Convolutidae

{{Short description|Family of acoels}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Middle Triassic|Recent}}<ref name="Knaust 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Knaust |first=Dirk |date=2021-10-07 |title=A microbialite with its entombed benthic community from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) Muschelkalk Group of Germany |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/pala/detail/320/99661/A_microbialite_with_its_entombed_benthic_community?af=crossref |journal=Palaeontographica Abteilung A |language=en |volume=320 |issue=1-3 |pages=1–63 |doi=10.1127/pala/2021/0114 |issn=0375-0442|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | image = Waminoa on Plerogyra.jpg | image_caption = Flatworm-like ''Waminoa'' sp. on ''Plerogyra'' sp. | taxon = Convolutidae | authority = Graff, 1905 | synonyms = * Anaperidae Dörjes, 1968 * Sagittiferidae Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 }}

'''Convolutidae''' is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.<ref name="HoogeTyler2005">{{cite journal|last1=Hooge|first1=M. D.|last2=Tyler|first2=S.|title=New tools for resolving phylogenies: a systematic revision of the Convolutidae (Acoelomorpha, Acoela)|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|volume=43|issue=2|year=2005|pages=100–113|issn=0947-5745|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00301.x}}</ref><ref name="Turbellaria">[http://turbellaria.umaine.ed/ Turbellarian taxonomic database]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2006.</ref>

==Description== [[File:Neochildia fusca.jpg|thumb|right|''Neochildia fusca'']] The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally of circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers.<ref name="HoogeTyler2005" /> Most species are symbionts with algae.<ref name="HoogeTyler2005" /> The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes, and a statocyst. The body has a pigmented lens. The intestine and excretory system are absent. They are hermaphroditic, but protandry is common.

==Taxonomy== ===Genera=== There are 26 genera in the family Convolutidae, of which 25 are extant.<ref name="WORMS">{{cite web |author=Seth Tyler |year=2010 |title=Convolutidae|publisher=World Register of Marine Species |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=142033|accessdate=May 29, 2021}}</ref><ref name="ZT2867">Nilsson, K.S., Wallberg, A., & Jondelius, U. (2011). "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." ''Zootaxa'' 2867: 1-31.</ref> The type genus is ''Convoluta''.

* †''Gutticorpus'' Knaust, 2021''<ref name="Knaust 2021" />'' * ''Achoerus'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''Adenopea'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Amphiscolops'' Graff, 1904 * ''Antrosagittifera'' Hooge & Tyler, 2001 * ''Brachypea'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Conaperta'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Convoluta'' Ørsted, 1843 * ''Convolutriloba'' Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988 * ''Haplodiscus'' Weldon, 1888 * ''Heterochaerus'' Haswell, 1905 * ''Neochildia'' Bush, 1975 * ''Oligochoerus'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oxyposthia'' Ivanov, 1952 * ''Pelophila'' Dörjes, 1968 * ''Philachoerus'' Dörjes, 1968 * ''Polychoerus'' Mark, 1892 * ''Praesagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * ''Pseudanaperus'' Dörjes, 1968 * ''Pseudoconvoluta'' Beklemischev, 1929 * ''Sagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * ''Stomatricha'' Hooge, 2003 * ''Symsagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * ''Thalassoanaperus'' Hernandez, 2018 * ''Waminoa'' Winsor, 1990 * ''Wulguru'' Winsor, 1988

===Species=== There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae:<ref name="WORMS"/> * †''Gutticorpus concentrica'' Knaust, 2021 * ''Achoerus caspius'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''Achoerus ferox'' Beklemischev, 1937 * ''Achoerus pachycaudatus'' Dörjes, 1968 * ''Adenopea cenata'' (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955) * ''Adenopea chuni'' (Brauner, 1920) * ''Adenopea illardata'' Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911 * ''Adenopea illardatus'' (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911) * ''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' Hyman, 1939 * ''Amphiscolops castellonensis'' Steinböck, 1954 * ''Amphiscolops cinereus'' (Graff, 1874) * ''Amphiscolops evelinae'' Marcus, 1947 * ''Amphiscolops fuligineus'' Peebles, 1913 * ''Amphiscolops gemelliporus'' Marcus, 1954 * ''Amphiscolops gerundensis'' Steinböck, 1954 * ''Amphiscolops japonicus'' Kato, 1947 * ''Amphiscolops marinelliensis'' Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984 * ''Amphiscolops mosaicus'' Kozloff, 1998 * ''Amphiscolops potocani'' Achatz, 2008 * ''Amphiscolops trifurcatus'' (Beltagi, 1983) * ''Amphiscolops zeii'' Riedl, 1956 * ''Antrosagittifera corallina'' Hooge & Tyler, 2001 * ''Brachypea kenoma'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Conaperta antonii'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * ''Conaperta cirrata'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * ''Conaperta flavibacillum'' (Jensen, 1878) * ''Conaperta lineata'' (Peebles, 1915) * ''Convoluta albomaculata'' (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892) * ''Convoluta baltica'' Meixner, 1938 * ''Convoluta bimaculata'' Graff, 1882 * ''Convoluta bohmigi'' (Brauner, 1920) * ''Convoluta borealis'' Sabussow, 1900 * ''Convoluta boyeri'' Bush, 1984 * ''Convoluta chiridotae'' (Beklemischev, 1915) * ''Convoluta confusa'' Graff, 1904 * ''Convoluta convoluta'' (Abildgaard, 1806) * ''Convoluta enelitta'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Convoluta furugelmi'' Mamkaev, 1971 * ''Convoluta henseni'' Böhmig, 1895 * ''Convoluta hipparchia'' Pereyaslawzewa, 1892 * ''Convoluta kikaiensis'' Yamasu, 1982 * ''Convoluta krana'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Convoluta lacazii'' Graff, 1891 * ''Convoluta lacrimosa'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * ''Convoluta marginalis'' Ivanov, 1952 * ''Convoluta maris-alba'' (Sabussow, 1899) * ''Convoluta marisalbi'' Sabussov, 1900 * ''Convoluta naviculae'' Yamasu, 1982 * ''Convoluta niphoni'' Achatz, 2008 * ''Convoluta pelagica'' Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911 * ''Convoluta philippinensis'' Bush, 1984 * ''Convoluta punctata'' Riedl, 1959 * ''Convoluta pygopora'' Antonius, 1968 * ''Convoluta schmidti'' Czerniavsky, 1881 * ''Convoluta schuelii'' Achatz, 2008 * ''Convoluta semperi'' Graff, 1882 * ''Convoluta sordida'' Graff, 1882 * ''Convoluta thela'' (Antonius, 1968) * ''Convoluta uljanini'' Graff, 1904 * ''Convoluta variabilis'' (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892) * ''Convolutriloba hastifera'' Winsor, 1990 * ''Convolutriloba longifissura'' Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997 * ''Convolutriloba macropyga'' Shannon & Achatz, 2007 * ''Convolutriloba retrogemma'' Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988 * ''Haplodiscus acuminatus'' Böhmig, 1895 * ''Haplodiscus bocki'' Dörjes, 1970 * ''Haplodiscus incola'' (Leiper, 1902) * ''Haplodiscus obtusus'' Böhmig, 1895 * ''Haplodiscus ovatus'' Böhmig, 1895 * ''Haplodiscus piger'' Weldon, 1888 * ''Haplodiscus ussovi'' Sabussow, 1896 * ''Haplodiscus weldoni'' Böhmig, 1895 * ''Heterochaerus australis'' Haswell, 1905 * ''Heterochaerus blumi'' (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007) * ''Heterochaerus carvalhoi'' (Marcus, 1952) * ''Heterochaerus langerhansi'' (Graff, 1882) * ''Heterochaerus sargassi'' (Hyman, 1939) * ''Neochildia fusca'' Bush, 1975 * ''Oligochoerus bakuensis'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oligochoerus chlorella'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oligochoerus conops'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oligochoerus limnophilus'' Ax & Doerjes, 1966 * ''Oligochoerus melanops'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oligochoerus xanthella'' Beklemischev, 1963 * ''Oxyposthia praedator'' Ivanov, 1952 * ''Pelophila lutheri'' (Westblad, 1946) * ''Philachoerus johanni'' Dörjes, 1968 * ''Praesagittifera gracilis'' (Yamasu, 1982) * ''Praesagittifera naikaiensis'' (Yamasu, 1982) * ''Praesagittifera shikoki'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * ''Sagittifera sagittifera'' (Ivanov, 1952) * ''Stomatricha hochbergi'' Hooge, 2003 * ''Thalassoanaperus australis'' (Westblad, 1952) * ''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' (Boguta, 1970) * ''Thalassoanaperus gardineri'' (Graff, 1911) * ''Thalassoanaperus ornatus'' (Beltagi, 2001) * ''Thalassoanaperus rubellus'' (Westblad, 1945) * ''Thalassoanaperus singularis'' (Hooge & Smith, 2004) * ''Thalassoanaperus sulcatus'' (Beklemischev, 1914) * ''Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis'' (Luther, 1912) * ''Waminoa brickneri'' Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005 * ''Waminoa litus'' Winsor, 1990 * ''Wulguru cuspidata'' Winsor, 1988

==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Convolutidae