Aneityum language

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu}} {{Infobox language |name=Anejom̃ |pronunciation= {{IPA|[anetʃomʷ]}} |states=Vanuatu |region=Aneityum Island |speakers=900 |date=2001 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Oceanic |fam4=Southern Oceanic |fam5=South Vanuatu |iso3=aty |glotto=anei1239 |glottorefname=Aneityum |map = Lang Status 99-NE.svg |mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Aneityum is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''}}}} }}

'''Aneityum''' or '''Anejom̃''' (also spelled ''Anejom'', and formerly ''Aneiteum'', ''Aneityumese'') is an Oceanic language spoken by 900 people ({{as of|2001|lc=on}})<ref name=e18 /> on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu. It is the only indigenous language of Aneityum.<ref group=gr name=":0">{{Page numbers|2}}</ref>

== Names == The alternate names for Aneityum are Anejom̃, Anejom, Aneiteum, Aneiteumese, Aneytum and Annatom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 5.1 - Aneityum |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anei1239 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref>

== Classification == Anejom̃ is part of the Austronesian language family, and is part of the large subgroup of Oceanic languages. Anejom̃ falls under the Southern Oceanic Languages subgroup, and more specifically Southern Vanuatuan Languages.<ref group=gr name=":0" /> It constitutes its own separate branch of Southern Vanuatuan languages. While Anejom̃ is now considered to be only one language, some historical reports have suggested that Anejom̃ might have consisted of two very distinct dialects.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Linguistic History of Southern Vanuatu|last=Lynch|first=John|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=2001|location=Canberra, Australia|pages=5}}</ref> Its closest relatives are preliminarily thought to be more closely related to the languages of Tanna (e.g. Kwamera, South-West Tanna, Lenakel) than Erromango languages.<ref group=gr name=":0" />

== Geography == thumb|Map of Vanuatu (Formerly known as the New Hebrides) The island of Aneityum is the southernmost inhabited island of the nation of Vanuatu. It is closest to the islands of Tanna and Futuna.<ref group=gr name=":0" /> The island's geographic location made Anejom̃ develop in isolation.<ref group=gr name=":0" /> The first speakers of the language are believed to have lived on hillsides near coasts in order to access resources. However, due to land degradation and population pressure, the speakers moved to the valleys.<ref name=":1" />

== History == Aneityum is thought to have been settled around 874 BCE ± 60 years by people coming over from Tanna. Original settlers (and speakers of the language) are thought to have lived on hillsides near the coasts in order to access resources from the ocean and land.<ref group=gr name=":9" group=gr>{{Page numbers|1}}</ref> However, the combination of land degradation and population forced the Aneityumese to move onto valley flats instead.<ref group=gr name=":9" />

The original political system was like much of Melanesia; it was composed of multiple chiefs (''natimarid)'' ruling over many chiefdoms (''neclau'').<ref group=gr name=":0" /> According to oral tradition, the island had two chiefdoms but they split to then form seven chiefdoms each "further divided into a number of districts between fifty and sixty in number".<ref group=gr name=":0" />

The first contact with Europeans was in 1830, when the brig ''Alpha'' landed in Aneityum with hopes of establishing a sandalwood trading business.<ref group=gr name=":0" />

The population of the Aneityumese has greatly declined over the years (along with the number of speakers); however, the population has seen a bit of a resurgence in the present. Most of the population was decimated by two major epidemics in the 1830s and 1840s and never fully recovered as can be seen below:<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|3}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Aneityum population |- !Pre-Contact |9,000-20,000 !1905 |435 |- !1830 |4,600-5,800 !1917 |320 |- !1854 |3,800 !1926 |220 |- !1865 |2,100 !1936 |193 |- !1878 |1,279 !1947 |191 |- !1886 |930 !1957 |244 |- !1897 |527 !1967 |313 |}

=== Church presence === Like much of the rest of Melanesia, the church has played an important role in language ideology on Aneityum. The first missionaries to land on the island were Samoan Presbyterians who arrived in 1841. After them followed European Presbyterian missionaries who established themselves in 1848.<ref group=gr name=":0" /> With the large missionary presence on the island, many schools were founded to spread the message of Christianity. In these schools, the classroom was mainly conducted in Anejom̃, however numeracy was conducted in English.<ref name=":30">Lynch, John Dominic. Church, State and Language in Melanesia: An Inaugural Lecture. Papua New Guinea: U of Papua New Guinea, 1979.</ref> The missionary presence on the island was so prevalent that the island was considered the "first successfully missionized island in Melanesia" and housed the headquarters of the Presbyterian Mission to the New Hebrides.<ref name=":1" />

The missions on Aneityum promoted the use of English.

=== Colonialization === Vanuatu came under joint British and French rule in 1887, which then became formalized in 1906 where Vanuatu became known as the "Anglo-French Condominium". Colonialization along with the big mission presence on the island led to the languages of French and English to become prestige languages.<ref name=":30" /> Other languages of Vanuatu also became prestigious (such as Nguna) because these language were chosen by missionaries to spread their teachings.<ref name=":30" /> With prolonged contact with English speakers, another language also arose: Bislama. Bislama, a pidgin of English, is now an extremely widely used language and has had a huge role in language change within Anejom̃.

== Phonology and orthography ==

=== Phonemes === Anejom̃ has 5 vowels and 20 or 21 consonants.{{Sfnp|Lynch|2000|ref=grammar}} The sound [ʔ] is sometimes counted as phoneme.<ref group=gr name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Anejom̃ Consonants ! !Labial-Velar !Labial !Dental !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- !Plosive |{{IPA link|pʷ}} |{{IPA link|p}} | |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |({{IPA link|ʔ}}) |- !Affricate | | | | |{{IPA link|tʃ}} | | |- !Nasal |{{IPA link|mʷ}} |{{IPA link|m}} | |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- !Fricative | |{{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|θ}} |{{IPA link|s}} | |{{IPA link|ɣ}} |{{IPA link|h}} |- !Tap | | | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | |- !Lateral | | | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |- !Semivowel |{{IPA link|w}} | | | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |}

Vowel and consonant length is contrastive in this language and is shown in orthography by writing the vowel or consonant twice.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Anejom̃ Vowels ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |- !short || long !short || long !short || long |- !High |{{IPA link|ɪ}} |{{IPA link|iː}} | | |{{IPA link|ʊ}} |{{IPA link|uː}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|ɛ}} |{{IPA link|eː}} | | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |{{IPA link|oː}} |- !Low | | |{{IPA link|a}} |{{IPA link|aː}} | | |}

=== Orthography === Anejom̃ was never a written language and so traditionally did not have an orthography. The first orthography was made by the missionary John Inglis in 1882.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionaryanei00aneigoog|title=A dictionary of the Aneityumese language. In two parts. I. Aneityumese and English. II. English and Aneityumese. Also outlines of Aneityumese grammar. And an introduction, containing notices of the missions to the native races, and illustrations of the principles and peculiarities of the Aneityumese language|last=Inglis|first=John|date=1882-01-01|publisher=London, Williams & Norgate}}</ref> It was considered to be a fairly good orthography of its time (having a one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes); however, it did contain several key problems. # It did not distinguish between /pʷ/ and /p/ and /mʷ/ and /m/.<ref group=gr name=":2" group=gr>{{Page numbers|27}}</ref> # The phoneme /ɲ/ was not always written as a separate letter from other nasal phonemes.<ref group=gr name=":2" /> # The allophone of /e/, [ə], was written confusingly as "''eu".''<ref group=gr name=":2" /> # Palatal off-glide before a palatal consonant was denoted as an "''i".''<ref group=gr name=":2" /> # Vowel and consonant length were not represented consistently in the orthography.<ref group=gr name=":2" /> A new orthography more accepted by Anejom̃ speakers now is shown below. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Phoneme ! colspan="2" |Orthographic Representation |- !Short !Long |- |pʷ |p̃ |p̃p̃ |- |p |p |pp |- |t |t |tt |- |k |k |kk |- |tʃ |j |jj |- |f |f |ff |- |θ |d |dd |- |s |s |ss |- |h |h |hh |- |v |v |vv |- |ɣ |c |cc |- |mʷ |m̃ |m̃m̃ |- |m |m |mm |- |n |n |nn |- |ɲ |ñ |ññ |- |ŋ |g |gg |- |l |l |ll |- |ɾ |r |rr |- |w |w |ww |- |j |y |yy |- |ɪ |i |ii |- |ɛ |e |ee |- |a |a |aa |- |ɔ |o |oo |- |ʊ |u |uu |}

===Allophones===

==== Glottal stop ==== The moderately phonemic glottal stop is an allophone of /h/ when it occurs before a consonant.<ref group=gr name=":3" group=gr>{{Page numbers|15}}</ref> It also occurs as an allophone before vowels that occur in the word initial position.<ref group=gr name=":3" />

==== Nasals ==== The phoneme /ɲ/ becomes [j̃] after a high vowel.<ref group="gr" name=":1">{{Page numbers|16}}</ref>

==== Voicing ==== Stops and affricates in Anejom̃ change in voicing depending on where they occur between segments as described and illustrated below.<ref group=gr name=":4">{{Page numbers|14}}</ref> * Between vowels, labial stops become voiced. Other stops (and affricates) are partially voiced.<ref group=gr name=":4" /> * Between voiced segments, all stops are variably voiced. The affricate /tʃ/ is variably voiced between voiced segments too. However, when it occurs before a nasal segment it becomes [c].<ref group=gr name=":4" /> * When these stops occur word initially, they are always slightly aspirated. The affricate /tʃ/ on the other hand is not aspirated but often takes on variable voicing.<ref group=gr name=":4" /> * When these stops and affricates don't occur between vowels or voiced segments they stay as their underlying form. For example, /p/ becomes [p] and /k/ becomes [k].<ref group=gr name=":4" /> * When these stops occur in final position, the phonemes don't change. However, the affricate /tʃ/ becomes [c], but can also be heard as [tʃ] in free variation.<ref group=gr name=":4" />

==== Liquids ==== * /ɾ/ can be heard as [r] in slower speech.<ref name=":1" group="gr" />

==== Vowels ==== * Vowel sounds are more tense when occurring as a long vowel.<ref name=":30" group="gr">p. 17</ref> * Single vowel sounds /ɪ ʊ/ occur as tense [i u] in word-final position.<ref name=":30" group="gr" /> * /e o/ occur as [e̝ o̝] when preceding a high vowel /i u/ of the same frontness or roundness.<ref group="gr">p. 18</ref> * /i e/ occur as centralized [ɨ ə] before and after /ɣ/.<ref name=":31" group="gr">p. 19</ref> * /a/ very often assimilates before a following high vowel, becoming [æ] or [ɛ] before /i/, and [ɒ] or [ɔ] before /u/.<ref name=":31" group="gr" />

==Morphology==

===Pronouns=== There are three types of pronouns in Anejom̃: personal, demonstrative, and interrogative pronouns.<ref group=gr name=":0" />

==== Personal pronouns ==== Anejom̃'s personal pronouns distinguish: # three persons, with a further distinction of inclusive and exclusive in first person non-singular # four numbers (singular, dual, trial, and plural) # three cases (focal, object, and possessive)"<ref group=gr name=":0" /><ref group=gr name=":5">{{Page numbers|37}}</ref>

===== Focal pronouns ===== {| class="wikitable" |+ Focal pronouns |- ! colspan="2" | ! Singular ! Dual ! Trial ! Plural |- ! rowspan="2" | 1st person ! inclusive | --- | akajau | akataj | akaja |- ! exclusive | añak | ajamrau | ajamtaj | ajama |- ! colspan="2" | 2nd person | aek*, aak | ajourau | ajoutaj | ajowa |- ! colspan="2" | 3rd person | aen*, aan | aarau | aattaj | aara |}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The focal pronouns ''aek'' and ''aen'' are only used in writing or when a speaker speaks slowly. Most of the time the pronouns aak and aan, respectively, are used instead (and are generally pronounced with short vowels instead of long vowels).<ref group=gr name=":5" /> Below is an example of a focal pronoun.<ref group=gr name=":6">{{Page numbers|38}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Et amjeg aan* |3SG.AOR sleep (s)he |'He/she/it is sleeping.'}}

===== Object pronouns ===== {| class="wikitable" |+ Object pronouns |- ! colspan="2" | ! Singular ! Dual ! Trial ! Plural |- ! rowspan="2" | 1st person ! inclusive | --- | cajau | cataj | caja |- ! exclusive | ñak | camrau | camtaj | cama |- ! colspan="2" | 2nd person | yic**, -c | courau | coutaj | cowa |- ! colspan="2" | 3rd person | yin**, -n | rau | ettaj | ra |}

Object pronouns are free morphemes and occur after verbs and certain "case-marking prepositions" as seen below.<ref group=gr name=":6" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Arodei ra aak! |whip them.PL you.SG |'Whip them!'}}

<nowiki>**</nowiki>The 2SG and 3SG object pronouns normally occur as yic and yin, however when a vowel precedes these pronouns then they change to the suffixes -c and -n respectively.<ref group=gr name=":6" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |*Et emtita-i yic aan. → Et emitita-c aan. |3SG.AOR fear-TR you.SG.O (s)he ''→'' 3SG.AOR fear-2SG.O (s)he |'He's frightened of you'}}

===== Possessive pronouns ===== {| class="wikitable" |+ Possessive pronouns |- ! colspan="2" | ! Singular ! Dual ! Trial ! Plural |- ! rowspan="2" | 1st person ! inclusive | --- | -jau | -jau | -ja |- ! exclusive | -k | -mrau | -mrau | -ma |- ! colspan="2" | 2nd person | -m̃ | -mirau | -mirau | -mia |- ! colspan="2" | 3rd person | -n | -rau | -rau | -ra |}

Possessive pronouns occur as suffixes and can be attached to "directly possessed nouns and possessive markers, some case-markers, and to members of one sub-class of verbs".<ref group=gr name=":7" group=gr>{{Page numbers|39}}</ref> See below:

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Alum̃a-k ti aak |give.to.drink-my tea you.SG |'Give me some tea (to drink).'}}

====Interrogative pronouns==== There are two interrogative pronouns in Anejom̃: ''di'' ('who') and ''panid'' and its less widely used alternate, ''panida'' ('which').<ref group=gr name=":7" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Et adel a di? |3SG.AOR fart S who |'Who farted?'}}

However, ''<nowiki/>'di''' is "inherently singular" and requires a coordinate phrase with ''im,'' as seen in the example here, to express plurality.<ref group=gr name=":7" /><ref group=gr name=":8" group=gr>{{Page numbers|40}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Era apam di im di? |3PL.AOR come who and who |'Who (PL) came?'}}

''Panid'' and ''panida'' can only be used to refer to inanimate objects.<ref group=gr name=":8" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |'Le naifi enai aak!' |take.SG knife {{gcl|DEM2|intermediate demonstrative}}.SG you.SG |'Get me that knife!'}}

{{interlinear|indent=3 |'Panid?' |which.one |'Which one?'}}

====Demonstrative pronouns==== Demonstrative pronouns also have singular, dual, trial and plural forms like personal pronouns (see below).<ref group=gr name=":8" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Demonstrative pronouns |- ! !Singular !Dual !Trial !Plural |- !Proximate |niñki nii, niñ |rañki raaki, raa |tijiraaki |jiñki jiijiñ, jii |- !Intermediate |naanai naa |rañka | |jeknaa |- !Distant |naikou |rañkou | |jeknaikou |- !Anaphoric |yiiki yii |raaki | |jiiki [recent] jekeñ [distant] |} In Anejom̃, demonstrative pronouns can also take the suffix ''-sak'' which denotes that the speaker is "pointing at or in some other way indicating the location of the thing referred to."<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|41}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Alp̃a-i ñak jeknaa-sak aak. |give-TR me this2.PL-{{gcl|INDIC|indicated}} you.SG |'Give me those ones there (that I'm pointing at).'}}

=== Nouns === Anejom̃ has several categories for nouns: temporal, locative, personal, obligatorily possessed and optionally possessed nouns. The latter two categories (obligatorily possessed and optionally possessed nouns), are further distinguished based on animacy (as seen below).<ref group=gr name=":10">{{Page numbers|42}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="7" |Nouns ! colspan="2" |Temporal |- ! colspan="2" |Locative |- ! colspan="2" |Personal |- ! rowspan="2" |Obligatorily possessed |Animate |- |Inanimate |- ! rowspan="2" |Optionally possessed |Animate |- |Inanimate |}

==== Temporal nouns ==== Examples of common temporal nouns can be seen below.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|42}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Temporal noun (Anejom̃) !English definition |- |kou |now |- |ituwu |nuhup̃an |- |ipiñ |today |- |imrañ |tomorrow |- |iyenev |yesterday |- |invid |two days from today (past or future) |- |hovid |three days from today (past or future) |}

==== Locative nouns ==== Locative nouns in Anejom̃ do not need the case marker "''a"'' to occur in front of it as shown in the example below.<ref group=gr name=":11" group=gr>{{Page numbers|43}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Et m̃an apan aan Isia |3SG.AOR PERF go (s)he Isia. |'He went to Isia.'}}

Locative nouns also include the following words:<ref group=gr name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Anejom̃ !English |- |ijiñis |above |- |ijhou |outside |- |itohou |far inland |- |itac |behind |- |up̃os |on land, in a clear place |}

==== Personal nouns ==== Personal nouns include kinship terms as well as names of people.<ref group=gr name=":11" />

==== Obligatorily possessed nouns ==== These nouns must "be marked as being possessed by some other noun or pronoun", which tends to be marked by suffixation.<ref group=gr name=":12" group=gr>{{Page numbers|44}}</ref> Most of the obligatorily possessed nouns are kinship terms.<ref group=gr name=":12" />

An example of direct suffixation can be seen in the examples below.<ref group=gr name=":12" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |etma-n |father-his/her |'his/her father'}}

{{interlinear|indent=3 |etma-ra |father-their.PL |'their father'}}

There are some nouns that do not take direct suffixation but rather use possessive markers such as the word for "child", "nephew", "niece", and "sister," to name a few.<ref group=gr name=":12" />

==== Optionally possessed nouns ==== Unlike obligatorily possessed nouns, these nouns do not, or do not have to, take possession markers.

===== Animate and inanimate Nouns ===== Anejom̃ has a distinction between animate and inanimate nouns which is further divided into obligatorily possessed and optionally possessed nouns.<ref group=gr name=":13" group=gr>{{Page numbers|45-46}}</ref>

Animate nouns are usually marked by using the subject marker "''a"'' for singular and the prefix ''"elpu-"'' for plural''.''<ref group=gr name=":13" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Et alp̃as a pikad uñu-m̃. |3SG.AOR big S pig POSS.{{gcl|G|general possessive}}-your.SG |'Your pig is (getting) big.'}}

Pluralization of the word meaning 'man' to 'men' seen below.<ref group=gr name=":13" />

''natam̃añ → elpu-atam̃añ''

Inanimate nouns are not marked in either the singular or plural.

=== Noun prefixes === Anejom̃ has several key prefixes that serve important roles:<ref group=gr name=":14" group=gr>{{Page numbers|46-47}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Prefix !Function !Example |- | rowspan="2" |''n- / in-'' (''-in'' is used before a consonant) |adding this prefix makes verbs into nouns |''omrag'' (be old) → ''n-omrag'' (old person) |- |also produces nominalized verbs |{{interlinear|Nai meret aek n-apan va-ñ Vila ka a'o?|2SG.AOR want you.SG NMLZ-go PURP-TR Vila or no|'Do you want to go to Vila?'}} |- |''*inta-'' |makes instrumental nouns from verbs |''ahrei'' (to sleep) → ''inta-ahrei'' (broom) |- |''nupu-'' |makes "human nouns from locative nouns or other locationally-oriented forms".<ref group=gr name=":14" />

(Human nouns are nouns that mean 'a person from that place'.) |''Samoa'' (Samoa) → ''nupu-Samoa'' (a Samoan) |- |''elpu-'' |plural form of ''nupu-'' (has the same function) |''Samoa'' (Samoa) → ''elpu-Samoa'' (Samoans) |- |''nef(e)-'' |signals importance or size |''natimi'' (person) → ''nef-atimi'' (an important person) |- |''nev(e)-'' |'which?' |''nelcau'' (canoe) →''nev-elcau'' (which canoe) |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Inta-'' is used sparingly compared to the other prefixes. Most of the time, instrumental nouns are compounds that include the word '<nowiki/>''nitai','' which is most likely where ''<nowiki/>'inta''' comes from.<ref group=gr name=":14" />

==== N-/in- Prefix ==== The ''n-''/''in-'' prefix is a frequently used as well as frequently occurring underlying morpheme: it accounts for around 85% of Anejom̃ nouns.<ref group=gr name=":15" group=gr>{{Page numbers|48-49}}</ref> The other approximate 15% of nouns that don't use this prefix tend to be highly specific groups of nouns.<ref group=gr name=":15" />

==== Collective prefixes ==== Anejom̃ also has a different set of prefixes that are referred to as collective prefixes, as they refer to large groups of things:<ref group=gr name=":16" group=gr>{{Page numbers|51}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Collective prefix !Meaning |- |niji- |"general collective prefix used with a wide variety of nouns"<ref group=gr name=":16" /> |- |nupu- (not the same nupu- prefix in the previous table) |used for humans and higher animates |- |inlel- |used for inanimates (most likely things that occur in nature) |- |inmal- |used for inanimate (most likely artefacts) |}

=== Noun suffixes ===

==== Direct possession ==== In Anejom̃, the possessive form of personal pronouns are attached directly to the noun when "the possessor is a personal pronoun".<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|57-58}}</ref>

==== Indirect possession ==== For all other nouns that cannot be directly possessed, a "possessive or construct suffix is added to a possessive marker" as seen below.<ref group=gr name=":17" group=gr>{{Page numbers|59-62}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3 |intal inca-i di? |taro POSS.{{gcl|F|food possessive}}-{{gcl|CS|construct suffix}} who |'whose taro?'}}

{| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Possessive markers |- |inca- |possession of food |- |lum̃a |possession of drink |- |lida- |possession of "something to suck the juice from"<ref group=gr name=":17" /> |- |um̃a- |possession of a "customarily owned area of land or sea"<ref group=gr name=":17" /> |- |a, era- |passive or subordinate possession |- |u, uwu- |general possession |}

=== Verbs === Verbs in Anejom̃ are words that can occur as the head of a verb phrase.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|65}}</ref> In Anejom̃, verbs are distinguished by transitivity; there are transitive, intransitive and (the family small class of) ambi-transitive verbs. Examples of these verbs can be seen below.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|67-69}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! !Verb !Meaning |- |Transitive |''ciñ, awod, alcajira-ñ, hag*'' |'eat', 'hit', 'tie up', 'eat' (TRANS) |- |Intransitive |''aco, epehtau, amjeg, ciñ*'' |'forage for shellfish', 'to stumble/trip', 'to sleep', to eat (INTR) |- |Ambi-Transitive |''atapanes, ataktai, asalgei'' |'shut, close', 'think, think about', 'open' |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Many transitive verbs also have intransitive pairings as can be seen by the two verbs that mean 'to eat' in the table above.

==== The verbs ''yek'' and ''isp̃a'' ==== Both of these verbs are unusual in that they do not follow the regular pattern.

===== ''Yek'': to be at, be present ===== ''Yek'' is an existential verb that is different from the majority of Anejom̃ verbs in a number of ways. # The root of ''yek'' changes irregularly in the singular, dual and trial forms.<ref group=gr name=":19" group=gr>{{Page numbers|73-76}}</ref> # The verb does not take subject-tense markers, though it does take certain aspect-mood markers.<ref group=gr name=":19" /> # Pronoun subjects come after ''yek''.<ref group=gr name=":19" /> # Noun phrases normally come before ''yek'' instead of after and don't take the subject marker ''a''.<ref group=gr name=":19" /> # It has specific markers it can and cannot occur with.<ref group=gr name=":19" />

===== Isp̃a ===== This verb marks the reflexive or reciprocal and takes an agreeing possessive suffix as seen below.<ref group=gr name=":19" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |Et isp̃a-n edel aan. |3SG.AOR REFL-its grow it |'It grew by itself'.}}

==== Inflectional prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" !Inflectional prefixes !Function |- |imy(i)- |comitative |- |er(i)- |mutual action/multiple subject |- |ec- |multiplicative (is used to show the number of times an action is performed). |} <ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|80-82}}</ref> The vowel (i) is only added if it occurs before a consonant.<ref group=gr name=":18" />

==== Reduplication ==== Anejom̃ does have reduplication although it is not used very often. It most commonly occurs as complete reduplication as seen below.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|82}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Noun !Definition !Reduplication !Definition |- |erop̃ |'slow' |erop̃-erop̃ |'too/very slow' |}

==== Object suffixes for transitive verbs ==== Not including the verbs which take possessive suffixes, there are three main types of ways in which transitive verbs are marked. The types of verbs are: 1) unmarked verbs, 2) "verbs that take the transitive suffix "-''i"'' with all objects", 3) verbs that only take "-''i"'' with animate objects and ''"-ñ"'' with inanimate objects.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|84-85}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! !Type 1 Verb !Type 2 Verb !Type 3 Verb |- !Animate object | ----- | -i | -i |- !Inanimate object | ------ | -i | -ñ |}

==== Directional and locational verb suffixes ==== These suffixes attach to the end of the verb and will come after a transitive suffix if one occurs.<ref group=gr name=":18">{{Page numbers|85-87}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Direction/locational suffixes |- ! colspan="2" |Vertical ! colspan="2" |Horizontal ! colspan="2" |Distance |- !-jai |up, south, east !-pam |hither, towards speaker/focus !-ki |near |- ! rowspan="3" |-se(h) | rowspan="3" |down, north, west !-pan |thither, away from speaker/focus ! rowspan="3" |-kou | rowspan="3" |distant |- !-p̃ok |seawards |- !-pahai |landwards, inland |} Distance suffixes have to combine with horizontal or vertical suffixes; they cannot be alone.<ref group=gr name=":18" /> The ordering of these suffixes are as follows: 1) vertical, 2) horizontal, 3) distance.<ref group=gr name=":18" />

==== Subject-tense marking ==== In a verb phrase, a subject marking morpheme tends to occur first (except if it is an imperative, optionally conjoined, or subordinate clause).<ref group=gr name=":20" group=gr>{{Page numbers|89-91}}</ref> In Anejom̃, subject-tense-aspect marking is undergoing radical change.<ref group=gr name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" |19th century subject-tense markers (Capell) |- ! !Singular !Dual !Trial !Plural |- ! colspan="5" |Aorist (present, recent past, habitual) |- !1 INC | |intau |intaj |inta |- !1 EXC |ek |ecrau |ektaj, ektij |ecra |- !2 |na |ekau |ahtaj |eka |- !3 |et |erau |ehtaj |era |- ! colspan="5" |Past |- !1 INC | |intis |intijis |imjis |- !1 EXC |kis |ecrus |ektijis |ecris |- !2 |as |akis |ahtijis |akis |- !3 |is |erus |ehtijis |eris |- ! colspan="5" |Inceptive (event about/likely to happen) |- !1 INC | |tu |tiji |ti |- !1 EXC |inki, ki |ecru |tiji |ecri |- !2 |an |eru |tiji |aki |- !3 |inyi, yi |eru |tiji |eri |} There seems to be a lot of change in present day subject-tense marking, especially in the plural subject-tense marking category by younger speakers. Here are all the (competing) subject-tense markers used in modern Anejom̃.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|92-94}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" |Modern Anejom̃ subject-tense markings |- ! !Singular !Dual !Trial !Plural |- ! colspan="5" |Aorist |- !1 INC | |tau, ta, ekra, erau, era, rai- |taj, ta, ekra, era, rai- |ta, ekra, era, rai- |- !1 EXC |ek, k- |ekrau, ekra, erau, era, rai- |ettaj, ekra, era, rai- |ekra, era, rai- |- ! 2 |na, nai, n- |erau, ekra, erau, era, rai- |ettaj, ekra, era, rai- |eka, ekra, era, eri, rai- |- ! 3 |et, t- |erau, era, ekra, rai- |ettaj, ekra, era, rai- |era, eri, ekra, rai- |- ! colspan="5" |Past |- !1 INC | |tus, tu, kis, is, s- |tijis, kis, is, s- |eris, kis, is, s- |- !1 EXC |kis, is, s- |eris, is, s- |eris, is, s- |ekris, eris, is, s- |- !2 |as, na, is, s- |ekris, ekrus, arus, is, s- |atijis, ekris, is, s- |akis, ekris, is, s- |- !3 |is, s- |erus, eris, ekris, is, s- |etijis, ekris, era, s- |eris, ekris, is, s- |- ! colspan="5" |Inceptive |- !1 INC | |tu, ti, yi, ri |tiji, ti, ri |ti, ri |- !1 EXC |ki |ekru, ri |etiji, ekri, ri |ekri, ri |- !2 |an, ni |aru, ra, ri |atiji, ra, ri |aki, ra, ri |- !3 |iñiyi, inyi, yi, y- |eru, ru, ra, ri |etiji, eri, ra, ri, yi |eri, ra, ri |}

==== Mood, aspect, tense Markers ==== Anejom̃ has several markers (different from the subject-markers) which indicate a variety of mood, aspect and tense.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|97}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Mood, Aspect, Tense Markers |- |pu |definite future |- |mu |indefinite or polite future, hortative |- |p̃ar |sequential action or subsequent action |- |m̃an |perfective/completive |- |jim |prohibitive |}

=== Compounding === Compounding is a key historical and modern feature of Anejom̃; it has both compound nouns and compound verbs.<ref group=gr name=":21">{{Page numbers|105-111}}</ref> Compound nouns generally consist of a noun followed by either a noun, verb, modifier or a possessive construction, and compound verbs tend to be a combination of two verbs, although sometimes a verb is followed by a noun. Compounding is so prevalent, that historical linguistics use modern (as well as fossilized compounds) to trace genealogical relationships between Oceanic languages. Another one of the key uses of compounding in Anejom̃ is that it is used to form the instrumental case. Examples of compounding can be seen below.<ref group=gr name=":21" /> {| class="wikitable" !Compound Type !1st word !+ !2nd Word !Compound !Meaning |- | rowspan="2" |Compound Nouns |''nepjed'' (citurs) | + |''eromaga'' (Erromango) |''nepjed-eromaga'' |'mandarin orange' |- |''nadiat'' (day) | + |''atum̃ap'' (rest) |''nadiat atum̃ap'' |'Sunday' |- |Verb Compounds |''ama-i'' (chew TR) |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |''alde-i'' (cut TR) |''amalde-i'' |'bite one's tongue' |- |Fossilized Compounds |Presumed First word ''ahvii'' (press with finger) |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |Presumed second word ''am̃od'' (to break) |Now a word ''ahvam̃od'' |'break by squeezing' |}

== Syntax == Anejom̃ word order is fairly strict and does not allow for much variation. The preferred word order in Anejom̃ is VOS (or verb, followed by object, then subject). This word order is extremely unusual within the languages of Vanuatu and makes Anejom̃ the "only non-Polynesian language in Vanuatu to have this preferred word order."<ref group=gr name=":22" group=gr>{{Page numbers|114-115}}</ref> Below are a couple of examples of intransitive and transitive sentences.<ref group=gr name=":22" />

{{interlinear | indent = 3 | top = Intransitive sentences|[Et apam] [a di].|3SG.AOR come S who|'Who's coming?' }}

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Jim lav aak]. |{{gcl|DONT|prohibitive}} make.noise you.SG |'Don't (you sg.) make a noise!}}

{{interlinear | indent = 3 | top = Transitive sentence|[Eris lecse-i] [isji-tal] [aarau].|3PL.PAST take.PL-TR fruits-taro they.DU|'The two of them took the taro corms.' }}

=== Departures from VOS === While Anejom̃ has a fairly strict word order, there are times that the language departs from the standard VOS order. # Although not very common, subjects and objects are moved to the beginning of the phrase when topicalized.<ref group=gr name=":22" /> # When an object is a fairly long word, it is switched with the subject making the order VSO instead.<ref group=gr name=":22" /> # Indefinite subjects tend to come before verbs, making the order SVO.<ref group=gr name=":22" /> # With the verb '<nowiki/>''yek''', pronoun subjects follow the verb but noun phrases come before it.<ref group=gr name=":22" />

=== Cases === Anejom̃ has multiple cases that are denoted by several different case markers summed up below.<ref group=gr name=":23" group=gr>{{Page numbers|119}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Formal variation in case markers |- !Base form |a (oblique) |ehele (personal locative/directional) |inta (dative/benefactive) |u (locative) |va (casual) |imi (dative/benefactive) |- ! colspan="7" style="text-align: left" |With pronouns |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Form |era- |ehele- |imta- | rowspan="2" |See book §3.5.2.<ref group=gr name=":23" /> |va- |imi- |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Pronoun |POSS. |POSS. |POSS. |OBJ. |OBJ. |- ! colspan="7" style="text-align: left" |With nouns |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Personal |era-i |ehele-i |imta-i |u |va-i |imi |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Sing. ''n-'' |a |ehele-i |imta-i |u |va-i |imi |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Sing. ''in-'' |a- |ehele- |imta- |uwu |va- |imi |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Sing. other |era-i |ehele-i |imta-i |u |va-i |imi |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Plural |era-i |ehele-i |imta-i |u |va-i |imi |- ! colspan="7" style="text-align: left" |Anaphoric |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Animate |era-n |ehele-n |imta-n |uwu-n |va-n | |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Inanimate |era-n |ehele-n |imta-n |uwu-n |va-ñ | |}

=== Indicating time and place === Temporal phrases can be marked with or without a case depending on the phrase.

==== Unmarked phrases ==== Unmarked temporal phrases take a temporal noun and unmarked locative phrases take either a locative noun or a locative demonstrative.<ref group=gr name=":24">{{Page numbers|120-122}}</ref> There are two types of local demonstratives: the first type is the one seen in the table below and the second is formed adding locative suffixes (see table earlier on page) to the root '''au'.''<ref group=gr name=":24" /> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" |Locative demonstratives |- ! !Singular !Dual !Trial !Plural |- !Proximate |inkahegka, inkaaki, inkahe | | |inka |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Indicated |ap̃niñki, ap̃ni |ap̃rañki |ap̃jiñki | |- !Intermediate |inkapam, ankehan, añkou | | |añki |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Indicated |ap̃nañkou, ap̃naa |ap̃rañkou | | |- !Distant |inkapan, aaki, ean | | |eaaki |- ! style="font-weight: normal" |Indicated |ap̃naikou, ap̃yi | | | |} Locative demonstratives that are formed by adding the locative suffixes to the root ''au-'' must follow a specific order:<ref group=gr name=":24" />

:''au'' - vertical - distance :''au'' - horizontal - distance :''au -'' vertical - horizontal - distance

==== Marked phrases ==== Marked temporal phrases and place phrases (that don't have a non-personal noun at the head), take the case marker ''<nowiki/>'a'.''<ref group=gr name=":25" group=gr>{{Page numbers|123-24}}</ref> For non-personal place phrases, the case marker ''<nowiki/>'u'<nowiki/>'' is used instead.<ref group=gr name=":25" /> When a place phrase uses a personal noun or pronoun, ''ehele-'' is used instead of either ''<nowiki/>'a'<nowiki/>'' or ''<nowiki/>'u'''.<ref group=gr name=":25" />

=== Questions === There are two types of questions: yes/no and content questions.

==== Yes/no questions ==== Yes/no questions can be asked in two ways. One way to indicate a question is by ending a phrase on a raised intonation. The second way is to add the word '<nowiki/>''ka a'o'<nowiki/>'' (which means '''or no''<nowiki/>') to the end of a sentence.<ref group=gr name=":26" group=gr>{{Page numbers|133-135}}</ref>

===== Content questions ===== Unlike yes/no questions, content questions use interrogative morphemes such as:<ref group=gr name=":26" />

* 'who': ''di'' * ''<nowiki/>'''what': ''inhe'' * 'which/which one': ''panid/panida'' * 'when': ''nuhup̃an'' * 'which/which thing': ''nev(e)-'' * 'where': ''eda'' (acts like a locative noun) * 'how to': ''ehv(e)-'' (verbal prefix)

=== Combining clauses === There are several different ways to combine clauses together:<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|140}}</ref> # "simple clause chaining" # conjunctions # using ''am̃'' and ''p̃ar'' # the "echo-subject proclitic ''m-'' # verb serialization

==== Simple clause chaining ==== In simple clause chaining, no conjunctions are markings are used to link two separate clauses together. Simple clause chaining can be used either for clauses of the same or different subject and for both verbal and verbless clauses.<ref group=gr>{{Page numbers|141-143}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Ekrau edou ajamrau], [ek ap̃ahni añak era-i iji-teptag asga]. |1EXC.DU.AOR roam we.EXCL.DU 1SG.AOR go.everywhere I LOC-{{gcl|CS|construct suffix}} COL-nakamal all |'We wandered around and I went to every single nakamal.'}}

==== Conjunctions ==== There are three conjunctions that combine clauses in Anejom̃: '<nowiki/>''ka''<nowiki/>', '<nowiki/>''jai','' and '<nowiki/>''jam''' which are the equivalents of 'or', 'but' and 'but' respectively.<ref group=gr name=":27" group=gr>{{Page numbers|143-147}}</ref>

'Ka'

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Et m̃an ecohos nagesga] ka [a'o]? |3SG.AOR PERF appear sun or no |'Has the sun risen (or not)?'}}

'<nowiki/>''Jai''<nowiki/>' and '<nowiki/>''jam'<nowiki/>'' have the same meaning, however ''<nowiki/>'jai'<nowiki/>'' is used when the subjects of the two combining clauses are different and '''jam'<nowiki/>'' is used when the two combining subjects are the same.<ref group=gr name=":27" /> '<nowiki/>''Jai''<nowiki/>' is also used when a subject-tense marker occurs at the beginning of the clause following it, regardless of the subject.<ref group=gr name=":27" />

'Jai'<ref group=gr name=":27" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Eris akrou m-alp̃a-i cama], jai [is p̃ar han]... |3PL.AOR share {{gcl|ES|echo subject}}-give-TR us.EXCL.PL.O but 3SG.PAST SEQ enough |'They shared it out to us, but there was enough...'}}

'Jam'<ref group=gr name=":27" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Eris ago kava lum̃a-n aara] jam [ago is erou]. |3PL.PAST make kava POSS.{{gcl|D|drink possessive}}-his they.PL but.SS make 3SG.PAST two |'They made his kava, but they made two (bowls).'}}

==== ''Am̃'' and ''p̃ar'' ==== ''Am̃'' and ''p̃ar'' are also conjunctions that respectively mean 'and' and 'and then, so'. However, they don't function like normal conjunctions but rather aspect markers as seen below.<ref group=gr name=":27" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Ekris lecse-i u-rau aarau], [is am̃ atpu tah aarau]. |3DU.PAST take.PL-TR POSS-3DU they.DU 3SG.PAST and hide one they.DU |'The two of them took theirs, and one of them hid.'}}

==== ''M-'' ==== ''M-'' is attached "to the first word in the verb phrase of a non-initial clause which has the same subject as the preceding clause".<ref group=gr name=":28" group=gr>{{Page numbers|150-151}}</ref> It can also denote continuous aspect.<ref group=gr name=":28" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Ekris apan aarau] [m-ago nup̃ut] [m-ago ihnii]. |3DU.PAST go they.DU {{gcl|ES|echo subject}}-make k.o.laplap {{gcl|ES|echo subject}}-make finish |'They two went and made nup̃ut and finished making it.'}}

==== Verb serialization ==== While verb serialization does not occur much in Anejom̃ in comparison to other Western Oceanic Languages, it occurs more commonly than in its closest related languages.<ref group=gr name=":28" /> Most of the verb-serializations in Anejom̃ contain directional motion verbs in the non-initial clause as seen below:<ref group=gr name=":28" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |[Is m̃an lep rectidai aataj] [apan a-nlii-i niom̃] |PAST PERF again get.up they.TRI go LOC-inside-{{gcl|CS|construct suffix}} house |'They three got up again and went inside the house.'}}

=== Relative clauses === Relative clauses in Anejom̃ do not have relative pronouns and they directly follow the noun phrase that it is modifying.<ref group=gr name=":29">{{Page numbers|155}}</ref> For example:<ref group=gr name=":29" />

{{interlinear|indent=3 |{[NP Inworen} enaa {[REL et} amen aan im-le injap̃ era-n.]REL]NP... |place {{gcl|DEM2|intermediate demonstrative}}.SG 3SG.AOR stay he {{gcl|ES|echo subject}}-take.SG salt LOC-its |'The place where he got salt from...'}}

== Sample texts == * http://paradisec.org.au/fieldnotes/image_viewer.htm?ANEIT309,3<ref>{{cite web|last1=Capell|title=Arthur|url=http://paradisec.org.au/fieldnotes/image_viewer.htm?ANEIT309,3|website=PARADISEC.org|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> *{{Cite book | last = Geddie, John | title = Nitasvitai uhup | access-date = 2012-08-28 | date = 1856 | isbn = 9780665160059 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_16005 }}

*{{Cite book | last = Geddie, John | title = Nitasvitai irai salm is aged a Tevit Natimarid irai upu Isreel | access-date = 2012-08-28 | date = 1865 | isbn = 9780665279836 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_27983 }}

*{{Cite web | title = Jenesis, Nitaasviitai Is Aged A Moses (Uhup Aneityum Genesis Translation) | access-date = 2012-08-28 | url = https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_aty_gen-1 }} *Lynch, John and Philip Tepahae (2001). [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/JL2 Anejom̃ dictionary]. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics

==Notes== * from John Lynch’s '''''Grammar of Anejom̃''''': {{Reflist|group=gr|15em}}

* '''from other sources''' {{Reflist}}

==References== *{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/adictionaryanei00aneigoog |title=A dictionary of the Aneityumese language: In two parts. I. Aneityumese and English. II. English and Aneityumese. Also outlines of Aneityumese grammar. And an introduction, containing notices of the missions to the native races, and illustrations of the principles and peculiarities of the Aneityumese language |last=Inglis |first=John |publisher=Williams & Norgate |year=1882 |location=London and Edinburgh |access-date=28 August 2012}} *{{Cite book |title=A Grammar of Anejom̃ |last=Lynch |first=John |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |series=Pacific Linguistics 507 |year=2000 |isbn=0-85883-484-7 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-507 |hdl=1885/146679 |ref=grammar |author-link=John Lynch (linguist) |hdl-access=free}} *{{Cite book |title=Diksonari blong Anejom̃: nitasviitai a nijitas antas Anejom̃ |last1=Lynch |first1=John |last2=Tepahae |first2=Philip |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=2000 |isbn=0-85883-508-8 |series=Pacific Linguistics 510 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-510 |hdl=1885/146130 |author-link=John Lynch (linguist) |hdl-access=free}} *{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/taalvergelijkend00kernuoft |title=Taalvergelijkende verhandeling over het aneityumsch, met een aanhangsel over het klankstelsel van het eromanga |last=Kern |first=Hendrik |date=1906 |publisher=J. Muller |location=Amsterdam |access-date=2012-08-28}} * Capell, Arthur. John 13:7 in the languages Futuna; Aneityum; Tanna-Lenakel; Tanna- Kwamera; Tanna Eastern (White Sands); Efate-Erakor; Nguna. PARADISEC. n.d. http://paradisec.org.au/fieldnotes/image_viewer.htm?COMVO202,1.Accessed 20 March. 2016. * Capell, Arthur. A Re-Study of the Language of Aneityum New Hebrides. After 1960. http://paradisec.org.au/fieldnotes/image_viewer.htm?ANEIT302,4,1,L,80. Accessed 20 March. 2016. * Capell, Arthur. Two Stories in Aneityumese. PARADISEC. * n.d. http://paradisec.org.au/fieldnotes/image_viewer.htm?ANEIT309,3,1,L,80. Accessed 20 March. 2016. * Lynch, John, and Matthew Spriggs. “Anejom̃ Numerals: The (Mis)Adventures Of A Counting System.” ''Te Reo'' 38. (1995): 37–52. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Accessed 27. Mar. 2016. * Lynch, John. A Century of Linguistic Change in Anejom. In Robert A. Blust, ed., ''Currents in Pacific linguistics: Papers on Austronesian linguistics and ethnolinguistics in honour of George W. Grace'', 185–195. PL, C-117. * Lynch, John Dominic. Church, State and Language in Melanesia: An Inaugural Lecture. Papua New Guinea: U of Papua New Guinea, 1979. * Lynch John. “Grammatical Change in Progress: The Anejom Conditionals.” ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' 20.2 (2000): Communication & Mass Media Complete. Accessed 27 Mar. 2016. * Lynch, John, and Terry Crowley. ''Languages of Vanuatu: A New Survey and Bibliography''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 2001. * Lynch, John. ''The Linguistic History of Southern Vanuatu''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 2001. PHOIBLE. 2014. Aneityum sound inventory (PH). In: Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel & Wright, Richard (eds.) PHOIBLE Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1228, Accessed on 2016-03-15.) * Tryon, Darrell T. ''New Hebrides Languages: an internal classification''. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1976. 541–545.

==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100526195610/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=149 Anejom̃ on Austronesian Database] *PARADISEC [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/JL2 archive of the Anejom Dictionary] *[http://dominicweb.eu/dictionaries/rosary-prayers/?language=aty Database of audio recordings in Aneityum - basic Catholic prayers]

Category:Languages of Vanuatu Category:South Vanuatu languages Category:Verb–object–subject languages