{{Short description|Material derived from non-human animal body}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}} [[File:'Duck, Duck, Duck'.png|thumb|A dish called "Duck, Duck, Duck" because the three parts come from the complex body of the duck: duck eggs, duck [[confit]] and roast duck breast]] [[File:Dairy.jpg|thumb|Varieties of goat cheese]]
An '''animal product''' is any material derived from the body of a non-human [[animal]] or their excretions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Daniel Coit |last2=Peck |first2=Harry Thurston |last3=Colby |first3=Frank Moore |title=The New International Encyclopædia |date=1907 |publisher=[[Dodd, Mead & Co.]] |page=474 |language=en}}</ref> Examples are [[meat]], [[fat]], [[blood]], [[milk]], [[Eggs as food|eggs]], [[honey]], and less known products, such as [[isinglass]], [[rennet]], and [[Carminic acid|cochineal]].<ref>Unklesbay, Nan. ''World Food and You''. Routledge, 1992, p. 179ff.</ref>
The word ''animals'' includes all species in the [[Kingdom (biology)|biological kingdom]] Animalia, except humans. This includes, for example, [[tetrapods]], [[arthropods]], and [[mollusks]]. Generally, products made from decomposed animals, such as [[petroleum]], or crops grown in soil [[Fertilizer#Organic fertilizer|fertilized]] with animal remains or manure are not characterized as animal products. Products sourced from humans (e.g. breast milk) are not typically classified as animal products.
Increased production and consumption over the past 50 years has led to widespread environmental and [[animal welfare]] impacts. These range from being linked to 80% of [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|Amazonian deforestation]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skidmore |first1=Marin Elisabeth |last2=Moffette |first2=Fanny |last3=Rausch |first3=Lisa |last4=Christie |first4=Matthew |last5=Munger |first5=Jacob |last6=Gibbs |first6=Holly K. |date=April 2021 |title=Cattle ranchers and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Production, location, and policies |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=68 |article-number=102280 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102280 |issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GEC....6802280S }}</ref> to the welfare implications of using [[chick culling]] shredders on live day old-chicks for 7 billion of them each year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krautwald-Junghanns |first1=M-E |last2=Cramer |first2=K |last3=Fischer |first3=B |last4=Förster |first4=A |last5=Galli |first5=R |last6=Kremer |first6=F |last7=Mapesa |first7=E U |last8=Meissner |first8=S |last9=Preisinger |first9=R |last10=Preusse |first10=G |last11=Schnabel |first11=C |last12=Steiner |first12=G |last13=Bartels |first13=T |date=17 November 2017 |title=Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to spectroscopic methods |journal=Poultry Science |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=749–757 |doi=10.3382/ps/pex389 |issn=0032-5791|doi-access=free |pmid=29294120 }}</ref>
Several popular diet patterns prohibit the inclusion of some categories of animal products and may also limit the conditions of when other animal products may be permitted. This includes but not limited to [[List of diets#Vegetarian diets|secular diets]]; like, [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]], [[Pescetarianism|pescetarian]], and [[Paleolithic diet|paleolithic]] diets, as well as [[List of diets#Belief-based diets|religious diets]], such as [[Kashrut|kosher]], [[halal]], [[Buddhist cuisine#Philosophies governing food|mahayana]], [[Macrobiotic diet|macrobiotic]], and [[Sattvic diet|sattvic]] diets. Other diets, such as [[veganism|vegan]]-vegetarian diets and all its subsets exclude any material of animal origin.<ref>Stepaniak, Joanne. ''Being Vegan: Living with Conscience, Conviction, and Compassion''. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, p. 7.</ref> Scholarly, the term [[animal source foods]] (ASFs) has been used to refer to these animal products and by-products collectively.<ref name="Science Direct">{{cite journal |last1=Adesogan |first1=Adegbola |title=Animal source foods: Sustainability problem or malnutrition and sustainability solution? Perspective matters |journal=Global Food Security |article-number=100325 |date=14 October 2019 |volume=25 |doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100325 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In international trade legislation, the terminology '''products of animal origin''' ('''POAO''') is used for referring to foods and goods that are derived from animals or have close relation to them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/animal-products-import-and-export |title=Animals and animal products: international trade regulations |access-date=August 6, 2018 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114183215/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/animal-products-import-and-export |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Effects of production == {{Main |Animal Husbandry#Effects}} {{trim|{{#section-h:Animal Husbandry|Effects}}}}
=== Net Animal Losses === Farmed animals needs to eat more food than their products can deliver. Net animal losses are the difference between the calories in human-edible crops fed to animals and the calories returned in meat, dairy and fish. These losses are higher than all other conventional food losses combined.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food waste: The biggest loss could be what you choose to put in your mouth |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180326152403.htm |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> This is because on average livestock eat more human-edible food than their products provide. Research estimated that if the US would eat all human-edible plant food instead of feeding it to animals in order to eat their meat, dairy and eggs, it would free up enough food to feed an additional 350 million people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shepon |first1=Alon |last2=Eshel |first2=Gidon |last3=Noor |first3=Elad |last4=Milo |first4=Ron |date=2018-04-10 |title=The opportunity cost of animal based diets exceeds all food losses |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=15 |pages=3804–3809 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.3804S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1713820115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5899434 |pmid=29581251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> At a global level livestock is fed an average of 1738 kcal/person/day of human-edible food, and just 594 kcal/p/d of animal products return to the human food supply, a net loss of 66%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berners-Lee |first1=M. |last2=Kennelly |first2=C. |last3=Watson |first3=R. |last4=Hewitt |first4=C. N. |date=2018 |title=Current global food production is sufficient to meet human nutritional needs in 2050 provided there is radical societal adaptation |journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |volume=6 |article-number=52 |bibcode=2018EleSA...6...52B |doi=10.1525/elementa.310 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Animal by-products== Animal by-products, as defined by the USDA, are products harvested or manufactured from livestock other than muscle meat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/animal-production-marketing-issues/glossary/ |title=USDA ERS - Glossary |access-date=2017-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002353/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/animal-production-marketing-issues/glossary/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> In the EU, animal by-products (ABPs) are defined somewhat more broadly, as materials from animals that people do not consume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-by-products_en|title=Animal by-products|access-date=January 20, 2017|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115194206/https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-by-products_en|url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, chicken eggs for human consumption are considered by-products in the US but not France; whereas eggs destined for animal feed are classified as animal by-products in both countries. This does not in itself reflect on the condition, safety, or wholesomeness of the product.
Animal by-products are [[Carrion|carcasses]] and parts of carcasses from slaughterhouses, animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians, and products of animal origin not intended for human consumption, including catering waste. These products may go through a process known as [[Rendering (animals)|rendering]] to be made into human and non-human foodstuffs, fats, and other material that can be sold to make commercial products such as cosmetics, paint, cleaners, polishes, glue, soap and ink. The sale of animal by-products allows the [[meat industry]] to compete economically with industries selling sources of vegetable protein.<ref>Ockerman, Herbert and Hansen, Conly L. ''Animal by-product processing & utilization''. Technomic Publishing Company Inc., 2000, p. 1.</ref>
===Slaughterhouse waste=== [[File:Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse.jpg|thumb|Slaughterhouse waste]]
Slaughterhouse waste is defined as animal body parts cut off in the preparation of carcasses for use as food. This waste can come from several sources, including [[slaughterhouse]]s, [[restaurant]]s, stores and [[farm]]s. In the UK, slaughterhouse waste is classed as category 3 risk waste in the [[Animal By-Products Regulations]], with the exception of condemned meat which is classed as category 2 risk.
===Animal by-products in pet food=== The leftover pieces that come from the process of stripping meat from animals tends to get used for different purposes. One of them is to put these parts into pet food.<ref name=AAFCO>{{cite web |title=Byproducts |url=https://talkspetfood.aafco.org/byproducts |website=talkspetfood.aafco.org |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824092100/https://talkspetfood.aafco.org/byproducts |url-status=live }}</ref> Many large, well-known pet food brands use animal by-products as protein sources in their recipes. This can include animal feet, livers, lungs, heads, spleens, etc or an admixture in the form of [[meat and bone meal]]. These organs are usually not eaten by humans [[offal|depending on culture]], but are safe and nutritious for pets regardless. By-products can also include bad-looking pieces. They are always cooked (rendered) to kill pathogens.<ref name=AAFCO/>
Just under half of all animal products in pet food is still human consumable,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Andrew |date=2023-10-04 |title=The relative benefits for environmental sustainability of vegan diets for dogs, cats and people |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e0291791 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0291791 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=10550159 |pmid=37792712|bibcode=2023PLoSO..1891791K }}</ref> and some pet food makers advertise the lack of by-products to appeal to buyers, a move criticized for contributing to [[food waste]] and reducing [[sustainability]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A big pawprint: The environmental impact of pet food |url=https://vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2018/02/petfood_sustainability/ |website=Clinical Nutrition Service at Cummings School |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028114857/https://vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2018/02/petfood_sustainability/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Additives== * [[Carmine]], derived from crushed [[cochineal]] beetles, is a red or purple substance commonly used in food products.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Nathaniel Lee, Benji|title=Yoplait strawberry yogurt is one of many foods colored with carmine, a dye made from crushed cochineal bugs|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/yoplait-yogurt-red-bugs-food-carmine-natural-dye-science-2019-4|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Business Insider|archive-date=January 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124225118/https://www.businessinsider.com/yoplait-yogurt-red-bugs-food-carmine-natural-dye-science-2019-4|url-status=live}}</ref> It is common in food products such as juice, candy, and yogurt.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Pearson|first=Gwen|date=2015-09-10|title=You Know What Makes Great Food Coloring? Bugs|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/cochineal-bug-feature/|access-date=2020-09-03|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smale|first=Helen Soteriou and Will|date=2018-04-28|title=Why you may have been eating insects your whole life|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43786055|access-date=2020-09-03|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127103141/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43786055|url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of carmine in these products has been a source of controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Berries Over Bugs! {{!}} Center for Science in the Public Interest|url=https://cspinet.org/new/201307241.html#:~:text=Dannon%20uses%20carmine%E2%80%94a%20dye,flavored%20yogurt%20their%20pink%20color.&text=And,%20the%20bug-based%20dye,risk%20of%20serious%20allergic%20reactions.|access-date=2020-09-03|website=cspinet.org|date=July 24, 2013|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824092107/https://cspinet.org/new/201307241.html#:~:text=Dannon%20uses%20carmine%E2%80%94a%20dye,flavored%20yogurt%20their%20pink%20color.&text=And,%20the%20bug-based%20dye,risk%20of%20serious%20allergic%20reactions.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 1993|title=Conference proceedings literature added to ISI's chemistry citation index|journal=Applied Catalysis A: General|volume=107|issue=1|pages=N4–N5|doi=10.1016/0926-860x(93)85126-a|bibcode=1993AppCA.107N...4. |issn=0926-860X}}</ref> One major source of controversy was the use of carmine in Starbucks frappuccinos.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-20|title=Cochineal and Starbucks: Actually, this dye is everywhere|url=https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2012-apr-20-la-heb-cochineal-starbucks-20120420-story.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824094107/https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2012-apr-20-la-heb-cochineal-starbucks-20120420-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cruz|first=Kim Bhasin, Noelia de la|title=Here's what you need to know about the ground-up insects that Starbucks puts in your Frappuccino|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-cochineal-insects-color-your-food-and-drinks-2012-3|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Business Insider|archive-date=November 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109054133/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-cochineal-insects-color-your-food-and-drinks-2012-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Carmine is an allergen according to the FDA.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-13|title=Why You Should Never, Ever Give Red Candies To Your Valentine|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/carmine-valentine-candy-red_n_4775471|access-date=2020-09-03|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628235425/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/carmine-valentine-candy-red_n_4775471|url-status=live}}</ref> It takes about 70,000 female insects to produce a pound of dye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is it true that some candies are coloured with insect extract?|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/food-health-history-you-asked/you-asked-it-true-some-candies-are-coloured-insect-extract|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Office for Science and Society|language=en|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824092304/https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/food-health-history-you-asked/you-asked-it-true-some-candies-are-coloured-insect-extract|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[L-cysteine]] from [[human hair]] and [[Pork|pig bristles]] (used in the production of [[biscuit]]s, [[bread]] and dietary supplements) * [[Rennet]] (commonly used in the production of cheese) * [[Shellac]] (commonly used for food dye, food [[Glaze (cooking technique)|glaze]] and [[Resinous glaze|medicine glaze]]) * [[Swiftlet]]'s nest (made of saliva)
==Food== {{main|Animal source foods}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Bee pollen|Ambrosia]], also known as "bee bread" (which is made from both plant pollen and the insect's secretions) * [[Arachnids as food|Arachnids]] * [[Blood as food|Blood]], especially in the form of [[blood sausage]] (''see also'' [[Taboo food and drink#Blood|Blood as taboo food]]) * [[Bone]], including [[bone char]], [[bone meal]], etc. * [[Broth]]s and [[stock (food)|stocks]] created with animal fat, bone, and connective tissue * [[Caviar]] * [[Casein]] (found in milk and cheese) * [[Civet (perfumery)|Civet]] oil (food flavoring additive) * [[Dairy product]]s (e.g., [[milk]], [[cheese]], [[yogurt]], etc.) * [[Egg (food)|Egg]]s and egg products (e.g., [[mayonnaise]], [[eggnog]], [[custard]], etc.) * [[Snail caviar|Escargot pearls]] * [[Animal fat|Fat]] (e.g., [[lard]], [[lardon]], [[schmaltz]], [[suet]], [[tallow]], etc.) * [[Gelatin]] (used to make candy, ice cream, and marshmallows) * [[Roe|Hard roe]] (as food is used as a raw or cooked ingredient in various dishes) * [[Honey]] (including [[comb honey]] products) * [[Honeydew (secretion)|Honeydew]] * [[Isinglass]] (used in [[clarification (wine)|clarification]] of beer and wine) * [[Insects as food|Insects]] (some edible insects are consumed whole or made into a powder, like [[cricket flour]]. The flours are then used to make products like insect fitness bars or burger patties) * [[Kopi luwak]] and [[Black Ivory Coffee]] * [[Meat]] (which includes [[Fish as food|fish]], [[shellfish]], [[worcestershire sauce|sauces]] made from them, and [[poultry]] in addition to [[livestock]], [[game (hunting)|game]], and "exotic dishes" made from [[frog legs|amphibians]] or [[turtle soup|reptiles]]) * [[Offal]] * Skins (remaining skin scraps as a by-product of meat production or fat rendering are made profitable by being fried/roasted and sold as snacks, like; [[gribenes]], [[Pork rinds#United States|rinds]], [[Pork rinds#United Kingdom|scratchings]], and [[krupuk kulit|rambak]]) * [[Snake wine]] (also used as medicine) * [[Milt#Milt as food|Soft roe]], also known as "white roe" (commonly fried, used as an ingredient in a larger dish, or used as a condiment in some European and Asian countries) * [[Whey]] (found in cheese and added to many other products) {{div col end}}
==Non-food animal products== {{div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Animal fiber]] * [[Ambergris]] * [[Bear bile]] (used to make medicine) * [[Beeswax]] * [[Blood]] and some [[blood substitutes]] (blood used for [[Blood transfusion|transfusion]]s is always human in origin, though some blood substitutes are made from animal sources. Many diagnostic laboratory tests use animal or human sourced reagents) * [[Bezoar stone]] * [[Casein]] (used in plastics, clothing, cosmetics, adhesives and paint) * [[Castoreum]] (secretion of the [[beaver]] used in perfumes and possibly in food flavoring) * [[Civet (perfumery)|Civet oil]] * [[Coral]] rock ([[precious coral]] in particular is beloved for jewelry making) * [[Donkey milk#Cosmetic use|Donkey milk]] * [[Egg oil]] (used in [[skin care]] products as a preservative and as skin conditioning agent) * [[Emu oil]] (serves as a [[natural skin care|"natural"]] emollient in cosmetic preparations, especially in products that claim it has the ability enhance and [[anti-aging cream|maintain]] beauty) * [[Ejaculate]] (used in [[artificial insemination]]) * [[Feather]]s * [[Fishmeal]] * [[Fur clothing|Fur]] * [[Gallstones]] (from livestock for [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]]) * [[Gelatin]] used in non-food applications, such as [[photographic film]]s and papers * [[Guano]] * [[Hide (skin)|Hide]] * Horse oil (used in East Asian skincare masks and creams for similar purposes as emu oil) * [[Keratin|Horn]], including [[antlers]] etc. * [[Ivory]] * [[Lanolin]] * [[Limulus amebocyte lysate]] (a chemical in [[horseshoe crab]] blood used to detect bacterial [[Lipopolysaccharide|endotoxin]]) * [[Leather]] * [[Manure]] * [[Mink]] [[Eyelash extensions|lashes]] * [[Mink oil]] * [[Musk]] * [[Nautilus]] (decorative shell or pearl alternative) * [[Alternative uses for placenta|Ovine Placenta]] * [[Pearl]] or [[nacre|mother of pearl]] (treated as a precious [[gem]] for making jewelry or adorning clothing & accessories. [[Pearl powder]] is used as a natural skincare product for hydrating & healing the skin as well as lightening, brightening and maintaining youthfulness of the complexion) * [[Royal jelly]] (used as a dietary supplement) * [[Scale (zoology)|Scale]]s (fish scales are often used in makeup to impart a refractive & pearlescent finish) * [[Silk]] * [[Sea sponge aquaculture|Sponge]]s * [[Skunk oil]] * [[Snail slime|Snail Mucin]] (used in topical medications and skincare products as a treatment for lesions and acne or as an antioxidant to brighten and hydrate the skin) * [[Stearin]] * [[Tallow]] (be used in food and [[soap]]) * [[Tortoiseshell material|Tortoiseshell]] * [[Human urine#Other uses|Urine]] * [[Venom]] (used to produce human and [[veterinary]] [[antivenin]]) * [[Whale oil]] * [[Wool]] {{div col end}}
==See also== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Advanced meat recovery]] * [[Biodegradable waste]] * [[Boiling down]] * [[Food quality]] * [[Food safety]] * [[List of waste types]] * [[Meat extender]] * [[Mechanically separated meat]] * [[Pink slime]] * [[Potted meat food product]] * [[Spam (food)]] * [[Veganism]] as alternatives to animal products {{div col end}}
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== * [http://www.veganpeace.com/ingredients/ingredients.htm Extensive list identifying animal-derived and vegan ingredients] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513105536/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/301_pet.html FDA Consumer Magazine: The Lowdown on Labels] * Heinz, G. & Hautzinger, P. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai407e/AI407E16.htm "Meat Processing Technology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207130013/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai407e/ai407e16.htm |date=February 7, 2019 }}, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2007, accessed March 30, 2012. * Leoci, R., ''Animal by-products (ABPs): origins, uses, and European regulations'', Mantova (Italy): Universitas Studiorum, 2014. {{ISBN|978-88-97683-47-6}} * Mian N Riaz, Riaz N Riaz, Muhammad M Chaudry. ''Halal Food Production'', CRC Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-58716-029-3}} * Tsai, Michelle. [http://www.slate.com/id/2162164/ "What's in a can of dog food?], ''Slate'', March 19, 2007. * [http://shakahara.com Earthly Origin of Materials, is a material animal, vegetable, or mineral?]
{{Waste}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Animal products| ]] [[Category:Animal rights]] [[Category:Animal welfare]] [[Category:Intensive farming]] [[Category:Meat]] [[Category:Meat industry]] [[Category:Pet foods]] [[Category:Veganism]] [[Category:Vegetarianism]] [[Category:Waste]]