{{Short description|Armenian military leader (1865–1927)}} {{for|other people with the name|Andranik (given name)}} {{Use American English|date=November 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{good article}} {{Infobox military person | name = Andranik<br>Անդրանիկ | image = File:Antranik.jpg | caption = General Andranik Ozanian, wearing his uniform and medals with a ''papakha'' hat | image_size = | nickname = Andranik ''pasha''<ref name="Libaridian"/> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|2|25}} | birth_place = Shabin-Karahisar, Ottoman Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1927|8|31|1865|2|25}} | death_place = Richardson Springs, California, U.S. | burial_place = Ararat Cemetery (1927–1928)<br/>Père Lachaise (1928–2000)<br/>Yerablur (2000–present) | allegiance = Dashnaktsutyun (1892–1907)<br/> Bulgaria (1912–1913)<br/> Russian Empire (1914–1916)<br/> Armenian paramilitaries (1917-1918) <br/> Special Striking Division (1918–1919){{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=419}} | service_years = 1888–1907 (''fedayi'')<br />1912–1913 (Bulgaria)<br />1914–1916 (WWI)<br />1917–1919 (Special Striking Division) | rank = Commander of the ''fedayi'' (1899–1904)<ref name="Holding">{{cite book|last=Holding|first=Nicholas|title=Armenia, with Nagorno Karabagh|year=2008|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|location=Chalfont St. Peter|isbn=978-1-84162-163-0|page=93|edition=2nd}}</ref><br />First lieutenant (Bulgaria)<br /> Major-general (Russia){{efn-ua|Andranik was given the rank of a major-general by the command of the Caucasus Front, a formation of the army of the dissolved Russian Republic.<ref name="Hovannisian 1967"/>}}<br />Commander of the Western Armenian division of the Armenian Army Corps (1918)<br />Commander of the Special Striking Division (1919){{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=419}} | battles = {{Collapsible list | title = Battles and wars | expand = | framestyle = border:none; padding:0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = {{Tree list}} * Armenian national movement ** Khanasor Expedition ** Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery ** Sasun uprising * First Balkan War ** Battle of Kardzhali ** Siege of Adrianople ** Battle of Merhamli ** Battle of Bulair * World War I ** Persian campaign *** Battle of Dilman *** Battle of Robat Karim *** Urmia clashes *** Battle of Khoy ** Caucasus campaign *** Battle of Bitlis *** Capture of Erzurum * Armenian–Azerbaijani War ** Fight for Karabakh {{tree list/end}}}} | awards = see below | signature = Andraniksignature-1-.png }}
'''Andranik Ozanian''',{{efn-ua|In classical orthography his name is spelled Անդրանիկ Օզանեան and pronounced {{IPA|hy|ɑntʰɾɑniɡ ɔzɑnjɑn|}} in Western Armenian. In reformed orthography his name is spelled Անդրանիկ Օզանյան and pronounced {{IPA|hy|ɑndɾɑnik ɔzɑnjɑn|}} in Eastern Armenian.}} commonly known as '''General Andranik'''{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=79}}{{efn-ua|Զօրավար Անդրանիկ in classical spelling, Զորավար Անդրանիկ in reformed, ''Zoravar Andranik''.}} or simply '''Andranik'''{{efn-ua|{{langx|hy|Անդրանիկ}}. Also spelled '''Antranik''' or '''Antranig'''}} (25 February 1865{{spaced ndash}}31 August 1927),{{efn-ua|Some sources mistakenly indicate 1866 as Andranik's date of birth.<ref name="Van/Vaspurakan">{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=Armenian Van/Vaspurakan|year=2000|publisher=Mazda Publishers|location=Costa Mesa, California|isbn=978-1-56859-130-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/armenianvanvaspu00rich/page/233 233]|author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian|url=https://archive.org/details/armenianvanvaspu00rich/page/233}}</ref> 1866 is also engraved on his grave in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. Some sources also erroneously indicate 1928 as his date of death, perhaps because Andranik's body was moved to France and reburied there in 1928.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=191}}}} was an Armenian military commander and statesman, widely regarded as the preeminent ''fedayi''{{efn-ua|From the Arabic word ''fedayeen'' ({{lang|ar|فدائيون}}, {{translit|ar|fidā'īyūn}}), literally meaning "those who sacrifice", ''fedayi'' refers to Armenian volunteer irregular militia members who fought to defend their villages and national interests during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=Rea>{{cite book |title=''The Arab-Israeli Conflict'' |author=Tony Rea and John Wright |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/arabisraeliconfl0000reat/page/43 43] |isbn=019917170X|url=https://archive.org/details/arabisraeliconfl0000reat/page/43}}</ref>}}<ref name="Libaridian">{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerard J.|title=Armenia at the Crossroads: Democracy and Nationhood in the Post-Soviet Era|year=1991|publisher=Blue Crane Books|location=Watertown, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-9628715-1-1|page=20|author-link=Gerard J. Libaridian}}</ref><ref name="Van/Vaspurakan"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkisyanz|first=Manuel|title=A Modern History of Transcaucasian Armenia: Social, Cultural, and Political|year=1975|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=E.J. Brill|oclc=8305411|page=140}}</ref> and a seminal figure of the Armenian national liberation movement.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}}
Andranik entered the armed struggle against the Ottoman government and Kurdish irregulars in the late 1880s. After joining the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun), he led various ''fedayi'' units in defense of the Armenian peasantry within their ancestral lands in Western Armenia. Following the suppressed Sasun uprising, he went into exile, eventually breaking with the Dashnaktsutyun in 1907 over its brief rapprochement with the Young Turks—the faction that would later orchestrate the Armenian genocide. His military reputation grew during the First Balkan War (1912–1913), where he and Garegin Nzhdeh commanded a volunteer auxiliary within the Bulgarian army against Ottoman forces.
At the outbreak of World War I, Andranik was appointed commander of the first Armenian volunteer battalion under the Russian Imperial Army. He played a pivotal role in the capture of the Van region, but the Revolution of 1917 and subsequent Russian withdrawal left Armenian forces critically isolated. Despite a resolute defense of Erzurum in early 1918, logistical failures and the threat of encirclement forced his retreat. Although the Battle of Sardarabad successfully halted the Turkish advance toward Yerevan, Andranik broke with the newly formed Armenian National Council. He refused to recognize the First Republic of Armenia or the Treaty of Batum, viewing the new state as a truncated capitulation that abandoned Western Armenia. Acting independently, he led a campaign in Zangezur, successfully repelling Azerbaijani and Turkish incursions to keep the region within Armenian control.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00pano|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-231-51133-9|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00pano/page/n268 250]|author-link=Razmik Panossian|url-access=limited}}</ref>
Andranik left Armenia in 1919 following continued friction with the Republican government, dedicating his remaining years to organizing relief for Armenian refugees across Europe and the United States. He settled in Fresno, California, in 1922 and died there in 1927. Today, he is venerated as a national hero; his image is immortalized in numerous monuments, poems, and novels, underscoring his status as a legendary archetype of Armenian resistance.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Ghaziyan|first1=Alvard|title=Զորավար Անդրանիկը որպես վիպա-հերոսական կերպար [General Andranik as a heroic character]|pages=25–26|date=1984|url=http://iae.asj-oa.am/79/|publisher=Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Armenian National Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220094526/http://iae.asj-oa.am/79/|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
==Early life== Andranik Ozanian was born on 25 February 1865 in the town of Shabin-Karahisar (Şebinkarahisar), in the Sivas Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, to Mariam and Toros Ozanian.<ref name="SAE"/>{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=3}} Andranik means "first-born child in the family" in Armenian.<ref name="Ekmekdjian 1992">{{cite book |last=Ekmekdjian |first=Monique |title=Les prénoms arméniens |series=Collection Arménies |publisher=Editions Parenthèses |publication-place=Marseille |year=1992 |isbn=978-2-86364-068-5 |oclc=28974050 |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azdPk4CtMx4C&pg=PA16 |page=16 |access-date=2018-11-27}}</ref> His paternal ancestors had migrated from the nearby village of Ozan (now Ozanlı) in the early 18th century and settled in Shabin-Karahisar to escape persecution by the Turks.{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=3}} They took the surname Ozanian in honor of their hometown. Andranik lost his mother when he was just one year old and was raised by his elder sister, Nazeli. He attended the local Musheghian School from 1875 to 1882, after which he joined his father's carpentry shop.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=40}} He married at 17, but his wife died a year later while giving birth to their son, who also passed away shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=3}}
The plight of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire worsened under the reign of Abdul Hamid II.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nalbandian |first=Louise |author-link=Louise Nalbandian |title=The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties Through the Nineteenth Century |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-30385-0 |page=116}}</ref> In 1882, Andranik was arrested for assaulting a Turkish ''gendarme'' for mistreating Armenians. With the help of his friends, he escaped from prison. He settled in the Ottoman capital Constantinople in 1884 and stayed there until 1886, working as a carpenter.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=41}} He began his revolutionary activities in 1888 in the province of Sivas.{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=247}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} Andranik joined the Hunchak party in 1891.{{sfn|Mouradian|1995|p=12}} He was arrested in 1892 for taking part in the assassination of Constantinople's police chief, Yusuf Mehmed Bey{{mdash}}known for his anti-Armenianism{{mdash}}on 9 February.{{sfn|Haroutyunian|1965|p=109}} Andranik once again escaped from prison.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=41}} In 1892, he joined the newly created Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun).{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=247}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} During the Hamidian massacres, Andranik with other ''fedayi'' defended the Armenian villages of Mush and Sasun from attacks of the Turks and the Kurdish ''Hamidiye'' units.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=249}} The massacres, which occurred between 1894 and 1896 and are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, killed between 80,000 and 300,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility|year=2006|publisher=Metropolitan Books|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-7932-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/shamefulactarmen00ak/page/42 42]|author-link=Taner Akçam|title-link=A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility}}</ref>
In 1897, Andranik traveled to Tiflis{{mdash}}then the largest city of the Caucasus and a major center of Armenian culture at the time{{mdash}}where the ARF headquarters was located.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} Andranik returned to Turkish Armenia "entrusted with extensive powers, and with a large supply of arms" for the ''fedayi''.{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=249}} Several dozen Russian Armenians joined him, with whom he went to the Mush-Sasun area where Aghbiur Serob was operating.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=82}} Serob's forces had already established semi-independent Armenian areas by expelling the Ottoman government representatives.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}}
==Leader of the ''fedayi''== {{see also|Armenian national liberation movement}} thumb|alt=A black and white photo of a man with a thick mustache astride a horse, with a wall behind.|Andranik on a horse, early 1900s In 1899, the Armenian resistance suffered a significant blow when Aghbiur Serob, the preeminent leader of the ''fedayi'', was killed by the Kurdish chieftain Bushare Khalil Bey.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} Bey compounded this act months later with a brutal campaign in the village of Talvorik, within the Sasun region, where his forces murdered a priest, two young men, and twenty-five women and children.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=82}} In the wake of Serob's death, Andranik assumed command of the Armenian irregulars in the Mush-Sasun region of Western Armenia—a rugged territory inhabited by a "warlike semi-independent Armenian peasantry."{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}} To avenge Serob and the villagers of Talvorik, Andranik tracked and captured Bey; he reportedly decapitated the chieftain and seized the medal previously bestowed upon him by Sultan Abdul Hamid II.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=82}}{{sfn|Mouradian|1995|p=103}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=249}} This act of retribution cemented Andranik's reputation and established his undisputed authority among the ''fedayi''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vardanian|first=Mikayel|author-link=Mikayel Varandian|title=Մուրատ (Սեբաստացի ռազմիկին կյանքն ու գործը) [Murad (The Sebastatsi Fighter's Life and Case]|language=hy|location=Boston|publisher=Hairenik Association|year=1931|page=96}}</ref>
While small contingents of ''fedayi'' maintained a persistent armed struggle against the Ottoman state and hostile Kurdish tribes, the geopolitical situation in Western Armenia continued to deteriorate. The Great Powers remained largely indifferent to the Armenian question, leaving Article 61 of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin a dead letter. The article had mandated that the Ottoman government "carry out, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians," and promised to "guarantee their security against the Circassians and Kurds."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/jstor-2212670 "Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878"], ''American Journal of International Law'' Volume II, 1908, p. [https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2212670/2212670#page/n21/mode/2up 422]</ref> However, as historian Christopher J. Walker notes, European diplomatic attention was diverted by the crisis in Macedonia, and Imperial Russia was "in no mood for reactivating the Armenian question."{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=177}}
===Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery=== {{main|Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery}} [[File:Armenian monastery of s apostles in moush.jpg|thumb|alt=An old black and white photo of a stone monastery with rounded domes built against a hillside.|The Holy Apostles Monastery of Mush]] In November 1901, the ''fedayi'' engaged Ottoman forces in the Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery, a confrontation that became a defining episode of Andranik's revolutionary career. Seeking to neutralize Andranik's burgeoning influence in the region, the Ottoman government dispatched a force of over 5,000 soldiers to apprehend him and his band. By early November, a regiment of approximately 1,200 men under the command of Ferikh Pasha and Ali Pasha had successfully tracked and encircled Andranik and 50 of his followers within the fortified walls of the Arakelots (Holy Apostles) Monastery near Mush. Faced with the monastery's formidable defenses, the Turkish generals initiated negotiations, demanding the surrender of the ''fedayi''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ternon|first=Yves|title=The Armenians: history of a genocide|year=1990|publisher=Caravan Books|location=Delmar, New York|isbn=978-0-88206-508-3|page=114|edition=2nd|author-link=Yves Ternon}}</ref> The siege lasted for weeks, punctuated by stalled negotiations involving Armenian clergy, the headman of Mush, and several foreign consuls. Andranik utilized the standoff to draw international attention to the plight of the Armenian peasantry and to bolster the morale of the oppressed population in the eastern provinces.<ref name="Chalabian">{{cite journal|last=Chalabian|first=Antranig|author-link=Antranig Chalabian|title=Bold and fiercely determined, Andranik Ozanian spent most of his life as a revolutionary for his fellow Armenians|journal=Military History Monthly|volume=12|issue=2|date=June 1995|page=10}}</ref> Under the cover of night, Andranik and his companions eventually eluded the blockade, escaping in small groups. According to Leon Trotsky, Andranik staged a daring exit: disguised in the uniform of a Turkish officer, he reportedly "went the rounds of the entire guard, talking to them in excellent Turkish," while surreptitiously guiding his men through the enemy lines.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|pp=249-250}}
This successful breakthrough elevated Andranik to a position of legendary stature among the provincial Armenian population.{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=79}}{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=8}} His popularity reached such heights that his subordinates and the local peasantry began to refer to him affectionately and reverently by his first name alone.<ref name="Chalabian"/> Reflecting on this period, Trotsky observed that Andranik's "political thinking took shape in a setting of Carbonarist activity and diplomatic intrigue."{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=249}}
===1904 Sasun uprising and exodus=== {{main|1904 Sasun uprising}} [[File:1904 Map of Mush and Sasun.png|thumb|alt=A vintage, hand-drawn map featuring regional borders, rivers, and handwritten geographic names in Armenian script.|ARF map of the Sasun-Mush regions, where most of the fighting was concentrated]] In 1903, Andranik formally petitioned the Ottoman government to cease the systemic harassment of Armenians and to implement the long-promised reforms in the Armenian provinces.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=83}} At the time, the concentration of ''fedayi'' forces centered on the rugged terrain of Sasun, an area encompassing approximately {{Convert|12000|sqkm|abbr=on}}. With an overwhelming Armenian majority—consisting of 1,769 Armenian households against 155 Kurdish ones—the region served as a vital operational base for the resistance.{{sfn|Hambarian|1989|p=22}} By late 1903, Sasun was in a "state of revolutionary turmoil," driven by a local populace that had refused to pay imperial taxes for seven consecutive years.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}}{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=17}}
To coordinate the defense of these villages against anticipated Ottoman and Kurdish incursions, Andranik and several dozen ''fedayi''—including notable leaders such as Hrayr and Sebouh—convened at the village of Gelieguzan. A strategic divide emerged during the meeting: Andranik advocated for a broad, synchronized uprising across Taron and Vaspurakan, while Hrayr, citing a critical lack of resources, argued for a limited, local insurrection centered in Sasun. The council ultimately adopted Hrayr's conservative approach, and Andranik was appointed the supreme commander of the uprising.{{sfn|Hambarian|1989|p=24}}{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=17}}
Hostilities commenced in January 1904 with skirmishes between the ''fedayi'' and state-supported Kurdish irregulars.{{sfn|Hambarian|1989|p=24}} In early April, the Ottoman government launched a massive offensive, deploying an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 regular soldiers and 7,000 Kurdish irregulars against a meager force of 100 to 200 ''fedayi'' and roughly 1,000 local volunteers.{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=250}}{{sfn|Hambarian|1989|p=26}} During the ensuing heavy fighting, Hrayr was killed, leaving Andranik to carry on the resistance.{{sfn|Mouradian|1995|p=88}} Despite their tenacity, the Armenians were overwhelmed by the superior numbers and heavy artillery of the Ottoman forces. By May 1904, the uprising was suppressed, leaving behind a devastating humanitarian toll; between 7,000 and 10,000 civilians were killed, 9,000 were left homeless, and 4,000 villagers were forced into internal exile.{{sfn|Hambarian|1989|p=31}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=250}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}}
Historian Christopher J. Walker observed that while the ''fedayi'' came "near to organising an uprising and shaking Ottoman power in Armenia", territorial loss was unthinkable for the Empire given Russia's refusal to intervene.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=177}} Leon Trotsky noted that the conflict went largely ignored by the Great Powers, whose attention was then fixed on the Russo-Japanese War.{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=250}} In a final tactical retreat in late 1904, Andranik and his surviving men reached Lake Van, crossing to Aghtamar Island before escaping to Persia via Van.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=84}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=250}} According to Trotsky, this exodus was a calculated effort to prevent further reprisal killings of civilians, whereas Tsatur Aghayan viewed it as a strategic move to "gather new resources" for the next phase of the struggle.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=41}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=250}} They left behind, in Walker's words, "little more than a heroic memory."{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}} {{clear}}
==Immigration and conflict with the ARF== [[File:Zoravar Andranik in Sophia 1912.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white full-length portrait of a man with a mustache, wearing a thick winter military coat, holding a rifle.|Andranik in the Bulgarian army, Sofia {{circa|1912}}]] Following his departure from Persia, Andranik traveled to the Caucasus,{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} where he consulted with Armenian leadership in Baku and Tiflis. He subsequently left Russia for Europe, dedicating himself to international advocacy for the Armenian national liberation struggle.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=41}}{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=84}} In 1906, while in Geneva, he published a treatise on military tactics<ref name="1906 book"/> that drew heavily from his strategic experiences during the 1904 Sasun uprising.{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=8}}
In early 1907, Andranik traveled to Vienna to attend the fourth Congress of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF). Since 1902, the ARF had been engaged in tentative collaborations with Turkish émigré political circles in Europe; during the Vienna Congress, the party formally approved negotiations with the Young Turks—the faction that would later orchestrate the Armenian genocide—aimed at the shared goal of overthrowing Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Andranik fundamentally denounced this rapprochement, viewing any partnership with the Young Turks as a strategic and moral failure, and formally severed his ties with the party.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}}{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=170}} This departure proved to be permanent; Andranik never returned to the ARF, and his deep-seated mistrust of the party’s leadership would immensely complicate his relations with the Armenian government during the aftermath of the Caucasus campaign and the short-lived First Republic.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=178}}
Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the ARF attempted to reconcile with Andranik, inviting him to relocate to Constantinople and stand for election to the Ottoman parliament. He rejected the offer, reportedly stating, "I don't want to sit there and do nothing".<ref name="SAE">{{cite book|last=Haroutyunian|first=A.|editor=Hambardzumyan, Viktor|title=Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia|volume=1|year=1974|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing|location=Yerevan|page=392|article=Անդրանիկ [Andranik]|language=hy|title-link=Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia}}</ref>{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=10}} Disillusioned by the political landscape, Andranik withdrew from active military and political affairs for several years, seeking a quieter life in Sofia, Bulgaria.
===First Balkan War=== {{main|First Balkan War#Armenian volunteers}} In 1907, Andranik settled in Sofia, where he established ties with the leadership of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, including prominent revolutionary Boris Sarafov. The two leaders pledged to cooperate in their shared struggle for the liberation of the oppressed Armenian and Macedonian peoples.{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=250}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=42}} During the First Balkan War (1912–1913), Andranik spearheaded a company of 230 Armenian volunteers as part of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps, serving under Aleksandar Protogerov within the Bulgarian army against the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=251}}{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=252}} He shared command of the unit with Garegin Nzhdeh.{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=253}} Paradoxically, as Andranik fought for the Bulgarians, an estimated 8,000 Armenians were serving on the opposing side within the Ottoman military.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=194}}
Andranik, commissioned as a first lieutenant by the Bulgarian government, distinguished himself in several key engagements.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=84}} Most notably, during the Battle of Merhamli, his unit played a critical role in the capture of the Turkish commander Yaver Pasha.{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=202}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=43}} For his conduct, he was awarded the Order of Bravery by General Protogerov in 1913.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=43}}{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=203}}
Despite these accolades, Andranik took a different path than Nzhdeh as the geopolitical situation shifted. While Nzhdeh remained loyal to the Bulgarian military during the ensuing Second Balkan War, Andranik viewed the brewing conflict between Bulgaria and its former Serbian and Greek allies as a departure from the war's original liberatory purpose. He disbanded his company in May 1913,{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=11}} and "retired to a village near Varna, and lived as a farmer until August 1914".{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=84}}
==World War I== thumb|alt=A black and white portrait photo of a man in a dark military coat with a large, thick mustache looking directly into the camera.|Andranik as the commander of the first Armenian volunteer battalion With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Andranik left his quiet life in Bulgaria to return to Russia.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} Recognizing his experience and influence, the Russian government appointed him commander of the first Armenian volunteer battalion. From November 1914 to August 1915, he spearheaded this unit of approximately 1,200 volunteers within the Imperial Russian Army during the Caucasus Campaign.{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=45}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=43}} Andranik’s battalion particularly distinguished itself at the Battle of Dilman in April 1915; the victory there, achieved alongside Russian forces under General Tovmas Nazarbekian, successfully halted the Ottoman attempt to invade the Caucasus through Iranian Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=43}}{{sfn|Payaslian|2007|p=136}}
As the military campaign progressed, the Armenian genocide was being systematically carried out across the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Payaslian|2007|p=136}} By the end of the conflict, the centuries-old Armenian presence in Western Armenia was effectively eradicated, with an estimated 1.5 million Armenians dead and the survivors driven into permanent exile.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2129-7|page=174|author1=Marie-Aude Baronian |author2=Stephan Besser |author3=Yolande Jansen }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shirinian|first=Lorne|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|year=1992|publisher=E. Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-9613-2|page=ix}}</ref> Amidst this catastrophe, the city of Van became a focal point of resistance. Under the leadership of Aram Manukian, local Armenians withstood a prolonged Ottoman siege until the arrival of the Armenian volunteer units.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=14}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=44}} Andranik entered the liberated city on 19 May 1915, subsequently assisting the Russian army in securing Shatakh, Moks, and Tatvan along the southern shores of Lake Van.{{sfn|Payaslian|2007|p=136}}{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=52}}
Despite these tactical successes, the political landscape shifted in 1916. As the Russian military consolidated its grip on the Armenian plateau, the Imperial government’s attitude toward its Armenian allies cooled.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=15}} Seeking to annex Western Armenia as an integral part of Russia—and potentially repopulating the region with Cossacks and Russian peasants—the government ordered the demobilization of the volunteer battalions and suppressed Armenian civic activities.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=14–15}} Historian Richard Hovannisian noted that once the Russian armies were in firm control, "there was no longer any need to expend niceties upon the Armenians".{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=15}} Deeply disillusioned by this shift and the realization that Russia was utilizing Armenian blood for its own imperial expansion, Andranik resigned his command and left the front in July 1916.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=44}} His service had been highly regarded by his superiors; Lieutenant General Theodore G. Chernozubov praised him as a "brave and experienced chief" who commanded immense prestige among his men.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=45}}
===Russian Revolution and Turkish reoccupation=== [[File:Armenia-1916-front.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white, detailed map showing geographic territories, borders, and bodies of water with marked front lines across Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus.|The extent of the Russian occupation of Turkish Armenia during World War I, 1916]] The February Revolution of 1917 was welcomed by the Armenian population, as it signaled the end of the autocratic Romanov rule.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=45}} In the ensuing administrative shift, the Russian Provisional Government established the Special Transcaucasian Committee (OZAKOM) to manage the South Caucasus.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=15}} During this period of relative optimism, Andranik founded the non-partisan newspaper ''Hayastan'' (Armenia) in Tiflis, with writer Vahan Totovents serving as editor.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=45}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Nichanian|first=Marc|title=Writers of Disaster: Armenian Literature in the Twentieth Century|volume=1|year=2002|publisher=Gomidas Institute|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-903656-09-9|page=236}}</ref>{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=12}} Through late 1917, Andranik remained in the South Caucasus, prioritizing humanitarian relief for the massive influx of Armenian refugees.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=44}} Although a May 1917 decree had placed Turkish Armenia under a promising civil administration, the Russian military began a steady disintegration as war-weary soldiers deserted the front ''en masse'' to return home.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=15}}
The situation reached a breaking point following the October Revolution. The subsequent Armistice of Erzincan, signed on 5 December 1917, officially ended hostilities between Bolshevik Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but it also accelerated the chaotic Russian withdrawal.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=20}} While the Soviet government briefly acknowledged the Armenian right to self-determination in January 1918, the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 effectively nullified these hopes. Russia formally ceded Western Armenia to the Ottoman Empire to consolidate its resources for the burgeoning Russian Civil War.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=21}}
In an attempt to fill the vacuum left by the deserting Russian divisions, the Transcaucasian Commissariat authorized the formation of an Armenian Army Corps. Under the overall command of General Nazarbekian, the Corps attempted to hold a 300-mile front stretching from Van to Erzincan. Andranik, promoted to the rank of major-general by the Caucasus Front command, was appointed to lead the Corps' Western Armenian division.<ref name="Hovannisian 1967">{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918|year=1967|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-00574-7|page=113|author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref><ref name="SAE"/> Despite his leadership, the defense was logistically impossible; as historian Richard Hovannisian observed, a few thousand volunteers were now tasked with securing a frontier previously guarded by half a million Russian regulars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=22}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=250}} Following a desperate attempt to defend Erzurum against numerically superior Ottoman forces, Andranik retreated from the city. Its fall prompted a general Armenian evacuation.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=250}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}
As the Ottoman offensive continued through March and April, the temporary Armenian administration in Turkish Armenia was systematically dismantled, extinguishing the brief hopes raised by the revolution.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=250}} Following the loss of Erzurum, Andranik conducted a fighting retreat through Kars, Alexandropol, and Jalaloghly, eventually arriving in Dsegh by 18 May.<ref name="SAE"/>{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=46}} By early April, Turkish forces had reached the pre-war international borders, moving the theater of war into Russian Armenia itself.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=24}} Due to his location and the disruption of communications, Andranik and his unit were unable to participate in the decisive May battles at Sardarabad, Abaran, and Karakilisa.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=46}}
==First Republic of Armenia== Following the successful containment of Ottoman forces at Sardarabad, the Armenian National Council declared the independence of the Russian Armenian territories on 28 May 1918. Andranik, however, vehemently condemned this declaration and formally denounced the Dashnaktsutyun leadership.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=256}} Estranged from the party, he began to favor a strategic alignment with Bolshevik Russia over the fledgling Republic.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=46}} Andranik refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Republic of Armenia, which he dismissed as little more than "a pawn in the grip of [Ottoman] Turkey".{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=87}} He characterized the signing of the Treaty of Batum—in which the Ottoman Empire recognized a significantly truncated Armenia under humiliating conditions—as an act of high treason.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=87}} Historian Christopher Walker notes that many Western Armenians shared this sentiment, viewing the new state as merely "a dusty province" that lacked the very territories in Turkish Armenia whose liberation they had sought for four decades.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=272-273}}
In early June 1918, Andranik departed from Dilijan accompanied by thousands of refugees. Their arduous trek took them through Sevan, Nor Bayazet, and Vayots Dzor, eventually reaching Nakhichevan on 17 June.<ref name="SAE"/> From there, he attempted to provide aid to Armenian refugees from Van currently situated in Khoy, Iran. His ultimate objective was to effect a junction with British forces operating in northern Iran; however, after encountering a formidable Ottoman presence, he was forced to retreat back to Nakhichevan.<ref name="SAE"/>{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=87}} In a defiant political move on 14 July 1918, Andranik proclaimed Nakhichevan an integral part of Soviet Russia—a declaration that was warmly received by both Vladimir Lenin and the Armenian Bolshevik leader Stepan Shahumyan.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=47}}
===Zangezur=== [[File:Andranik Zangezur 1918.png|thumb|alt=A black and white photo of a group of uniformed military officers standing in front of a rustic stone wall outdoors.|Andranik with the commanders of the Special Striking Division in Zangezur, 1918]] As Ottoman forces advanced toward Nakhichevan, Andranik and his Special Striking Division transitioned to the rugged, mountainous terrain of Zangezur to establish a strategic defense.<ref name="SAE"/> By mid-1918, the socio-political situation in the region had reached a nadir as relations between the Armenian and Azerbaijani populations collapsed.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=86}} Andranik arrived at this critical juncture accompanied by an estimated 30,000 refugees and a disciplined force of 3,000 to 5,000 men; by September, he had established effective administrative and military control over the district. Zangezur's geographical position was of paramount importance, serving as the essential land bridge between Turkey and Azerbaijan. Under Andranik's leadership, the region became one of the final redoubts of Armenian resistance following the perceived capitulation of the Treaty of Batum.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=87}}
Operating within Zangezur, Andranik's irregulars found themselves largely isolated, surrounded by Muslim villages that commanded the primary transit routes connecting the district's disparate parts.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=87}} According to historian Donald Bloxham, Andranik pursued a policy of transforming Zangezur into a demographically homogenous Armenian territory by destroying Muslim villages and systematically altering the ethnic composition of key areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bloxham|first=Donald|title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-927356-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatgameofgenoc00blox/page/103 103–105]|author-link=Donald Bloxham|url=https://archive.org/details/greatgameofgenoc00blox/page/103}}</ref> By late 1918, the Azerbaijani government formally accused Andranik of orchestrating massacres against Azerbaijani peasantry and demanded the immediate withdrawal of Armenian units. Conversely, Antranig Chalabian argues that Andranik's presence was the sole factor preventing the complete annihilation of the sixty thousand Armenian inhabitants of Zangezur by Turko-Tatar forces, asserting that the General "did not massacre peaceful Tatars".{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=409}}{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=545}}
Andranik's independent operations drew a formal protest from the Ottoman General Halil Pasha, who threatened the Armenian government with military retaliation. In response, Prime Minister Hovhannes Katchaznouni maintained that the central government exercised no authority over Andranik or his autonomous forces, highlighting the persistent rift between the Republic’s diplomacy and Andranik’s revolutionary campaign.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=87-88}}
===Karabakh=== Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, Ottoman forces began their evacuation of the South Caucasus. By the end of October, Andranik’s Special Striking Division was concentrated on the border between Zangezur and Karabakh.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=88-89}} Before launching an offensive to secure the region, Andranik sought formal assurances of support from the local Armenian population. In mid-November, however, he received a request from Karabakh Armenian officials to postpone his advance for ten days to facilitate negotiations with the region's Muslim community. This delay, as historian Richard Hovannisian observes, "proved crucial".{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=88-89}} When the offensive finally commenced in late November, Andranik’s forces pushed toward Shushi—the principal city and cultural heart of Karabakh—breaking through fierce Kurdish resistance at Abdallyar (Lachin) and surrounding villages along the way.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=88-89}}
By early December, Andranik was within {{Convert|40|km|miles|abbr=on}} of Shushi when he was intercepted by a message from the British commander in Baku, General W. M. Thomson. The General requested Andranik's immediate withdrawal, arguing that with the World War over, any further military action would jeopardize the "Armenian question" at the upcoming 1919 Paris Peace Conference.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=89-90}} Trusting in the diplomatic promises of the British, Andranik halted his campaign and returned to Zangezur.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=270}}
The subsequent administration of the region was left to the Armenian Karabakh Council, which soon found itself at odds with the British mission. Upon his arrival in December, Thomson mandated that the Council restrict its activities to "local, nonpolitical matters", a directive that fueled widespread Armenian discontent.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=89-90}} To maintain order, Thomson appointed Khosrov bey Sultanov, described by contemporaries as an "ardent pan-Turkist", as the governor of both Karabakh and Zangezur.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=270}} Historian Christopher J. Walker contends that Karabakh remained under Azerbaijani jurisdiction throughout the subsequent Soviet period largely because of "Andranik's trust of the word of a British officer".{{sfn|Walker|1990|pp=270-272}}
===Departure=== [[File:Andranik 1919.png|thumb|alt=A large gathering of soldiers and several religious figures in dark robes and pointed hoods standing outside a grand stone cathedral.|Andranik with his men and two archbishops in Etchmiadzin Cathedral just before leaving Armenia, April 1919]] During the winter of 1918–1919, heavy snowfalls isolated Zangezur from both Karabakh and Yerevan, exacerbating a growing humanitarian crisis. The influx of refugees triggered widespread famine, epidemics, and hyperinflation within the district.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=189}} In December 1918, Andranik withdrew from Karabakh to Goris, where he met with British officers who suggested his units remain in Zangezur for the winter. At a conference on 23 December, Armenian leaders concluded that the district could not sustain the refugee population until spring without outside assistance.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=190}} They proposed repatriating over 15,000 refugees to the neighboring Nakhichevan district, which had been recently evacuated by Ottoman forces. While Major W. D. Gibbon arrived with limited funds donated by the Armenians in Baku, the relief was insufficient to meet the desperate needs of the displaced.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=193}}
By late February 1919, Andranik prepared to leave Zangezur. He rejected a British proposal to depart via the Baku-Tiflis railway, opting instead for an arduous trek. On 22 March 1919, he led his remaining irregulars from Goris through the deep snowdrifts of Sisian and Daralagyaz toward the Ararat plain.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=190}} After a three-week march, the force reached the railway station at Davalu. There, he was met by Dro, the Assistant Minister of Military Affairs, and Sargis Manasian, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs. Andranik flatly rejected their invitation to visit Yerevan; he remained convinced that the Dashnak administration had betrayed the Armenian cause and bore responsibility for the destruction of his homeland.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=193}} His departure left Zangezur significantly more vulnerable to Azerbaijani incursions, despite previous requests from local forces for reinforcement from the central government.
On 13 April 1919, Andranik arrived in Etchmiadzin, the spiritual center of the Armenian people. The division, which had once numbered 5,000, had dwindled to 1,350 soldiers.{{sfn|Blackwood's|1919|p=476}}{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=119}} Embittered by the diplomatic maneuvers of the British and his irreconcilable differences with the Armenian government, Andranik chose to disband his unit. In a symbolic gesture of finality, he surrendered his weapons and personal belongings to Catholicos George V.{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|pp=119-120}} On 27 April, he left Etchmiadzin by special train for Tiflis, accompanied by fifteen officers. At every station, massive crowds gathered to catch a glimpse of the man they considered a national hero.{{sfn|Blackwood's|1919|p=476}} Upon reaching Tiflis, he met with Georgian Foreign Minister Evgeni Gegechkori to discuss the recent Georgian–Armenian War, with the poet Hovhannes Tumanyan serving as their interpreter.{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|pp=119-120}} This journey marked the last time Andranik would set foot in Armenia.
== Last years== [[File:Andranik Ozanian Jaques Bagratuni Hovhannes Katchaznouni United States 1919.png|thumb|alt=A formal black and white photograph of several men in military uniforms and suits posing together indoors on a patterned rug.|Andranik Ozanian with General Jaques Bagratuni and Hovhannes Katchaznouni and Armenian military personnel in the United States, 1919]] From 1919 to 1922, Andranik traveled around Europe and the United States seeking support for the Armenian refugees. He visited Paris and London, where he tried to persuade the Allied powers to occupy Turkish Armenia.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} In 1919, during his visit to France, Andranik was bestowed the title of Legion of Honor Officier by President Raymond Poincaré.<ref>''The Armenian Review'', Hairenik Association, 1976, p. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921071717/http://books.google.com/books?id=mvYDAAAAYAAJ&q=Legion+of+Honor+antranik+Poincar%C3%A9&dq=Legion+of+Honor+antranik+Poincar%C3%A9&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lmInUp34OPKo4AOI2IEw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA 239]</ref><ref>Macler, Frédéric. ''Revue des Études Arméniennes'' (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1920, p. 158</ref> In late 1919, Andranik led a delegation to the United States to lobby its support for a mandate for Armenia and fund-raising for the Armenian army.{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia's National Hero Pleads His Country's Cause in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFUxAQAAMAAJ&q=antranik&pg=RA5-PA94|newspaper=The Literary Digest|date=20 December 1919|page=94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529134743/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFUxAQAAMAAJ&lpg=RA5-PA94&ots=AIezjBurgO&dq=antranik&pg=RA5-PA94#v=onepage&q=antranik&f=false|archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Mandate Assailed by Gerard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/12/08/archives/armenian-mandate-assailed-by-gerard-role-proposed-for-america-would.html|access-date=30 September 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 December 1919|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021140/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F10FD3D5A147A93CAA91789D95F4D8185F9|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> He was accompanied by General Jaques Bagratuni and Hovhannes Katchaznouni.{{sfn|Chalabian|2009|p=155}} In Fresno, he directed a campaign which raised {{USD|500,000}} for the relief of Armenian refugees.<ref name="fresno bee"/>
[[File:Andranik wedding paris 1922.jpg|thumb|alt=A wedding group photo featuring a bride in a white gown and veil next to a groom in a dark suit, surrounded by guests and religious figures.|Andranik's wedding in Paris, 1922]] When he returned to Europe, Andranik married Nevarte Kurkjian in Paris on 15 May 1922 with Boghos Nubar serving as their best man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chgs.umn.edu/museum/exhibitions/homememories/antranig.html|title=General Antranig, The Armenian Leader|year=2009|publisher=Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701104345/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/museum/exhibitions/homeMemories/antranig.html|archive-date=1 July 2010}}</ref> Andranik and Nevarte moved to the United States and settled in Fresno, California in 1922.{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=22}} In his 1936 short story, ''Antranik of Armenia'', Armenian-American writer William Saroyan described Andranik's arrival. He wrote, "It looked as if all Armenians of California were at the Southern Pacific depot at the day he arrived." He said Andranik "was a man of about fifty in a neat Armenians suit of clothes. He was a little under six feet tall, very solid and very strong. He had an old-style Armenian mustache that was white. The expression of his face was both ferocious and kind."<ref>{{cite book|last=Saroyan|first=William|author-link=William Saroyan|title=31 selected stories from "Inhale and Exhale"|year=1943|publisher=Avon Book Company|location=New York|page=107}}</ref> Andranik lived with the family of Armen Alchian, who later became a prominent economist, in Fresno for several months.<ref>{{cite news |title="The Armenian Adam Smith": UCLA Holds Conference in Honor of Armenian Economist |url=https://asbarez.com/the-armenian-adam-smith-ucla-holds-conference-in-honor-of-armenian-economist/ |work=Asbarez |date=May 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907190223/https://asbarez.com/the-armenian-adam-smith-ucla-holds-conference-in-honor-of-armenian-economist/ |archive-date=7 September 2022 }}</ref> In his novel ''Call of the Plowmen'' («Ռանչպարների կանչը», 1979), where Andranik is called Shapinand, Khachik Dashtents describes his life in Fresno, where he spend his free time making small wooden chairs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dashtents|first=Khachik|author-link=Khachik Dashtents|script-title=hy:Ռանչպարների կանչը|trans-title=Call of Plowmen|url=http://armenianhouse.org/dashtents/novels-am/ploughmen/chapter32.html|year=1979|publisher=Sovetakan grogh|location=Yerevan|chapter=Կարոտ [Nostalgia]|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111025352/http://armenianhouse.org/dashtents/novels-am/ploughmen/chapter32.html|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
==Death== [[File:Andranik Ozanian memorial in Yerablur.jpg|thumb|alt=A large stone tomb structure decorated with carved steps and a bronze relief plaque under a bright blue sky.|Andranik's grave at Yerablur cemetery]] In February 1926, Andranik left Fresno to reside in San Francisco in an unsuccessful attempt to regain his health.<ref name="fresno bee">''The Fresno Bee'', Death Claims Famous General, Once of Fresno, 31 August 1927</ref> According to his death certificate found in the Butte County, California records, Andranik died from angina on 31 August 1927 at Richardson Springs, California.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://asbarez.com/arm/82428/|title=Զօրավար Անդրանիկի Մահուան 83րդ Ամեակի Առիթով [On the 83rd anniversary of General Andranik's death]|last=Demirjian|first=Nubar|date=27 August 2010|newspaper=Asbarez|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055638/http://asbarez.com/arm/82428/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Antranik, Noted Fight Dies|url=https://archive.org/details/AndranikLATimes1927|access-date= 12 September 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 September 1927}}</ref> On 7 September 1927, thousands paid their final respects. A farewell service was given at the Holy Trinity Church, from where the funeral procession headed to the Ararat Cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poochigian |first1=Debbie |last2=Tateosian |first2=Sevag |title=Armenian military hero was revered in Fresno |url=https://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/readers-opinion/article145915064.html |work=The Fresno Bee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421175710/https://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/readers-opinion/article145915064.html |archive-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last=Avakian|first=Arra S.|title=Armenia: A Journey Through History|year=1998|publisher=Electric Press|isbn=978-0-916919-20-7|pages=[http://www.electpress.com/books/armch8ex.htm 311–314]}}</ref> On October 9 more than 2,500 members of the Armenian community attended memorial services at Carnegie Hall in New York.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenians Eulogize General Andranik; Speakers at Memorial Meeting Mourn Him as Greatest Hero of Native Land|url=https://archive.org/details/AndranikLATimes1927|access-date=29 September 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 October 1927}}</ref>
After his first funeral, it was planned to take Andranik's remains to Armenia for final burial; however, when they arrived in France, the Soviet authorities refused permission to allow his remains to enter Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=191}}{{sfn|Walker|1990|p=411}} Instead they remained in France and, after a second funeral service held in the Armenian Church of Paris, were buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris on 29 January 1928.{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=541}}{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=52}} In early 2000, the Armenian and French governments arranged the transfer of Andranik's body from Paris to Yerevan. ''Asbarez'' wrote that the transfer was initiated by Armenia's Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan.<ref name="9 feb 2000 asbarez">{{cite news|title=Gen. Andranik's Remains to Be Buried in Armenia|url=http://asbarez.com/42060/gen-andraniks-remains-to-be-buried-in-armenia/|access-date=28 September 2013|newspaper=Asbarez|date=9 February 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928045121/http://asbarez.com/42060/gen-andraniks-remains-to-be-buried-in-armenia/|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Andranik's body was moved to Armenia on 17 February 2000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Community in France Bids Farewell to Gen. Andranik's Remains|url=http://asbarez.com/42131/armenian-community-in-france-bids-farewell-to-gen-andraniks-remains/|access-date=28 September 2013|newspaper=Asbarez|date=17 February 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003044558/http://asbarez.com/42131/armenian-community-in-france-bids-farewell-to-gen-andraniks-remains/|archive-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> It was placed in the Sport & Concert Complex in Yerevan for two days and was then taken to Etchmiadzin Cathedral, where Karekin II officiated the funeral service.<ref name="9 feb 2000 asbarez"/> Andranik was re-interred at Yerablur military cemetery in Yerevan on 20 February 2000, next to Vazgen Sargsyan.<ref name="9 feb 2000 asbarez"/>{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=ixv}}<ref name=ng.ru>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Перезахоронен прах героя|trans-title=The remains of the hero were reburied|last=Khanbabyan|first=Armen|url=http://www.ng.ru/cis/2000-02-22/5_heroe.html|newspaper=Nezavisimaya Gazeta|date=22 February 2000|access-date=6 September 2013|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061555/http://www.ng.ru/cis/2000-02-22/5_heroe.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> In his speech during the reburial ceremony, Armenia's President Robert Kocharyan described Andranik as "one of the greatest sons of the Armenian nation."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kocharyan|first=Robert|title=Խոսքը Անդրանիկ Զորավարի աճյունի վերաթաղման արարողության ժամանակ [Speech at the reburial ceremony of General Andranik]|url=http://news.president.am/arm/?sub=statements&year=2000&from=20|publisher=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia|access-date=9 September 2013|author-link=Robert Kocharyan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827225037/http://news.president.am/arm/?sub=statements|archive-date=27 August 2007|date=20 February 2000|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan, Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian, and one of Andranik's soldiers, 102-year-old Grigor Ghazarian, were also in attendance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andranik Pasha|url=http://www.janfedayi.com/Andranik/|publisher=JanFedayi.com|access-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203952/http://www.janfedayi.com/Andranik/|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> A memorial was built on his grave with the phrase ''Zoravar Hayots''{{mdash}}"General of the Armenians"{{mdash}}engraved on it.
==Legacy and recognition== ===Public image=== {{quote box | width = 25% | align = right | quote = "General Andranik, the great Armenian leader, who is our national hero [...] For many years General Andranik kept alive the courage of all Armenians. He promised them freedom and constantly endangered his life to keep up the spirits of my people." | source = Aurora Mardiganian, ''Ravished Armenia'' (1918)<ref>{{cite book|last=Mardiganian|first=Aurora|title=Ravished Armenia|year=1918|publisher=Kingfield Press|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ravishedarmenias00mard/page/248/mode/2up?view=theater 249–250]|author-link=Aurora Mardiganian|title-link=Ravished Armenia}}</ref> }}
Andranik was considered a hero during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert|year=2002|publisher=Mazda Publishing|location=Costa Mesa, California|isbn=978-1-56859-150-6|page=430|author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenia's Military Hero|journal=The American Review of Reviews|date=July–December 1919|volume=LX (60)|pages=640–641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNUcgd_8b8EC&q=antranik%20armenian&pg=PA640|editor1-first=Shaw|editor1-last=Albert|editor1-link=Albert Shaw (journalist)|location=New York}}</ref> ''The Literary Digest'' described Andranik in 1920 as "the Armenian's Robin Hood, Garibaldi, and Washington, all in one."<ref name="Andranik Washington">{{cite news|title=General Andranik, the Armenian Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LI5AQAAMAAJ&q=andranik+gendarme&pg=RA2-PA90|newspaper=The Literary Digest|date=17 January 1920|volume=64|pages=90–92|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517223121/https://books.google.com/books?id=5LI5AQAAMAAJ&dq=andranik%20gendarme&pg=RA2-PA90#v=onepage&q=andranik%20gendarme&f=false|archive-date=17 May 2016|last1 = Wheeler|first1 = Edward Jewitt|last2 = Funk|first2 = Isaac Kaufman|last3 = Woods|first3 = William Seaver|last4 = Draper|first4 = Arthur Stimson|last5 = Funk|first5 = Wilfred John}}</ref> ''The Independent'' wrote that he is "worshiped by his countrymen for his heroic fighting in their defense against the Turks."<ref>{{cite news|title=We Are Desperate! A First-hand Story of the Present Situation in the Near East By General Antranik The Armenian Leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvTlAAAAMAAJ&q=antranik+armenian&pg=PA467|newspaper=The Independent|date=27 March 1920|pages=467–468|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424225223/https://books.google.com/books?id=yvTlAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA467&ots=zg34AUuyqq&dq=antranik%20armenian&pg=PA467#v=onepage&q=antranik%20armenian&f=false|archive-date=24 April 2016| last1=Bacon | first1=Leonard | last2=Thompson | first2=Joseph Parrish | last3=Storrs | first3=Richard Salter | last4=Leavitt | first4=Joshua | last5=Beecher | first5=Henry Ward | last6=Bowen | first6=Henry Chandler | last7=Tilton | first7=Theodore | last8=Ward | first8=William Hayes | last9=Holt | first9=Hamilton | last10=Franklin | first10=Fabian | last11=Fuller | first11=Harold de Wolf | last12=Herter | first12=Christian Archibald }}</ref> Andranik was praised by the noted Armenian writer Hovhannes Tumanyan,{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=45}} while Armenian Bolshevik Anastas Mikoyan once wrote that "the name of Andranik was surrounded by an aura of glory."{{sfn|Shakarian|2025|p=144}}
During the Soviet era, Andranik's legacy and those of other Armenian national heroes were diminished and "any reference to them would be dangerous since they represented the strive for independence."<ref>{{cite book|last=Harutyunyan|first=Angela|title=Public spheres after socialism|url=https://archive.org/details/publicspheresaft00haru|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Intellect Books|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84150-212-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/publicspheresaft00haru/page/n22 22]|author2=Hörschelmann, Kathrin|author3=Miles, Malcolm}}</ref> This changed during the Khrushchev thaw when Soviet Armenian authorities began a limited "rehabilitation" of Andranik.<ref name="saparov">{{cite journal|last=Saparov|first=Arsène|title=Re-negotiating the Boundaries of the Permissible: The National(ist) Revival in Soviet Armenia and Moscow's Response|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=70|number=6|date=2018|pp=873-874}}</ref> The initiative was supported by Mikoyan and Marshal Ivan Bagramyan, both of whom served under Andranik's command.{{sfn|Shakarian|2025|p=287n61}}<ref name="bagramyan">{{cite news|last=Nahapetyan|first=Haykaram|title=Маршал Баграмян и Генерал Андраник|url=https://yerkramas.org/article/198037/marshal-bagramyan-i-general-andranik/|work=Yerkramas|date=9 September 2025|access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> In 1963, prominent Soviet Armenian poet Paruyr Sevak wrote an essay about Andranik after reading one of his soldier's notes. Sevak wrote that his generation knew "little about Andranik, almost nothing." He continued, "knowing nothing about Andranik means to know nothing about modern Armenian history."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.report.am/news/society/sevak-andranik_147.html|title=Պարույր Սեւակը՝ Անդրանիկի մասին [Paruyr Sevak about Andranik]|date=25 February 2012|newspaper=Report.am|access-date=6 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055138/http://www.report.am/news/society/sevak-andranik_147.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
In 1965, Andranik's 100th anniversary was celebrated in Soviet Armenia.<ref name="SAE"/> Soviet-era historians especially emphasized Andranik's break with the ARF and "the fact that he once pledged allegiance to the Baku Commune" led by Stepan Shaumian.{{sfn|Shakarian|2025|p=287n61}} However, the "rehabilitation" of Andranik was challenged by individuals from Soviet Azerbaijan who "accused Andranik of being responsible for the ethnic cleansing of Azeri civilians during the civil war in Transcaucasia."{{sfn|Shakarian|2025|p=287n61}}<ref name="saparov"/> The accusations were criticized by Bagramyan who argued that Azeri nationalists had "misled the Azerbaijani public" on Andranik.<ref name="bagramyan"/> Thus, as historian Arsène Saparov writes, Andranik became an "ambiguous figure" in the late Soviet era; "it was no longer taboo to mention him but neither was he officially celebrated."<ref name="saparov"/>
Today, Andranik is considered a national hero among Armenians worldwide.{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=ixv}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Merrill D.|title="Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian genocide, 1915–1930 and After|year=2004|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-2267-6|page=87|author-link=Merrill D. Peterson}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict|year=2004|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-4119-1|page=109|author-link=Vahakn N. Dadrian}}</ref> He is also seen as a legendary figure in Armenian culture.<ref name="SAE"/>{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=3}} In a series of polls in Armenia from 2006 to 2008, Andranik consistently placed second after Vazgen Sargsyan in the list of Armenian national heroes and leaders.<ref>surveys: *{{cite web|title=Armenia National Voter Study November 2006|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2006%20November%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20November%2010-19,%202006.pdf|publisher=IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization, ASA|access-date=4 May 2013|page=46|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104124046/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2006%20November%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20November%2010-19,%202006.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2013}} *{{cite web|title=Armenia National Voter Study March 16-25, 2007|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2007%20May%202%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20March%2016-25,%202007.pdf|publisher=IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization, ASA|access-date=4 May 2013|page=57|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055315/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2007%20May%202%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20March%2016-25,%202007.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}} *{{cite web|title=Armenia National Voter Study July 2007|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2007%20September%2017%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20July%205-12,%202007.pdf|publisher=IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization, ASA|access-date=4 May 2013|page=55|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055021/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2007%20September%2017%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20July%205-12,%202007.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}} *{{cite web|title=Armenia National Voter Study October 27 – November 3, 2007|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027-November%203,%202007.pdf|publisher=IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization, ASA|access-date=4 May 2013|page=60|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055458/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027-November%203,%202007.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}} *{{cite web|title=Armenia National Voter Study January 13 – 20, 2008|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20February%2015%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20January%2013-20,%202008.pdf|publisher=IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization, ASA|access-date=4 May 2013|page=49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055034/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20February%2015%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20January%2013-20,%202008.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
Andranik's activities have also attracted occasional criticism. He has generally been seen as a pro-Russian (and pro-Soviet) figure;<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald G.|title=Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history|year=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/lookingtowardara00rona/page/273 273]|author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny|url=https://archive.org/details/lookingtowardara00rona/page/273}}</ref>{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=46}} prompting the scholar-turned-political activist Rafael Ishkhanyan to criticize him for constant reliance on Russia.<ref name="Ishxanian"/> Ishkhanyan characterized Andranik and Hakob Zavriev as leaders of the stream within Armenian political thought unconditionally reliant on Russia. He contrasted them with Aram Manukian and his self-reliant stance.<ref name="Ishxanian">First published in English in {{cite book |last1=Ishkhanian |first1=Rafael |author-link1=Rafael Ishkhanyan |editor1-last=Libaridian |editor1-first=Gerard |editor1-link=Gerard Libaridian |title=Armenia at the Crossroads: Democracy and Nationhood in the Post-Soviet Era |date=1991 |publisher=Blue Crane |location=Watertown, MA |pages=20–21 |chapter=The Law of Excluding the Third Force}}</ref> Ruben Angaladyan voiced his opposition to the erection of a statue of Andranik in Yerevan, arguing that he does not deserve one in the national capital because he did not contribute substantially to the First Republic and ultimately left Armenia. While Angaladyan acknowledges Andranik as a popular hero, he considers it inappropriate to call him a national hero.<ref>{{cite news|last=Avagyan|first=Lilit|script-title=hy:Մայրաքաղաքում Անդրանիկի արձան չպիտի լիներ|url=http://168.am/2013/06/23/241871.html|newspaper=168hours|date=23 July 2013|language=hy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055218/http://168.am/2013/06/23/241871.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
===Memorials=== Statues and memorials of Andranik have been erected around the world, including in Bucharest, Romania (1936),<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aniv.ru/archive/38/sobor-obschina-ljudi-prodolzhenie-fragmenty-iz-knigi-eduarda-zhamgochjana/ |title=Собор, община, люди [Cathedral, community and people] |last=Zhamgochyan |first=Eduard |date=19 February 2012 |journal=Aniv |volume=5 |issue=38 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624185635/http://www.aniv.ru/archive/38/sobor-obschina-ljudi-prodolzhenie-fragmenty-iz-knigi-eduarda-zhamgochjana/ |archive-date=24 June 2014 }}</ref> Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris (1945), Melkonian Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus (1990),<ref>A bust of Andranik at the Melkonian school in Nicosia</ref> Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris (2005),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1577222.html|title=Ֆրանսիայի Պլեսի-Ռոբենսոն քաղաքում բացվել է զորավար Անդրանիկի արձանը [General Andranik's state opened in France's Le Plessis-Robinson]|date=7 June 2005|agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=6 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060844/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1577222.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plessis-robinson.com/vie-municipale/jumelage/jumelage-avec-arapkir.html |title=Jumelage avec Arapkir |date=26 April 2006 |publisher=City Hall of Plessis Robinson |access-date=24 June 2014 |language=fr |quote=Square des Martyrs, s'élève le buste d'un des grands libérateurs de l'Arménie, le général Andranik. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624190043/http://www.plessis-robinson.com/vie-municipale/jumelage/jumelage-avec-arapkir.html |archive-date=24 June 2014 }}</ref> Varna, Bulgaria (2011),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skat.bg/news.php?action=0&newsID=13608|title=Откриха паметник на генерал Андраник|date=8 July 2011|publisher=SKAT|access-date=6 September 2013|language=bg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055419/http://www.skat.bg/news.php?action=0&newsID=13608|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> and Armavir, Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2012/05/29/cherez-god-posle-demontazha-pamyatnika-andraniku-na-kubani-otkryta-memorialnaya-doska-pamyati-andranika-i-nzhde-fotoreportazh/ |script-title=ru:Через год после демонтажа памятника Андранику, на Кубани открыта мемориальная доска памяти Андраника и Нжде |date=29 May 2012 |newspaper=Yerkramas |access-date=6 September 2013 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025075148/http://www.yerkramas.org/2012/05/29/cherez-god-posle-demontazha-pamyatnika-andraniku-na-kubani-otkryta-memorialnaya-doska-pamyati-andranika-i-nzhde-fotoreportazh/ |archive-date=25 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.am/arm/news/107340.html|title=Ռուսական Արմավիրում Անդրանիկ Օզանյանի և Գարեգին Նժդեհի պատվին հուշատախտակ է բացվել|date=29 May 2012|newspaper=News.am|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055319/http://news.am/arm/news/107340.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> A memorial exists in Richardson Springs, California, where Andranik died.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Larry|title=Memorial marks Armenian hero's death at hotel north of Chico|url=http://www.chicoer.com/fromthenewspaper/ci_21441708/memorial-marks-armenian-heros-death-at-hotel-north|access-date=16 September 2013|newspaper=Chicoer|date=31 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055240/http://www.chicoer.com/fromthenewspaper/ci_21441708/memorial-marks-armenian-heros-death-at-hotel-north|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> In May 2011, a statue of Andranik was erected in Volonka village near Sochi, Russia;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/05/28/v-lazarevskom-rajone-sochi-ustanovlen-pamyatnik-generalu-andraniku-ozanyanu |script-title=ru:В Лазаревском районе Сочи установлен памятник генералу Андранику Озаняну |date=28 May 2011 |newspaper=Yerkramas |access-date=6 September 2013 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703144049/http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/05/28/v-lazarevskom-rajone-sochi-ustanovlen-pamyatnik-generalu-andraniku-ozanyanu/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> however, it was removed the same day, apparently under pressure from Turkey, which earlier announced that they would boycott the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics if the statue remained standing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Community Ordered to Take Down Gen. Antranig Statue in Sochi|url=http://asbarez.com/96312/community-ordered-to-take-down-gen-antranig-statue-in-sochi|access-date=12 September 2013|newspaper=Asbarez|date=1 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055826/http://asbarez.com/96312/community-ordered-to-take-down-gen-antranig-statue-in-sochi/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/05/28/pamyatnik-generalu-andraniku-v-sochi-snesli-rukovoditeli-mestnogo-otdeleniya-soyuza-armyan-rossii/ |script-title=ru:Памятник генералу Андранику в Сочи снесен |date=28 May 2011 |newspaper=Yerkramas |access-date=6 September 2013 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104162932/http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/05/28/pamyatnik-generalu-andraniku-v-sochi-snesli-rukovoditeli-mestnogo-otdeleniya-soyuza-armyan-rossii/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:2014 Erywań, Pomnik generała Andranika Ozaniana.jpg|thumb|alt=A massive statue of a man riding a horse, set atop a heavy gray stone pedestal against a city background.|An equestrian statue of Andranik near the Saint Gregory Cathedral in central Yerevan]] The first statue of Andranik in Armenia was erected in 1967 in the village of Ujan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hhpress.am/index.php/index.php?sub=hodv&hodv=20100226_1&flag=am|title=Անպարտելի զորավարը [The Undefeated General]|last=Zoryan|first=Satenik|date=26 February 2010|newspaper=Hayastani Hanrapetutyun|access-date=6 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054840/http://www.hhpress.am/index.php/index.php?sub=hodv&hodv=20100226_1&flag=am|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.armworld.am/detail.php?paperid=148&pageid=5346&lang=|title=Միասնությունը մարդկանց մեջ պետք է լինի [Unity should be in the people]|last=Hakobyan|first=Armen|newspaper=Hayots Ashkhar|access-date=6 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104191825/http://www.armworld.am/detail.php?paperid=148&pageid=5346&lang=|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Another early statue in Armenia was erected in Voskehask, near Gyumri, in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Government of Armenia |title=Շիրակի մարզի պատմության և մշակույթի անշարժ հուշարձանների պետական ցուցակ |url=https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=105447 |website=arlis.am |publisher=Armenian Legal Information System |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192303/https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=105447 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |language=hy |quote=Ոսկեհասկ գյուղ ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆ' ԱՆԴՐԱՆԻԿ ԶՈՐԱՎԱՐԻՆ 1969 թ. գյուղի մեջ, մշակույթի տան մոտ}}</ref> More statues have been erected after Armenia's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991; three of which can be found in the Armenian capital of Yerevan—in Malatia-Sebastia district (2000); near the St. Gregory Cathedral (by Ara Shiraz, 2002); and outside the Fedayi Movement Museum (2006) in the Armenian capital Yerevan.<ref name="statues">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?lang=1&page_id=267 |title=Երևանի հուշարձանները [Statues of Yerevan] |publisher=Yerevan Municipality Official Website |access-date=18 September 2013 |language=hy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109212537/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?lang=1&page_id=267 |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> Elsewhere in Armenia, Andranik's statues stand in Voskevan and Navur villages of Tavush, in Gyumri's Victory Park (1994), Arteni, and Angeghakot, among other places.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W0OuHHAc0Q|title=Թիմը գնում է գյուղեր. այսօր' Նավուր [Straight to Navur]|date=11 October 2011|publisher=CivilNet|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921063643/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W0OuHHAc0Q|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=1&hId=1080|title=Գյումրի [Gyumri]|encyclopedia=Great School Encyclopedia, Volume II|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing|access-date=8 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061149/http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=1&hId=1080|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aravot.am/2011/07/30/335553/|title=Անցումային շրջան [A transitional period]|date=30 July 2011|newspaper=Aravot|access-date=8 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054751/http://www.aravot.am/2011/07/30/335553/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Հայի ուժը N-80 Անգեղակոթ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlE5zOJQuiE&t=12m17s|publisher=Yerkir Media|access-date=9 September 2013|date=23 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921063226/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlE5zOJQuiE&t=12m17s|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
Numerous streets and squares both inside and outside Armenia, including in Córdoba, Argentina,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pje Antranick Córdoba, Argentina |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=Pje+Antranick,+C%C3%B3rdoba,+Argentina&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x94329808df14eaf9:0x122bd0bd30d4c4f9,Pje+Antranick,+C%C3%B3rdoba,+Argentina&gl=us&ei=5bgZUNniGuPo0QHb1YG4DA&ved=0CAgQ8gEwAA|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> Plovdiv<ref>{{cite web|title=ulitsa "Antranik" 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&authuser=0&q=%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x14acd1a29662b383:0xa9ef381977ff372b,ulitsa+Antranik,+Plovdiv,+Bulgaria&gl=us&ei=2cEQULLbIcr20gG2wIDwDQ&ved=0CAkQ8gEwAA|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> and Varna<ref name="varna">{{cite web|url=http://www.urban-mag.com/bg/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82,%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA/1758|title=Големият, нов паметник на генерал Андраник [А new monument to General Andranik]|last=Savov|first=Nikolai|date=27 November 2011|publisher=Urban-mag|access-date=6 September 2013|language=bg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054805/http://www.urban-mag.com/bg/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82,%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA/1758|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Meudon, Paris<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azg.am/EN/200411250|title=Andranik square in Meudon|last=Keshishian|first=Petros|date=9 November 2008|newspaper=Azg Daily|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061601/http://www.azg.am/EN/200411250|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rue du Général Antranik 92190 Meudon, France |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Rue+du+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Antranik,+92190+Meudon,+Hauts-de-Seine,+%C3%8Ele-de-France,+France&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x47e67a5f5f7fe277:0x5ec39b7126bcdc6d,Rue+du+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Antranik,+92190+Meudon,+France&gl=us&ei=6dczUtuTI5G34AOhk4H4Ag&ved=0CDEQ8gEwAA|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> and a section of Connecticut Route 314 state highway running entirely within Wethersfield, Connecticut<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ct.gov/dot/LIB/dot/Documents/dpolicy/hwylog/hwylog.pdf |title=Highway Log Connecticut State Numbered Routes and Roads |publisher=Connecticut Department of Transportation |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905063334/http://www.ct.gov/dot/LIB/dot/Documents/dpolicy/hwylog/hwylog.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2015 }}</ref> are named after Andranik. General Andranik Station of the Yerevan Metro was opened in 1989 as Hoktemberyan Station and was renamed for Andranik in 1992.<ref name="Holding"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metroworld.ruz.net/yerevan/cruise_05_zoravar_andranik.htm|title=Станция "Зоравар Андраник" ["Zoravar Andranik" Station]|publisher=Metroworld|access-date=6 September 2013|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054632/http://metroworld.ruz.net/yerevan/cruise_05_zoravar_andranik.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> In 1995, General Andranik's Museum was founded in Komitas Park of Yerevan, but was soon closed because the building was privatized.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zoravar Andranik's Museum To Re-open in Yerevan on 27 May |url=http://armeniainfo.am/news/view.php?news_id=457 |access-date=7 September 2013 |newspaper=Aravot |date=19 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919202431/http://armeniainfo.am/news/view.php?news_id=457 |archive-date=19 September 2013 }}</ref> It was reopened on 16 September 2006, by Ilyich Beglarian as the Museum of Armenian Fedayi Movement, named after Andranik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/social/2009/03/19/museum-of-zoravar-andranik|title=Զորավարի պատգամին հավատարիմ [Faithful to General's commandment]|date=20 August 2006|agency=A1plus|access-date=6 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060212/http://www.a1plus.am/am/social/2009/03/19/museum-of-zoravar-andranik|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
According to Patrick Wilson, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War Andranik "inspired a new generation of Armenians."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gore|first=Patrick Wilson|title='Tis Some Poor Fellow's Skull: Post-Soviet Warfare in the Southern Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-60775-4|page=17}}</ref> A volunteer regiment from Masis named "General Andranik" operated in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh during the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arakelyan|first=Serzh|title=Հրեղեն ոգու կանչը [Call of the fiery spirit]|url=http://www.hayzinvor.am/1030.html|publisher=Hay Zinvor # (806), the Defense Ministry of Armenia|access-date=9 September 2013|date=12–19 January 2011|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205830/http://www.hayzinvor.am/1030.html|archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>
Many organizations and groups in the Armenian diaspora are named after Andranik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayf.org/about/chapters/|title=Chapters|publisher=Armenian Youth Federation|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527083702/http://www.ayf.org/about/chapters/|archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hayk.net/destinations/sydney-nsw/organizations/homenetmen/|title=Homenetmen|publisher=Hayk the Ubiquitous Armenian|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055425/http://www.hayk.net/destinations/sydney-nsw/organizations/homenetmen/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://antranig.org/|title=The Antranig Dance Ensemble|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060405/http://antranig.org/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ugab.org.ar/antranik/|title=Grupo Scout General Antranik|access-date=6 September 2013|language=es|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008002828/http://ugab.org.ar/antranik/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 September 2012, during the Bulgaria vs. Armenia football match in Sofia's Levski National Stadium, Armenian fans brought a giant poster with pictures of General Andranik and Armenian officer Gurgen Margaryan, who was murdered in 2004 by Azerbaijani lieutenant Ramil Safarov. The text on the poster read, "Andranik's children are also heroes ... The work will be done."<ref>{{cite news|title=A poster with pictures of General Andranik and Gurgen Margaryan in "National" stadium of Sofia|url=http://lurer.com/?p=40502&l=en|agency=Lurer.com|date=11 September 2012|access-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054733/http://lurer.com/?p=40502&l=en|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> In the Armenian Youth Federation Eastern Region, the Granite City chapter is named "Antranig" in Andranik's honor.
The 65 page manuscripts of General Andranik, the only known memoir written by him, were returned to Armenia in May 2014 and sent to the History Museum of Armenia through Culture Minister Hasmik Poghosyan, almost a century after Andranik had parted with them.<ref>{{cite news|title=General Andranik Papers Find Home in Armenia|url=http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2014/05/09/general-andranik-papers-find-home-in-armenia/|date=9 May 2014|newspaper=The Armenian Mirror-Spectator|access-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103042841/http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2014/05/09/general-andranik-papers-find-home-in-armenia/|archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>
=== In culture === [[File:Antranik! Above the crowd.png|thumb|upright=0.75|alt=A retro newspaper comic strip with hand-drawn illustrations depicting military and blocks of narrative text.|A comic by Stookie Allen depicting Andranik, ''New York Journal-American'', 1920]] Andranik has been figured prominently in the Armenian literature, sometimes as a fictional character.{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=3}} The Western Armenian writer Siamanto wrote a poem entitled "Andranik", which was published in Geneva in 1905.<ref>{{cite book|author=Siamanto|title=Հայորդիները [Hayordinerě]|location=Geneva|publisher=Kedronakan Tparan|year=1905|page=[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.l0095986576;view=1up;seq=9 9]|language=hy|author-link=Siamanto}}</ref> The first book about Andranik was published during his lifetime. In 1920, Vahan Totovents, under the pen name Arsen Marmarian, published the book ''Gen. Andranik and His Wars'' (Զոր. Անդրանիկ և իր պատերազմները) in Entente-occupied Constantinople<!--([http://www.worldcat.org/title/zor-andranik-ew-ir-paterazmnere/oclc/607676618 OCLC 607676618])-->.{{sfn|Kharatian|1990|p=3}} The famed Armenian-American writer William Saroyan wrote a short story titled ''Antranik of Armenia'', which was included in his collection of short stories ''Inhale and Exhale'' (1936).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide in Perspective|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-0891-0|page=156|author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> Another US-based Armenian writer Hamastegh's novel ''The White Horseman'' (Սպիտակ Ձիավորը, 1952) was based on Andranik and other ''fedayi''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Սպիտակ Ձիավորը [White Horseman]|year=1952|publisher=Horizon|location=Los Angeles|oclc=10999057|author=Hamastegh|author-link=Hamastegh|language=hy}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Khachatrian|first=M. M.|title=Համաստեղի "Սպիտակ Ձիավորը" վեպը [Hamastegh՚ s novel "The White Rider"]|journal=Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri|pages=125–134|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/832/|access-date=8 September 2013|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|issn=0320-8117|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055018/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/832/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Hovhannes Shiraz, one of the most prominent Armenian poets of the 20th century, wrote at least two poems about Andranik; one in 1963 and another in 1967. The latter one, titled ''Statue to Andranik'' (Արձան Անդրանիկին), was published in 1991 after Shiraz's death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Շիրազի երկու ինքնագրերը [Two autographs of Shiraz]|url=http://hayart.net/story/14260/|publisher="HAYART" Literary Network|access-date=14 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917164738/http://hayart.net/story/14260/|archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Sero Khanzadyan's novel ''Andranik'' was suppressed for years and was published in 1989 when the tight Soviet control over publications was relaxed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khanzadyan|first=Sero|title=Անդրանիկ [Andranik]|year=1989|publisher=Khorhrdayin Grogh|location=Yerevan|oclc=605225665|author-link=Sero Khanzadyan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bardakjian|first=Kevork B.|title=A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500–1920: With an Introductory History|year=2000|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2747-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00bard/page/225 225]|url=https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00bard/page/225}}</ref> Between the 1960s and the 1980s, author Suren Sahakyan collected folk stories and completed a novel, "Story about Andranik" (Ասք Անդրանիկի մասին). It was first published in Yerevan in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.ararat-center.org/?p=45|title=Story About General Andranik – Epic Novel Written and Developed by Suren Sahakian Published After Edited by L. Sahakian|date=12 June 2008|publisher="Ararat" Center of Strategic Research|access-date=31 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055502/http://blog.ararat-center.org/?p=45|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><!--(ISBN 978-99941-48-86-8)-->
Andranik's name has been memorialized in numerous songs.{{sfn|New Armenia|1920|p=83}} In 1913, Leon Trotsky described Andranik as "a hero of song and legend."{{sfn|Trotsky|1980|p=247}} Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari wrote in 1906 that he met a priest from Turkish Armenia in Erivan who "sang the war-song of Antranik, the leader of Armenian revolutionary bands in Turkey."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Villari|first1=Luigi|author-link1=Luigi Villari|title=Fire and Sword in the Caucasus|date=1906|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|location=London|page=[http://armenianhouse.org/villari/caucasus/land-of-ararat.html 229]}}</ref> Andranik is one of the main figures featured in Armenian patriotic songs, performed by Nersik Ispiryan, Harout Pamboukjian and others. There are dozens of songs dedicated to him, including ''Like an Eagle'' by ''gusan'' Sheram, 1904<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bakshian Jr.|first=Aram|title=Andranik of Armenia|journal=History Today|date=April 1993|volume=43|issue=4|author-link=Aram Bakshian|issn=0018-2753}}</ref> and ''Andranik pasha'' by ''gusan'' Hayrik.<ref>{{cite book|title=Նոստալգիայի երգեր [Nostaligc Songs]|year=2009|publisher=IndoEuropean publishing|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-60444-046-1|page=73|editor=Aghajanian, Alfred|language=hy}}</ref> Andranik also features in the popular song ''The Bravehearts of the Caucasus'' (Կովկասի քաջեր) and other pieces of Armenian patriotic folklore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Հայրենասիրական և ազգագրական – Կովկասի քաջեր [Patriotic and folk songs – The Bravehearts of the Caucasus]|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?206.30|publisher=National Center of Educational Technologies|access-date=16 September 2013|language=hy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061021/http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?206.30|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
Several documentaries about Andranik have been produced; these include '' Andranik''<!-- http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0190968/ --> (1929) by Armena-Film in France, directed by Asho Shakhatuni, who also played the main role;<ref>{{cite web|title=Andranik|url=http://www.armenews.com/IMG/Partie_1_Andranik_Les_Grands_Romans_Filmes_1929.pdf|publisher=Les Grands Romans Filmés|access-date=14 September 2013|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055735/http://www.armenews.com/IMG/Partie_1_Andranik_Les_Grands_Romans_Filmes_1929.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bakhchinyan|first=Artsvi|title=О нем мечтали женщины и ему завидовали мужчины. Бурная жизнь армянского актера Ашо Шахатуни [Life of Asho Shakhatuni]|url=http://www.inieberega.ru/node/385|publisher=Union of Theatre Workers of the Russian Federation|access-date=14 September 2013|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060106/http://www.inieberega.ru/node/385|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> ''General Andranik'' (1990) directed by Levon Mkrtchyan, narrated by Khoren Abrahamyan; and ''Andranik Ozanian'', a 53-minute-long documentary by the Public Television of Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Անդրաիկ Օզանյան տեսաֆիլմ [Andranik Ozanian film]| date=3 January 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fm-UOg45ZCE|publisher=Public Television of Armenia|language=hy|access-date=14 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921063443/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fm-UOg45ZCE|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> {{clear}}
==Awards== [[File:Legion dHonneur.jpg|thumb|alt=An official, ornate French document featuring cursive handwriting, a stamp, signatures, and decorative borders.|Legion of Honour Officer certificate of Andranik]] Through his military career, Andranik was awarded with a number of medals and orders by governments of four countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Պատմութեան Թանգարանին Յանձնուեցան Զօրավար Անդրանիկի Սուրը Եւ Շքանշանները [Andranik's sword and medals handed to the History Museum]|url=http://asbarez.com/arm/42073/|access-date=21 September 2013|newspaper=Asbarez|date=30 November 2006|language=hy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054201/http://asbarez.com/arm/42073/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Andranik's medals and sword were moved to Armenia and given to the History Museum of Armenia in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=General Andranik's Sword and Medals Handed to History Museum of Armenia|url=http://asbarez.com/54282/general-andraniks-sword-and-medals-handed-to-history-museum-of-armenia/|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=Asbarez|date=2 December 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055140/http://asbarez.com/54282/general-andraniks-sword-and-medals-handed-to-history-museum-of-armenia/|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Andranik's Sword and Medals Handed to History Museum af Armenia|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/518422|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=Armenpress|date=29 November 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128030003/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/518422|archive-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" ! Country ! ! Award ! Rank ! Year |- | {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} Kingdom of Bulgaria | 50x50px | Order of Bravery | {{center|IV grade,<br>"For Bravery"}} | 1913<ref>{{cite book|editor=Pindikova, Galina|title=Македоно-одринското опълчение 1912–1913 [Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps 1912–1913]|url=https://www.archives.government.bg/uploaded_files/sprav_09_all.pdf|location=Sofia|publisher=State Military Archive of Bulgaria|year=2006|page=741|isbn=978-954-9800-52-4|language=bg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825232550/https://www.archives.government.bg/uploaded_files/sprav_09_all.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Chalabian|1988|p=203}} |- |rowspan="4"|{{flag|Russian Empire}} | 50x50px | Order of St. Stanislaus | {{center|II class<br>with Swords}} | 1914–16<ref name="Byzantinism Knight"/> |- | frameless|50x50px | Order of St. Vladimir | {{center|IV class}} | 1914–16<ref name="Byzantinism Knight"/><ref name="War Journal 1918">{{cite web|title=War Journal Of the Second Russian Fortress Artillery Regiment Of Erzeroum From its Formation Until the Recapture of Erzeroum by the Ottoman Army March 12th, 1918|url=http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/Khlebof%20War%20Journal.pdf|publisher=University of Louisville|access-date=7 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054301/http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/Khlebof%20War%20Journal.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> |- | 50x50px | Cross of St. George | {{center|I, II, III class}} | 1914–16{{sfn|Aghayan|1968|p=43}}<ref name="Byzantinism Knight"/> |- | 50x50px | Order of St. George | {{center|II, III, IV classes}} | 1914–16<ref>{{cite journal|title=General Antranik Ozanian|journal=The New Armenia|editor1-first=Arshag D.|editor1-last=Mahdesian|date=1927|issue=X|location=New York|volume=19-21|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000123017422&seq=265|pages=53|publisher=New Armenia Publishing Company}}</ref><ref name="Byzantinism Knight">{{cite news|journal=Византийское наследство [Byzantine Heritage]|editor1-first=Levon|editor1-last=Grigoryan|title=Рыцарь византизма [Byzantium Knight]|url=http://www.vizantarm.am/page.php?22|volume=64|language=ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029024343/http://vizantarm.am/page.php?22|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|France}} French Republic | 50x50px | Legion of Honor | {{center|Officier}} | 1919<ref name="Andranik Washington"/> |- | {{Flagicon|Greece|royal}} Kingdom of Greece | 50x50px | War Cross | {{center|II class}} | 1920{{sfn|Haroutyunian|1965|p=112}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Министр обороны Армении передал саблю и ордена выдающегося армянского полководца Андраника Музею истории (Defense Minister of Armenia handed Andranik's sword and medals to the Museum of History)|url=http://newsarmenia.ru/arm1/20061129/41613845.html|newspaper=Novosti Armenia|date=29 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624190352/http://newsarmenia.ru/arm1/20061129/41613845.html|archive-date=24 June 2014|language=ru}}</ref> |- |}
==Published works== {{commons category|Andranik Ozanyan}} *{{cite book|title=Մարտական հրահանգներ: Առաջարկներ, նկատողութիւններ եւ խորհուրդներ [Combat Commands: Suggestions, Remarks, Recommendations]|year=1906|publisher=ARF Press|location=Geneva|oclc=320038626}}<ref name="1906 book">{{cite web|url=http://nla.am/arm/meghapart/Arm/1906.htm |title=1906 |publisher=National Library of Armenia |access-date=7 September 2013 |language=hy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053518/http://nla.am/arm/meghapart/Arm/1906.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> *{{cite book|title=Հայկական առանձին հարուածող զօրամասը [The Armenian Special Striking Division]|year=1921|publisher=Azg|location=Boston|oclc=49525413}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.am/arm/meghapart/Arm/frame5.htm |title=1921 |publisher=National Library of Armenia |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053850/http://www.nla.am/arm/meghapart/Arm/frame5.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> *{{cite book|title=Զորավար Անդրանիկը կը խոսի [General Andranik Speaks]|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k379021t/f5.image|year=1921|publisher=Abaka weekly|location=Paris|oclc=234085160}} ([https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/400116/edition/370292/content 1994 Boston edition]) *{{cite book|title=Առաքելոց վանքին կռիւը (Հայ յեղափոխութենէն դրուագ մը) [The Battle of Arakelots (An Episode of Armenian Revolution)]|year=1924|publisher=Baikar|location=Boston}} Memoirs of Andranik written down by Levon K. Lyulejian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.am/arm/meghapart/Arm/1924.htm |title=1924 |publisher=National Library of Armenia |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053322/http://nla.am/arm/meghapart/Arm/1924.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref><!-- The 1992 edition in Armenian is available [http://freebooks.do.am/load/%D5%80%D4%B1%D5%85%D5%88%D5%91%20%D5%8A%D4%B1%D5%8F%D5%84%D5%88%D5%92%D4%B9%D5%85%D5%88%D5%92%D5%86/ar39aqeloc_vanqin_kr39iwy39_zoravar_andranik/23-1-0-1039 here]-->
==References== ;Notes {{notelist-ua|25em}}
;Citations {{reflist}}
===Bibliography=== {{refbegin|25em}} *{{cite journal|title=Antranik|journal=Blackwood's Magazine|date=October 1919|volume=CCVI (206)|pages=441–477|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7S4iAQAAIAAJ&q=antranik%20armenian&pg=PA441|ref={{harvid|Blackwood's|1919}}}} *{{cite book|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|author-link=Rouben Paul Adalian}} *{{cite journal|last=Aghayan|first=Tsatur|title=Զորավար Անդրանիկի գործունեության մասին [On the Activities of General Andranik]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=1968|issue=2|pages=40–56|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/1211/|author-link=Tsatur Aghayan|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Chalabian|first=Antranig|author-link=Antranig Chalabian|title=General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement|location=Southfield, Michigan|publisher=Antranig Chalabian|year=1988}} *{{cite book|last=Chalabian|first=Antranig|title=Dro (Drastamat Kanayan): Armenia's First Defense Minister of the Modern Era|year=2009|publisher=Indo-European Publishing|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-60444-078-2}} *{{cite journal|last=Hambarian|first=A. S.|title=Սասունի 1904 թվականի գոյամարտը [Sasun's Self-Defence in 1904]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|year=1989|issue=4|pages=22–34|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5285/|issn=0135-0536|language=hy}} *{{cite journal|last=Haroutyunian|first=A. H.|title=Անդրանիկը որպես մարտիկ և զորավար /Ծննդյան 100-ամյակի առթիվ/ [Andranik as Warrior and Commander]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=1965|issue=1|pages=109–124|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/737/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=hy}} *{{Hovannisian: The Republic of Armenia|volume=1}} *{{cite journal|last=Kharatian|first=A.|title=Վահան Թոթովենցը Անդրանիկի մասին [Vahan Totovents about Andranik]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=1990|issue=1|pages=3–14|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5312/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|issn=0135-0536|language=hy}} *{{cite journal|title=General Antranik|journal=The New Armenia|editor1-first=Arshag D.|editor1-last=Mahdesian|date=June 1920|issue=6|location=New York|volume=12|pages=82–85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59g5AQAAMAAJ&q=General%20Antranik&pg=PA82|publisher=New Armenia Publishing Company|ref={{harvid|New Armenia|1920}}}} *{{cite book|last=Mouradian|first=George|title=Armenian infotext|year=1995|publisher=Bookshelf Publishers|location=Southgate, Michigan|isbn=978-0-9634509-2-0}} *{{cite book|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|title=The history of Armenia|year=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4039-7467-9|author-link=Simon Payaslian}} *{{cite book|last=Shakarian|first=Pietro A.|title=Anastas Mikoyan: An Armenian Reformer in Khrushchev's Kremlin|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|year=2025|url={{Google Books|rTNgEQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=978-0253073556}} *{{cite book|last=Trotsky|first=Leon|title=The Balkan wars: 1912–13: the war correspondence of Leon Trotsky|year=1980|publisher=Monad Press|location=New York|chapter=Andranik and his Troop, from ''Kievskaya Mysl'' No. 197, July 19, 1913 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEJmenVPZ-IC&q=andranik+1888&pg=PA247|pages=247–256|isbn=978-0-909196-08-0|author-link=Leon Trotsky}} *{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Christopher J.|title=Armenia: The Survival of a Nation|year=1990|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-04230-1|edition=revised second|author-link=Christopher J. Walker}} {{refend}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin|25em}}
===Articles=== *{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Nercissian|first2=A.|last2=Harutyunian|first3=D.|last3=Mouradian|title=Материалы о генерале Андранике [Documents on General Andranik]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=1981|issue=1|pages=242–248|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/3529/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|issn=0135-0536|language=ru}} *{{cite book|language=hy|last=Karapetyan|first=H.|year=1996|contribution=Անդրանիկ (Andranik)|title=Հայկական հարց» հանրագիտարան ["Armenian question" Encyclopedia]|location=Yerevan|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20171026204602/http://www.armeniansgenocide.am/am/Encyclopedia_Of_armenian_genocide_Andranik archived link]) *{{cite journal|last=Hrachik|first=Simonian|title=Զորավար Անդրանիկ (ընդհանուր բնութագիր) [General Andranik (general characteristic)]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=2000|issue=1|pages=44–50|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/4375/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|issn=0135-0536|language=hy}} *{{cite journal|last=Severikova|first=N. M.|title=Великий сын Отечества: К 80-летию со дня кончины Андраника Сасунского [Great Son of Fatherland: On the 80th anniversary of death of Andranik of Sasun]|journal=Historical Science|year=2007|issue=6|url=http://getmedia.msu.ru/newspaper/creators_vector/article/severik/great_son.htm|publisher=Massmedia Center of the Moscow State University|issn=2304-4551|language=ru}}
===Books=== *{{cite book|script-title=hy:Զօրավար Անդրանիկի կովկասեան ճակատի պատմական օրագրութիւնը 1914–1917|trans-title=Historic Timeline of Caucasian Front of General Andranik|year=1924|publisher=Baikar|location=Boston|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Aharonyan|first=Vardges|script-title=hy:Անդրանիկ. մարդը եւ ռազմիկը|trans-title=Andranik: the man and the soldier|year=1957|publisher=Hairenik|location=Boston|oclc=47085812|language=hy}} *{{cite book|script-title=hy:Զօր. Անդրանիկ (Օզանեան) կեանքն ու գործունէութիւնը|year=1985|publisher=Hamazkayin|location=Beirut, Lebanon|url=http://www.armenews.com/IMG/General_Antranik.pdf|language=hy|access-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213815/http://www.armenews.com/IMG/General_Antranik.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|last=Chalabian|first=Antranig|script-title=hy:Զօրավար Անդրանիկ Եւ Հայ Յեղափոխական Շարժումը|trans-title=General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement|year=1986|publisher=Donikian Press|location=Beirut|author-link=Antranig Chalabian|language=hy}} *{{cite journal|last=Simonian|first=Hrachik|title=Истинный народный герой [The True Popular Hero]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=1988|issue=3|pages=12–28|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/4998/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|issn=0135-0536|language=ru}} *{{cite book|last=Antranig|first=Chalabian|script-title=hy:Զօրավար Անդրանիկ Եւ Հայ Յեղափոխական Շարժումը|trans-title=General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement|year=1990|location=Yerevan|publisher=Ա. հ.|author-link=Antranig Chalabian|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Garibdzhanian|first=Gevorg|title=Ժողովրդական հերոս Անդրանիկ [Andranik the Popular Hero]|year=1990|publisher=Hayastan Publishing|location=Yerevan|oclc=26596860|language=hy}} *{{cite book|script-title=ru:Андраник Озанян. документы и материалы|trans-title=Andranik Ozanian: documents and materials|year=1991|author=National Archives of Armenia|location=Yerevan|publisher=National Archives of Armenia|language=ru|author-link=National Archives of Armenia}} *{{cite book|last=Aghayan|first= Tsatur|author-link=Tsatur Aghayan|script-title=hy:Անդրանիկ. դարաշրջան, դեպքեր, դեմքեր|trans-title=Andranik: era, events, faces|year=1994|publisher=ՀԲՀ հրատ|location=Yerevan|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Simoyan|first=Hrachik|script-title=hy:Անդրանիկի ժամանակը|trans-title=Andranik's time|year=1996|publisher=Kaisa|location=Yerevan|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Aghayan|first=Tsatur|title=Андраник и его эпоха|trans-title=Andranik and his era|year=1997|publisher=Международный гуманитарный фонд арменоведения им. Ц. П. Агояна|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7801-0050-0|language=hy}} *{{cite document|title=Անդրանիկագիտական Հանդես Andranikological Review|year=2002–2004|first=Ashot|last=Grigoryan|publisher=Ashot Grigoryan|location=Yerevan|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Simonyan|first=Ruben|script-title=hy:Անդրանիկ. Սիբիրական վաշտի ոդիսականը|trans-title=Andranik: The Siberian company's odyssey|year=2006|publisher=Voskan Yerevantsi|location=Yerevan|oclc=76872489|language=hy}} *{{cite book|last=Andreasyan|first=Vazken|script-title=hy:Անդրանիկ|year=1982|publisher=Tonikyan|location=Beirut, Lebanon|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_-_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A7%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_-_1982_-_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF_%E2%80%93_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6.pdf|language=hy}} {{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Armenian national liberation movement}} {{Armenian nationalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Andranik}} Category:1865 births Category:1927 deaths Category:Armenian expatriates in Bulgaria Category:Armenian fedayi Category:Armenian generals in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I Category:Armenian nationalists Category:Armenian people in the Ottoman Empire Category:Armenian people of World War I Category:Armenian Revolutionary Federation politicians Category:Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Category:Burials at Yerablur Category:Deaths from coronary artery disease Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States Category:Imperial Russian Army generals Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour Category:People from Şebinkarahisar Category:Recipients of the Cross of St. George Category:Recipients of the Order of Bravery Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class Category:Recipients of the War Cross (Greece) Category:Russian military personnel of World War I Category:Stateless nationalists in Asia