André Berger

{{Short description|Belgian professor and climatologist}} {{Infobox scientist | name = André Berger | image = André Berger.jpg | caption = Berger at El Tatio Geyser (4321 m), Chile, 31 January 2008. | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|07|30}} | birth_place = Acoz, German-occupied Belgium }}

'''André Léon Georges Chevalier Berger''' (born July 30, 1942) is a Belgian climatologist and professor from Acoz. He is best known for his significant contribution to the renaissance and further development of the astronomical theory of paleoclimates and as a cited pioneer of the interdisciplinary study of climate dynamics and history.

==Biography== {{BLP sources|date=September 2021}} Trained in mathematics, Berger holds a PhD in sciences from the Université catholique de Louvain (1973) and a master of sciences in meteorology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1971). He has received honorary doctoral degrees from Paul Cézanne University Aix-Marseille III (1989), Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University (1999) and the Faculté polytechnique de Mons (2004). He is presently an emeritus professor and senior researcher at UCLouvain.

Berger works in the field of paleoclimatology, and worked on the astronomical theory of paleoclimate (also known as the Milankovitch theory) in the 1970s, and its promotion and development in the following decades. He has renewed this theory and improved the accuracy of the long term variations of the astronomical parameters used for calculating of the incoming solar radiation (insolation) over the last and next millions of years. He became known in 1977 for his paper in ''Nature'' and later in the ''Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics'' (1978), delivering all the spectral components of the long term variations of orbital eccentricity, obliquity (axial tilt) and climatic precession. His contributions have played a key role in the time scale calibration and interpretation of paleoclimate records and in the modelling of glacial-interglacial cycles. He has mainly worked on the simulation of past and future climates in close collaboration with physicists and geologists worldwide. He was at the origin of the very first Earth systems model of intermediate complexity.

He was full professor of meteorology and climatology at UCL, maître de conférences at the Université de Liège where he was Chaire Francqui in 1989, visiting professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and has been invited to many other universities in Europe, America and Asia. He was invited to deliver the Union Lecture of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in 1987, the Society Lecture of European Geophysical Society (EGS) in 1994 and the Slichter Lecture at the University of California Los Angeles in 2001. He was chairman of the Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Georges Lemaître from 1978 to 2001, a period during which he started to develop climate research there. He was the supervisor of 22 doctoral degree theses and continues to serve as a jury member for academic tenure and habilitation.

Berger is the author of ''Le Climat de la Terre – un passé pour quel avenir?''.<ref name=berger1992>Berger A., 1992. Le Climat de la Terre, un passé pour quel avenir. De Boeck Université, Bruxelles, 479pp.</ref> He started to contribute, as early as in the 1970s, to the awareness of society to global warming and the impact of human activities on climate change.

==Works== Berger's field of research is geosciences and more specifically the astronomical theory of paleoclimates<ref name=berger_work_1>Berger, A., 1988. Milankovitch Theory and Climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 26(4), pp. 624-657.</ref> and climate modelling.<ref name=berger_work_25>Berger, A., Gallee, H., Fichefet, Th., Marsiat, I., Tricot, Ch., 1990. Testing the astronomical theory with a coupled climate-ice sheet model. in: L.D. Labeyrie and C. Jeandel (Eds), Geochemical variability in the Oceans, Ice and Sediments. Palaeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 89(1/2), Global and Planetary Change Section, 3(1/2), pp. 125-141.</ref> In the 1970s, he improved significantly the accuracy of long-term variations of obliquity and climatic precession used for calculating the incoming solar radiation (insolation).<ref name="berger_work_8bis">Berger, A., 1978. Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes. ''Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences'', 35(12), 2362-2367.</ref> He calculated the periods characterizing the variations of the astronomical parameters,<ref name=berger_work_4>Berger, A., 1977. Support for the astronomical theory of climatic change. ''Nature'', 268, 44-45.</ref> showing that, in addition to the known 40-ka period of obliquity (ka = thousand years) and 21-ka period of climatic precession, there are periods of 400 ka, 125 ka, 95 ka and 100 ka in eccentricity, of 54 ka in obliquity and of 23 ka and 19 ka in climatic precession. Under the leadership of Nicholas Shackleton,<ref name=berger_work_11>Shackleton N.J., Berger A., Peltier W.R., 1990. An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene time scale based on ODP site 677. Phil. ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences'', vol. 81 part 4, pp. 251-261.</ref> he contributed to improve the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. He identified the instability of the astronomical periods and the existence of a 1.3-Ma period (Ma = million years) in the amplitude modulation of obliquity.<ref name=berger_work_14>Berger A., Loutre M.F. and Melice J.L., 1998. Instability of the astronomical periods from 1.5 Myr BP to 0.5 Myr AP. ''Paleoclimates Data and Modelling'', 2(4), pp. 239-280.</ref> He demonstrated the relationship between the different periods of the astronomical parameters,<ref name=berger_work_13>Berger A., Loutre M.F., 1990. Origine des fréquences des éléments astronomiques intervenant dans le calcul de l'insolation. ''Bulletin Sciences'', 1-3/90, pp. 45-106, Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique.</ref> estimated the value of these astronomical periods over tens to hundreds of millions of years,<ref name=berger_work_17>Berger, A., Loutre, M.F., Dehant, V., 1989. Pre-Quaternary Milankovitch frequencies. ''Nature'', 342, p. 133.</ref> and showed the origin of the 100-ka period in astronomy<ref name=berger_work_16>Berger A., Melice J.L. and M.F. Loutre, 2005. On the origin of the 100-kyr cycles in the astronomical forcing. ''Paleoceanography'', 20(4), PA4019, {{doi|10.1029/2005PA001173}}.</ref> and, under the leadership of J. Imbrie, in paleoclimates.<ref name=berger_work_39>Imbrie J., Berger A., Boyle E.A., Clemens S.C., Duffy A., Howard W.R., Kukla G., Kutzbach J., Martinson D.G., McIntyre A., Mix A.C., Molfino B., Morley J.J, Peterson L.C., Pisias N.G., Prell W.L., Raymo, M.E., Shackleton N.J., and J.R. Toggweiler, 1993. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 2. The 100,000-year cycle. ''Paleoceanography'', 8(6), pp. 699-735.</ref> He delivered an easy-to-handle and accurate calculation of the long-term variations of the daily,<ref name="berger_work_8bis"/> seasonal<ref name=berger_work_23>Berger A., Loutre M.F. and Q.Z. Yin, 2010. Total irradiation during the interval of the year using elliptical integrals. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. 29, 1968-1982</ref> and caloric<ref name=berger_work_19>Berger, A., 1978. Long-term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the Earth's orbital elements. ''Quaternary Research'', 9, 139-167.</ref> irradiations. With his team, he developed one of the first Earth Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs).<ref name=berger_work_24>Gallee, H., van Ypersele, J.P., Fichefet, Th., Tricot, Ch., Berger, A., 1991. Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled sectorially averaged climate - ice-sheet model. I. The Climate Model. ''Journal of Geophysical Research''., 96, pp. 13,139-13,161</ref> Based on such climate models, he showed the importance of the long-term variations of insolation to simulate the glacial-interglacial cycles,<ref name=berger_work_37>Berger A., Loutre M.F., and H. Gallee, 1998. Sensitivity of the LLN climate model to the astronomical and CO2 forcings over the last 200 kyr. ''Climate Dynamics'', 14, pp. 615-629.</ref><ref name=berger_work_54>Yin Q.Z. and A. Berger, 2010. Insolation and CO2 contribution to the interglacials before and after the Mid-Brunhes Event. ''Nature Geoscience'', 3(4), pp. 243-246.</ref> the possible exceptional length of our interglacial<ref name=berger_work_33>Berger A. and M.F. Loutre, 1996. Modeling the climate response to the astronomical and CO2 forcings. ''Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris'', t. 323, série II a, pp. 1-16.</ref><ref name=berger_work_34>Berger A. And M.F. Loutre, 2002. An Exceptionally long Interglacial Ahead? ''Science'', 297, pp. 1287-1288.</ref> the importance of the 400-ka period in searching for analogues of our present-day and future climate,<ref name=berger_work_56>Berger A. and M.F. Loutre, 2003. Climate 400,000 years ago, a key to the future? in ''Earth's Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: The Marine Isotope Stage 11 Question. Geophysical Monograph'' 137, A. Droxler, L. Burckle and R. Poore (eds), American Geophysical Union, pp. 17-26.</ref> the relative role of the multiple feedbacks involved in the explanation of the glacial-interglacial cycles, water vapour in particular.<ref name=berger_work_41>Berger A., Tricot C., Gallee H., and M.F. Loutre, 1993. Water vapour, CO2 and insolation over the last glacial-interglacial cycles. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', London, B, 341, pp. 253-261.</ref> More recently he initiated research on the origin of the east Asian summer monsoon in China<ref name=berger_work_58>Yin Q.Z., Berger A., and M. Crucifix, 2009. Individual and combined effects of ice sheets and precession on MIS-13 climate. ''Climate of the Past'', 5, pp. 229-243.</ref> and started to work on the diversity of climate over the last nine interglacials.<ref name="berger_work_54"/>

==Functions== Berger has served in many international bodies involved in the development of present-day and past climate research. He was chairman of the International Climate Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (1987–1993) and of the Paleoclimate Commission of the International Union of Quaternary Research (1987–1995); president of the European Geophysical Society (2000–2002), co-creator of the European Geosciences Union of which he is honorary president; member of the First Scientific Steering Committee of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme on Global Changes of the Past (1988–1990), Committee which is at the origin of PAGES. In 1991, he was the initiator of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP).

For the Commission of the European Communities, he was chairman of the Coordination Group on Climate Processes and Climate Change of the Climatology and Natural Hazards Program (1988–1992), of the External Advisory Group on Global Change, Climate and Biodiversity (2000–2002) and member of the Contact Group of the Climate Programme on Reconstruction of Past Climate, Climate Models and Anthropogenic Impacts on Climate from 1980 to 1983 (groups which are at the origin of the CEC Framework Programme).

For the Scientific Committee of NATO, he was chairman of the Special Programme Panels on the Science of Global Environmental Change (1992) and on Air-Sea Interactions (1981) and of the programme Advisory Committee of the International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications (1980–1985).

He was also member of committees in charge of advising policy makers and scientific institutions, in particular the European Environment Agency (EEA, 2002–2009), the European Science Foundation (ESF), Gaz de France (1994–1999 ) and Electricité de France (1998–2009). He was a member of the scientific committee of universities and research institutes, among which Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Département Terre-Atmosphère-Océan de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut Paul Simon Laplace et Collège de France in Paris, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement and the European University and Scientific Pole of Grenoble, LEGOS in Toulouse, Météo-France, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in Great-Britain and Beijing Normal University. He is a voting member of the BAEF (Belgian American Educational Foundation, Herbert Hoover Commission for Relief in Belgium) which he was fellow in 1970–1971.

He has organised and chaired international meetings, among which are the First International School of Climatology on Climatic Variations and Variability, Facts and Theories at the Ettore Majorana Center of Erice in Sicily, from 9 to 21 March 1980,<ref name=berger1981>Berger A. (Ed.), Climatic Variations and Variability: Facts and Theories, NATO ASI, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 795pp., 1981.</ref> the symposium Milankovitch and Climate (with J. Imbrie) at the Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory from 30 November to 3 December 1982,<ref name=berger1984>Berger A., Imbrie J., Hays J., Kukla G. and Saltzman B. (Eds), ''Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing''. NATO ASI Series C vol. 126, Reidel Publ. Company, Holland, 895 pp., 1984.</ref> the tenth general assembly of the European Geophysical Society in Louvain-la-Neuve from 30 July to 4 August 1984, the IUGG symposium Contribution of Geophysical Sciences to Climate Change Studies in Vancouver in August 1987,<ref name=berger1989>Berger A., Dickinson R., Kidson J. (Eds), 1989. ''Understanding Climate Change. Geophysical Monograph n° 52'' - IUGG vol. 7, American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 187pp.</ref> the symposium Climate and Geo-Sciences, a Challenge for Science and Society for the 21st Century in Louvain-la-Neuve in May 1988,<ref name=berger1989b>Berger A., Schneider S., Duplessy J.Cl. (Eds), 1989. ''Climate and Geo-Sciences, a Challenge for Science and Modern Society in the 21st Century''. NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, vol. 285, Kluwer Academic Pu¬blishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 724pp.</ref> the symposium Climate and Ozone at the Dawn of the third Millennium in honour of Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize 1995, of Willi Dansgaard and Nicholas Shackleton, Crafoord Prize 1995 and, with Claude Lorius, Tyler Prize for Environment 1996, the Milutin Milankovitch anniversary symposia in Belgrade in 2004 <ref name=berger2005>Berger A., Ercegovac M., Mesinger F. (Eds), 2005. Paleoclimate and the Earth Climate System. Milankovitch Anniversary Symposium. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Scientific Meetings, vol. CX, Dept of Mathematics, Physics and Geosciences, Book 4, Belgrade, 190 pp.</ref> and 2009, the first Colloque à l'étranger du Collège de France at the Palais des Académies in Bruxelles on 8–9 May 2006 (with J. Reisse and Jean-Pierre Changeux), the Third von Humboldt International Conference on East Asian Monsoon, Past, Present and Future, at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing from 24 to 30 August 2007 (with Z. Ding) .<ref name=berger2009>Berger A., Braconnot P., Guo Z., Rousseau D.D., and Tada R. (Eds), 2009. ''The East Asian Monsoon: Past, Present and Future.'' Climate of the Past 2008-2009, Special Issue, vol. 4, 19-28, 79-90, 137-145, 153-174, 175-180, 225-233, 281-294, 303-309; vol. 5, 13-19, 129-141.</ref> In 2009, a special issue of ''Climate of the Past'' was published in his honour<ref name=crucifix2009>CRUCIFIX M., Loutre M.F., Claussen M., Ganssen G., Rousseau D.D., Wolfe E., and J. Guiot, 2008-2009. Climate Change: from the geological past to the uncertain future – a symposium honouring André Berger. Special Issue of ''Climate of the Past'', vol., 5.</ref> with a preface<ref name=crucifix2009b>Crucifix M., Claussen M., Ganssen G., Guiot J., Guo Z., Kiefer T., Loutre M.F., Rousseau D.D. and E. Wolff, 2009. Preface to Climate Change: from the geological past to the uncertain future. ''Climate of the Past'', 5, pp. 707-711</ref> dedicated to his work.

In Belgium, he is a co-founding member (with Alain Hubert and Hugo Decleir, 1999) and member of the Administration Council of the International Polar Foundation, member of Mgr Lemaître Foundation (1995), member of Fonds Léopold III de Belgique for the Exploration and Conservation of Nature, of the Scientific Council of GreenFacts, administrator of the Fondation Hoover Louvain and member of the National Committee of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) which he was the president from 2000 to 2004, of the National Committee of the International Geosphere-Biospere Programme on Global Change (IGBP), of the National Committee for Quaternary Research (BELQUA), of the National Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) and of the National Committee of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

==Awards== * 2010 Prix Georges Lemaître of the Amis et Anciens de l'UCL and of the Fondation Louvain * 2008 Winner of an Advanced Investigators Grant of the European Research Council * 2007 Foreign member of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada (MSRC-FRSC) * 2006 Foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts * 2004 Special recognition to distinguished Belgian scholars from the World Cultural Council * 2003 Associate member of the Royal Astronomical Society, London * 2003 Membre titulaire de l'Académie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace de Toulouse * 2002 Member of the l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique * 2001 European Latsis Prize in 2001.<ref name=ucl/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esf.org/activities/european-latsis-prize-2010.html |title=European Latsis Prize |publisher=European Science Foundation |date=2010-06-30 |accessdate=2010-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417013033/http://www.esf.org/activities/european-latsis-prize-2010.html |archive-date=2010-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2000 Membre associé étranger de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris (France) * 1997 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/3862 |title=A.L. Berger |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |accessdate=20 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051434/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/3862 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1999 Fellow of AGU * 1996 Chevalier (Belgian Knight) by His Majesty Albert II, King of the Belgians. Motto is ''Lux Scientia et Labore''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} * 1995 The Prix quinquennal A. De Leeuw-Damry-Bourlart of the Belgian National Funds for Scientific Research for 1991–1995.<ref name=ucl/> * 1994 Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award from the World Meteorological Organization (1994).<ref name=ucl>{{cite web |url=http://www.uclouvain.be/en-76091.html |title=UCL - Brief biography of André Berger |publisher=Uclouvain.be |date=2007-11-16 |accessdate=2010-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411204129/http://www.uclouvain.be/en-76091.html |archive-date=2011-04-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1994 Milutin Milankovic Medal from the European Geophysical Society (1994).<ref name=ucl/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/milutin-milankovic/ |title= EGU - Awards & medals - Milutin Milankovic Medal |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= European Geosciences Union |access-date= 18 May 2018 |quote=}}</ref> * 1989 Member of Academia Europaea * 1989 Golden Award of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) * 1987 Honorary member of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) * 1987 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen * 1984 Prix Charles Lagrange de la Classe des Sciences of the Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique (20e période quadriennale 1980–1984) * 1980 Prize of the first biennal 1979–1980 of the Societa Italiana di Fisica * He is Officier de la Légion d'honneur (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCL – André Berger devient officier |url=http://www.uclouvain.be/319204.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310063840/http://www.uclouvain.be/319204.html |archive-date=2012-03-10 |website=Catholic University of Louvain}}</ref> Grand officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne (see citation) (2007), and Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold (1989){{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} * He is part of the stamp sheet "This is Belgium 2007" with eight other Belgian scientists and of the Gallery of Geniuses of the Coimbra Group Universities at the University of Jena. In 2008 he was among the 35 greatest Belgian scientists selected by the Belgian Universities and Eos Science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=À vois de choisir! Qui est le plus grand scientifique belge? |url=http://eosnew102.accounts.hiper.be/Portals/0/icons/Longlist_fr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182245/http://eosnew102.accounts.hiper.be/Portals/0/icons/Longlist_fr.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-15 |website=hiper.be}}</ref> * He received the Silver Medal of His Holiness Pope Paul VI in 1979.

==Bibliography== * {{citation | last=Berger | first=André | year=1992 | title=Le climat de la terre: un passé pour quel avenir? | publisher=De Boeck Université | isbn=978-2-8041-1497-8}} * {{citation | last1=Berger | first1=André | year=1989 | title=Understanding climate change, Issue 52 | last2=Dickinson | first2=Robert Earl | last3=Kidson | first3=John W. | publisher=American Geophysical Union | isbn=978-0-87590-457-3}} * {{citation |last=Berger |first=André |year=1989 |title=Climate and geo-sciences: a challenge for science and society in the 21st century |author3=OTAN |author2=NATO |publisher=Dordrecht |series=NATO ASI Series: advanced science institutes series., Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences;, 285. |isbn=978-0-7923-0404-3}}

==See also== * List of climate scientists

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berger, Andre}} Category:Belgian knights Category:1942 births Category:Université catholique de Louvain alumni Category:Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour Category:Belgian climatologists Category:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change contributing authors Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Living people Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium