Prunus subg. Prunus

{{Short description|Subgenus of plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Plums and Nectarines (4039921754).jpg |image_caption = Plums and nectarines |taxon = Prunus subg. Prunus |subdivision_ranks = Section |subdivision = See text. |}}

'''''Prunus'' subg. ''Prunus''''' is a subgenus of ''Prunus''. This subgenus includes plums, apricots and bush cherries. Some species conventionally included in '''''Prunus'' subg. ''Amygdalus''''' are clustered with plum/apricot species according to molecular phylogenetic studies.<ref name="Shi et al. 2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Shuo|last2=Li|first2=Jinlu|last3=Sun|first3=Jiahui|last4=Yu|first4=Jing|last5=Zhou|first5=Shiliang|date=2013|title=Phylogeny and classification of ''Prunus sensu lato'' (Rosaceae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jipb.12095|journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology|language=en|volume=55|issue=11|pages=1069–1079|doi=10.1111/jipb.12095|pmid=23945216|bibcode=2013JIPB...55.1069S |issn=1744-7909|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Yazbek|first1=M.|last2=Oh|first2=S.-H.|date=2013-10-01|title=Peaches and almonds: phylogeny of ''Prunus'' subg. ''Amygdalus'' (Rosaceae) based on DNA sequences and morphology|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0802-1|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=299|issue=8|pages=1403–1418|doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0802-1|bibcode=2013PSyEv.299.1403Y |s2cid=14542774|issn=1615-6110|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shi et al. (2013) has incorporated subg. ''Amygdalus'' into subg. ''Prunus,'' thereby including almonds and peaches in this subgenus.<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" /> The species in this subgenus have solitary flowers or 2–3 in a fascicle.<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Na |last2=Hodel |first2=Richard G. J. |last3=Wang |first3=Xi |last4=Wang |first4=Jun-Ru |last5=Xie |first5=Si-Yu |last6=Gui |first6=Chao-Xia |last7=Zhang |first7=Ling |last8=Chang |first8=Zhao-Yang |last9=Zhao |first9=Liang |last10=Potter |first10=Daniel |last11=Wen |first11=Jun |date=2023-04-06 |title=Molecular phylogeny and inflorescence evolution of ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae) based on RAD-seq and genome skimming analyses |journal=Plant Diversity |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=397–408 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2023.03.013 |pmid=37601549 |s2cid=258013062 |issn=2468-2659|doi-access=free |pmc=10435964 |bibcode=2023PlDiv..45..397S }}</ref>

== Sections according to Shi et al. (2013) == Shi et al. (2013) divide subg. ''Prunus'' into seven sections: sect. ''Amygdalus'', sect. ''Armeniaca'', sect. ''Emplectocladus'', sect. ''Microcerasus'', sect. ''Persicae'', sect. ''Prunocerasus'' and sect. ''Prunus''. They form three clades. The basal clade is sect. ''Emplectocladus'' which is sometimes treated as a subgenus. The other two clades are the ''Amygdalus''-''Persicae'' clade (sometimes treated as subg. ''Amygdalus'') and the ''Armeniaca''-''Microcerasus''-''Prunocerasus''-''Prunus'' clade (subg. ''Prunus'' in a narrow sense).<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" />

=== Sect. ''Emplectocladus'' === ''Prunus'' sect. ''Emplectocladus'' (Torr.) A.Gray is the sister group to all the other species in this subgenus,<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" /> and sometimes treated as a distinct subgenus, ''Prunus'' subg. ''Emplectocladus'' (Torr.) S.C.Mason. It includes six New World species.<ref name="Mason 1913">{{Cite journal|last=Mason|first=S.C.|date=1913-11-10|title=The pubescent-fruited species of ''Prunus'' of the southwestern states|url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43965391/PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160544/https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43965391/PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2018|journal=Journal of Agricultural Research|volume=1|issue=2|pages=147–177|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prigge|first=Barry A.|date=2002|title=A new species of ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae) from the Mojave Desert of California|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41425478|journal=Madroño|volume=49|issue=4|pages=285–288|jstor=41425478|issn=0024-9637|via=}}</ref> * ''Prunus fasciculata'' – desert almond * ''Prunus cercocarpifolia'' * ''Prunus eremophila'' – Mojave Desert almond * ''Prunus havardii'' – Havard's wild almond * ''Prunus microphylla'' – Mexican wild almond * ''Prunus minutiflora'' – Texas wild almond

=== Sect. ''Amygdalus'' === ''Prunus'' sect. ''Amygdalus'' (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. and the next section (''Persica'') sometimes constitute ''Prunus'' subg. ''Amygdalus'' (L.) Focke which is monophyletic, but the incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogenies blurs the boundary between the two sections somewhat.<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /><ref name="Chin et al. 2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Chin|first1=Siew-Wai|last2=Shaw|first2=Joey|last3=Haberle|first3=Rosemarie|last4=Wen|first4=Jun|last5=Potter|first5=Dan|date=2014-07-01|title=Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries – Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031400089X|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=76|pages=34–48|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024|pmid=24631854|bibcode=2014MolPE..76...34C |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The word "ămygdălus" is Latin for the almond nut.<ref>"[https://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/latin-english-dictionary.php?parola=amygdalus amygdalus]", ''Online Latin Dictionary''; accessed 2022.07.20.</ref>

This section includes most Old World almond species except ''P. mongolica'', ''P. tangutica'', ''P. triloba'', ''P. pedunculata'', ''P. tenella'', ''P. petunnikowii'' and probably other related species.<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" />

Selected species: * ''Prunus arabica'' – Arabian wild almond * ''Prunus amygdalus'' – almond * ''Prunus fenzliana'' * ''Prunus spinosissima'' – thorny almond

=== Sect. ''Persica'' === ''Prunus'' sect. ''Persica'' (Mill.) Nakai{{efn|Shi et al. (2013) gave this section a superfluous name, ''Prunus'' sect. ''Persicae'' (T.T.Yü & L.T.Lu) S.L.Zhou.}} includes peach species<ref>{{Cite web|title=桃亚属 Subgen. ''Persica''|url=http://www.iplant.cn/info/Subgen.%20Persica?t=z|access-date=2021-02-17|website=iPlant 植物智——植物物种信息系统|publisher=中国科学院植物研究所系统与进化植物学国家重点实验室|language=zh}}</ref> as well as two species previously considered almonds (''P. mongolica'' and ''P. tangutica'').<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /> * ''Prunus davidiana'' – Chinese peach * ''Prunus ferganensis'' – Fergana peach * ''Prunus kansuensis'' – Gansu peach * ''Prunus mira'' – Tibetan peach * ''Prunus mongolica'' – Mongolian almond * ''Prunus persica'' – Persian peach / Common peach * ''Prunus tangutica'' – Tangut almond

=== Sect. ''Armeniaca'' === {{main|apricot}} Species in this ''Prunus'' sect. ''Armeniaca'' (Scop.) Koch are apricots, native to Eurasia.<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" />

Selected species: * ''Prunus armeniaca'' – apricot * ''Prunus mandshurica'' – Manchurian apricot * ''Prunus mume'' – Mei or Chinese flowering plum * ''Prunus sibirica'' – Siberian apricot

=== Sect. ''Microcerasus'' === {{main|Prunus sect. Microcerasus}} Species in ''Prunus'' sect. ''Microcerasus'' (Webb & Berthel.) C.K.Schneid. are known as bush cherries or dwarf cherries.<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" />

Selected species: * ''Prunus glandulosa'' * ''Prunus japonica'' * ''Prunus prostrata'' * ''Prunus pumila'' * ''Prunus tianshanica'' * ''Prunus tomentosa''

=== Sect. ''Prunocerasus'' === {{main|Prunus sect. Prunocerasus}} ''Prunus'' sect. ''Prunocerasus'' Koehne includes New World plums and peachbush (''P. texana'').<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /><ref name="Shi et al. 2013" />

Selected species: * ''Prunus americana'' – American plum * ''Prunus angustifolia'' – sand plum * ''Prunus maritima'' – beach plum * ''Prunus mexicana'' – Mexican plum * ''Prunus nigra'' – Canada plum * ''Prunus texana'' – peachbush

=== Sect. ''Prunus'' === {{main|Prunus sect. Prunus}} ''Prunus'' sect. ''Prunus'' includes Old World plums.<ref name="Shi et al. 2013" />

Selected species: * ''Prunus cerasifera'' – cherry plum * ''Prunus domestica'' – European plum * ''Prunus salicina'' – Chinese plum * ''Prunus simonii'' – apricot plum * ''Prunus spinosa'' – sloe

== Additional sections == Species of the following sections were not presented in the results of Shi et al. (2013). Therefore, their relationship with the sections proposed by Shi et al. (2013) is unclear.

=== Sect. ''Chamaeamygdalus'' === ''Prunus'' sect. ''Chamaeamygdalus'' (Spach) Dippel used to be included in the ''Amygdalus''-''Persica'' clade. However, molecular phylogenetic research indicates that it should be excluded from the ''Amygdalus''-''Persica'' clade.<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /> The phylogenetic positions of the species in this section are still uncertain. * ''Prunus tenella'' – Russian almond * ''Prunus petunnikowii''

=== Sect. ''Louiseania'' === ''Prunus'' sect. ''Louiseania'' (Carrière) Yazbek includes two or three Asian species.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yazbek|first=Mariana|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1813/14843|title=Systematics of Prunus subgenus Amygdalus: Monograph and Phylogeny|date=9 April 2010|publisher=Cornell University|hdl=1813/14843|publication-date=2010-04-09}}</ref> They are called flowering almond and morphologically close to wild almonds (sect. ''Amygdalus''),<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /> but they are more related to bush cherries (sect. ''Microcerasus'') and apricots (sect. ''Armeniaca'').<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /><ref name="Chin et al. 2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mowrey |first1=B. D. |last2=Werner |first2=D. J. |date=1990-07-01 |title=Phylogenetic relationships among species of ''Prunus'' as inferred by isozyme markers |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224026 |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1007/BF00224026 |pmid=24220821 |s2cid=25963976 |issn=1432-2242|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Wang et al. 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wei |last2=Wang |first2=Hui-Ling |last3=Xiao |first3=Xun-Ze |last4=Xu |first4=Xin-Qiao |date=2019-12-01 |title=Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of longstalk almond (''Prunus pedunculata'' (Pall.) Maxim.), an important sand-fixation shrub plant endemic to northern China |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-018-1039-7 |journal=Conservation Genetics Resources |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1007/s12686-018-1039-7 |bibcode=2019ConGR..11..419W |s2cid=255785457 |issn=1877-7260|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duan |first1=Chunyan |last2=Shen |first2=Yehua |last3=Zhao |first3=Guifang |date=2020-01-02 |title=Complete chloroplast genome characteristics of ''Prunus triloba'' Lindl. |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part B |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=504–505 |doi=10.1080/23802359.2019.1704657 |issn=2380-2359 |pmc=7748640 |pmid=33366622}}</ref><ref name="Wang et al. 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wei |last2=Yang |first2=Tao |last3=Wang |first3=Hui-Ling |last4=Li |first4=Zhen-Jian |last5=Ni |first5=Jian-Wei |last6=Su |first6=Shang |last7=Xu |first7=Xin-Qiao |date=2020-06-23 |title=Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the complete chloroplast genomes of six almond species (''Prunus'' spp. L.) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=10137 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-67264-3 |pmid=32576920 |pmc=7311419 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1010137W |issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref name="Hodel et al. 2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Hodel |first1=Richard G. J. |last2=Zimmer |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Wen |first3=Jun |date=2021-07-01 |title=A phylogenomic approach resolves the backbone of ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae) and identifies signals of hybridization and allopolyploidy |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=160 |article-number=107118 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107118 |pmid=33609711 |bibcode=2021MolPE.16007118G |s2cid=231979781 |issn=1055-7903|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coulibaly |first1=Daouda |last2=Huang |first2=Xiao |last3=Ting |first3=Shi |last4=Iqbal |first4=Shahid |last5=Ni |first5=Zhaojun |last6=Ouma |first6=Kenneth Omondi |last7=Hayat |first7=Faisal |last8=Tan |first8=Wei |last9=Hu |first9=Guofeng |last10=Ma |first10=Chengdong |last11=Karikari |first11=Benjamin |last12=Magdy |first12=Mahmoud |last13=Gao |first13=Zhihong |date=September 2022 |title=Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast Genome and phenotypic characteristics of Japanese apricot accessions |journal=Horticulturae |language=en |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=794 |doi=10.3390/horticulturae8090794 |issn=2311-7524 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Wan et al. 2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Wan |first1=Tian |last2=Qiao |first2=Bai-xue |last3=Zhou |first3=Jing |last4=Shao |first4=Ke-sen |last5=Pan |first5=Liu-yi |last6=An |first6=Feng |last7=He |first7=Xu-sheng |last8=Liu |first8=Tao |last9=Li |first9=Ping-ke |last10=Cai |first10=Yu-liang |date=2023 |title=Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses of 11 ''Cerasus'' species based on the complete chloroplast genome |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=14 |article-number=1070600 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2023.1070600 |pmid=36938043 |pmc=10022824 |bibcode=2023FrPS...1470600W |issn=1664-462X |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to nuclear phylogenomic analyses, the type species of sect. ''Louiseania'', ''P. triloba'', is embedded in sect. ''Microcerasus'' and closely related to the ''P. prostrata'', the type species of sect. ''Microcerasus''. However, in the phylogenetic tree based on plastid genome, ''P. triloba'' together with ''P. tomentosa'' (also a member of sect. ''Microcerasus'') and apricots is in a clade that is sister to the core part of sect. ''Microcerasus''.<ref name="Hodel et al. 2021" /><ref name="Wan et al. 2023" /> The incongruity is attributable to multiple hybridization events during the speciation of ''P. triloba'', which probably involves species of sect. ''Amygdalus'', sect. ''Armeniaca'', sect. ''Microcerasus'', sect. ''Prunus'', and even subg. ''Cerasus''.<ref name="Hodel et al. 2021" /> * ''Prunus pedunculata'' * ''Prunus triloba'' * ''Prunus ulmifolia''

=== Sect. ''Penarmeniaca'' === ''Prunus'' sect. ''Penarmeniaca'' S.C.Mason is the sister group to the New World section ''Prunocerasus'' and probably the Old World species ''P. tenella''.<ref name="Yazbek et al. 2013" /> It includes two New World species.<ref name="Mason 1913" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bortiri|first1=Esteban|last2=Oh|first2=Sang-Hun|last3=Jiang|first3=Jianguo|last4=Baggett|first4=Scott|last5=Granger|first5=Andrew|last6=Weeks|first6=Clay|last7=Buckingham|first7=Megan|last8=Potter|first8=Daniel|last9=Parfitt|first9=Dan E.|date=2001|title=Phylogeny and systematics of ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae) as determined by sequence analysis of ITS and the chloroplast ''trnL-trnF'' spacer DNA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093861|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=26|issue=4|pages=797–807|jstor=3093861|issn=0363-6445|via=}}</ref> * ''Prunus andersonii'' – desert peach * ''Prunus fremontii'' – desert apricot

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Plant subgenera Prunus Category:Prunus subg. Prunus