webb |first16=A. |last17=Wheeler |first17=C. C. |date=February 2001 |title=The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders – Sixth Version |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=5 |issue=1 |url= http://www.symposion.com/ijt/soc_2001/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010709084442/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/soc_2001/ |archive-date=2001-07-09 }} Reprinted in ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'', '''13''' (1), pp. 1–30 (2001/2002), {{doi|10.1300/J056v13n01_01}}.</ref><ref name="ZuckerLawrence2009">{{cite journal |last1=Zucker |first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Lawrence |first2=Anne A. |title=Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder: Recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=12 May 2009 |issn=1553-2739 |doi=10.1080/15532730902799946 |pages=8–18 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Zucker-Lawrence-2009-epidemiology-of-GID.pdf}}</ref> She worked to help liberalize the ''Standards of Care'' and to reduce barriers to care, especially for trans women who are labelled autogynephilic.<ref name="Dreger2008" /> Besides the ''Standards of Care'', Lawrence provided input on gender dysphoria and transgender people to the 2013 ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'' (DSM-5).<ref name="Lawrence2010e">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawrence AA |title=Proposed revisions to gender identity disorder diagnoses in the DSM-5 |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1253–1260 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20725853 |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9660-x |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2010-proposed-revisions-to-GID-in-DSM-5.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Lawrence2010f">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawrence AA |title=Do some men who desire sex reassignment have a mental disorder? Comment on Meyer-Bahlburg (2010) |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=651–654; author reply 655–657 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21360239 |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9720-2 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2011-is-desire-for-SR-mental-disorder.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Lawrence2014b">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawrence AA |title=Gender assignment dysphoria in the DSM-5 |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=1263–6 |date=October 2014 |pmid=24496786 |doi=10.1007/s10508-013-0249-z |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2014-gender-assignment-dysphoria.pdf}}</ref> She subsequently criticized some of the decisions for this area of the DSM-5 after it was published.<ref name="Lawrence2014b" />

Lawrence previously maintained a personal website with information for transgender women called ''Transsexual Women's Resources''.<ref name="TranssexualWomensResources1998" /><ref name="Dreger2008" />

==Selected publications== ===Books=== * {{cite book |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism |series=Focus on Sexuality Research |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Lawrence-2013-men-trapped-in-mens-bodies-book.pdf |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-5182-2 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-5182-2 |oclc=910979847 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Lawrence-2013-men-trapped-in-mens-bodies-book.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}}

===Papers=== * {{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Autogynephilia: A Paraphilic Model of Gender Identity Disorder |journal=Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy |volume=8 |issue=1/2 |date=2004 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1080/19359705.2004.9962367 |citeseerx=10.1.1.656.9256 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2004-AGP-paraphilic-model-of-GID.pdf |access-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2004-AGP-paraphilic-model-of-GID.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}} * {{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Clinical and Theoretical Parallels Between Desire for Limb Amputation and Gender Identity Disorder |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=35 |issue=3 |date=2006 |pages=263–278 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=16799838 |doi=10.1007/s10508-006-9026-6 |s2cid=17528273 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2006-desire-for-limb-amputation-and-GID.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240323224104/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2006-desire-for-limb-amputation-and-GID.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-23}} * {{cite journal |author=Lawrence, Anne A. |title=Becoming What We Love: Autogynephilic Transsexualism Conceptualized as an Expression of Romantic Love |journal=Perspect. Biol. Med. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=506–520 |date=2007 |pmid=17951885 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2007.0050 |s2cid=31767722 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2007-becoming-what-we-love.pdf |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231211132349/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2007-becoming-what-we-love.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-11}} * {{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=46 |issue=2–3 |date=2009 |pages=194–215 |issn=0022-4499 |doi=10.1080/00224490902747727 |pmid=19308843 |jstor=20620414 |s2cid=10105602 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2009-erotic-target-location-errors.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240415063822/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2009-erotic-target-location-errors.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-15}} * {{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Transgenderism in Nonhomosexual Males As a Paraphilic Phenomenon: Implications for Case Conceptualization and Treatment |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=2009 |issn=1468-1994 |doi=10.1080/14681990902937340 |pages=188–206 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2009-TG-in-NHS-males-a-paraphilic-phenomenon.pdf}} * {{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Autogynephilia: An Underappreciated Paraphilia |volume=31 |date=2011 |pages=135–148 |issn=1662-2855 |doi=10.1159/000328921 |pmid=22005209 |journal=Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine |isbn=978-3-8055-9825-5 |s2cid=16143265 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2011-AGP-underappreciated.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231211132346/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2011-AGP-underappreciated.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-11}} * {{cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Anne A. |title=Autogynephilia and the Typology of Male-to-Female Transsexualism: Concepts and Controversies |journal=European Psychologist |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=2017 |pages=39–54 |issn=1016-9040 |doi=10.1027/1016-9040/a000276 |s2cid=151624961 |url= https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2017-AGP-and-typology-of-MtF.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240424082626/https://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2017-AGP-and-typology-of-MtF.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-24}} * {{cite web |author=Anne A. Lawrence |title=Becoming What We Love: Autogynephilic Sexual Orientation |website=annelawrence.com |date=October 2023 |accessdate=12 May 2024 |url= http://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2023-Becoming-What-We-Love.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211131931/http://annelawrence.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Lawrence-2023-Becoming-What-We-Love.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-11 }}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [https://annelawrence.com/ Home - Anne A. Lawrence, MD, PhD] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150204164621/http://www.annelawrence.com/practice.html Anne A. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D. – Practice Information] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210085717/http://www.annelawrence.com/publications.html Dr. Anne Lawrence – Publications and Presentations] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140402111600/http://www.annelawrence.com/lawrence_cv.pdf Dr. Anne Lawrence – Curriculum Vitae]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Anne}} Category:1950 births Category:20th-century American psychologists Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers Category:21st-century American psychologists Category:21st-century American women writers Category:American anesthesiologists Category:American LGBTQ scientists Category:American medical writers Category:American science writers Category:American sexologists Category:American transgender writers Category:American women medical writers Category:American women psychologists Category:American women science writers Category:Argosy University alumni Category:Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality alumni Category:LGBTQ medical doctors Category:Living people Category:Transgender scientists Category:Transgender women writers Category:University of Chicago alumni Category:University of Minnesota alumni Category:Women anesthesiologists Category:American LGBTQ women writers