{{Short description|American psychologist (born 1972)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Amy Cuddy | image = Acuddy.jpg | caption = Amy J. C. Cuddy | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|7|23|mf=y}} | birth_place = Robesonia, Pennsylvania, U.S. | workplaces = Rutgers University<br />Kellogg School of Management<br />Harvard Business School | alma_mater = University of Colorado Boulder<br />Princeton University | thesis_title = The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes | thesis_year = 2005 | doctoral_advisor = Susan Fiske }}
'''Amy Joy Casselberry Cuddy''' (born July 23, 1972)<ref>middle names and year of birth as reported by [https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2005099758/ worldcat.org]</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=758615167211036672|user=amyjccuddy|title=Ah, thanks for all the birthday wishes yesterday, but my birthday was on the 23rd. Not sure what happened there.|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> is an American social psychologist, author and speaker. She is a proponent of "power posing",<ref>{{cite web|title=TedTalks: Your body language shapes who you are|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_may_shape_who_you_are|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TedTalks: Most Viewed TEDTalks|url=https://www.ted.com/talks?sort=popular|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> a self-improvement technique whose scientific validity has been questioned.<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html|title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=October 18, 2017|access-date=October 19, 2017|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=Newsweek13Sep2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/power-poses-dont-make-you-more-powerful-studies-664261|title=Sorry, but standing like Superman probably won't make your life any better|website=Newsweek |date=13 September 2017|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> She has served as a faculty member at Rutgers University, Kellogg School of Management and Harvard Business School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/people/amy-cuddy|title=Harvard Kennedy School, Center for Public Leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019122108/https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/people/amy-cuddy|archive-date=2018-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cuddy's most cited academic work involves using the stereotype content model that she helped develop to better understand the way people think about stereotyped people and groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1kdjewoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|title=Google Scholar - Amy Cuddy}}</ref>
==Early life and education== Cuddy grew up in Robesonia, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Conrad Weiser High School in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scheid |first1=Lisa |title=Best-selling author and social psychologist recalls Berks roots |url=http://www.readingeagle.com/money/article/amy-cuddy-recalls-her-berks-roots |website=Reading Eagle |language=en |date=2016-07-17 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718141305/http://www.readingeagle.com/money/article/amy-cuddy-recalls-her-berks-roots |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1998, Cuddy earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology, graduating ''magna cum laude'' from the University of Colorado Boulder.<ref name="CV" /> She experienced a traumatic brain injury during college.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dominus |first=Susan |date=2017-10-18 |title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst from 1998 to 2000 before transferring to Princeton University to follow her adviser, Susan Fiske.<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy" /> She received a Master of Arts in 2003 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 2005 in social psychology (dissertation: "The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes") from Princeton University.<ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.hbs.edu/acuddy/acuddy_cv_09_09_15.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae Amy J. C. Cuddy|website=HBS}}</ref>
==Academic career== From 2005 to 2006, Cuddy was an assistant professor of psychology at Rutgers University.<ref name="CV" /> From 2006 to 2008, she was an assistant professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kellogg School of Management, Meet the new faculty|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/kwo/win06/departments/newfaculty.htm|work=Kellogg World |access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program.<ref name="CV" /> From 2008 to 2017, she was an assistant professor and then associate professor in the Negotiation, Organizations and Markets Unit at the Harvard Business School, where she taught courses in negotiations, leadership, power and influence, and research methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pon.harvard.edu/faculty/amy-cuddy/|title=Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, Academic Programs & Faculty|date=2013|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> In the spring of 2017, ''The New York Times'' reported, "she quietly left her tenure-track job at Harvard",<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy"/> where she lectured in the psychology department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.harvard.edu/detail?q=id:d_colgsas_2017_2_205536_001&returnUrl=search%3Fq%3DAmy%2520Cuddy%26sort%3Dcourse_title%2520asc%26start%3D0%26rows%3D25|title=Harvard University Course Catalog|website=courses.harvard.edu|access-date=2018-06-21|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621043020/https://courses.harvard.edu/detail?q=id:d_colgsas_2017_2_205536_001&returnUrl=search%3Fq%3DAmy%2520Cuddy%26sort%3Dcourse_title%2520asc%26start%3D0%26rows%3D25|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Research=== ====Stereotypes==== {{See also|Stereotype content model}} In 2002, Cuddy co-authored the proposal of the stereotype content model, with Susan Fiske and Peter Glick (Lawrence University).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cuddy|first=Amy J. C.|author2=Fiske, Susan T.|author3= Glick, Peter|author4= Xu, Jun|title=A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=June 2002|volume=82|issue=6|pages=878–902|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878|pmid=12051578|s2cid=17057403}}</ref> In 2007, the same authors proposed the "Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes" (BIAS) Map model.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cuddy|first=Amy J. C.|author2=Fiske, Susan T.|author3= Glick, Peter|title=The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=April 2007|volume=92|issue=4|pages=631–648|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631|pmid=17469949|s2cid=16399286}}</ref> These models propose to explain how individuals make judgments of other people and groups within two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and to discern how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krakovsky|first=Marina|title=Mixed Impressions: How We Judge Others on Multiple Levels|journal=Scientific American Mind |volume=21|pages=12|doi=10.1038/scientificamericanmind0110-12|year=2010}}</ref>
====Power posing==== {{see also|Power posing}} In 2010, Cuddy, Dana Carney and Andy Yap published the results of an experiment on how nonverbal expressions of power (such as expansive, open, space-occupying postures)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Venton|first=Danielle|title=Power Postures Can Make You Feel More Powerful|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/05/st_cuddy/|magazine=Wired|access-date=28 May 2012|date=15 May 2012}}</ref> affect people's feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Carney|first=Dana R.|author2=Cuddy, Amy J. C.|author3= Yap, Andy J.|title=Power Posing – Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance|journal= Psychological Science|date=October 2010|volume=21|issue=10|pages=1363–1368|doi=10.1177/0956797610383437|pmid=20855902|s2cid=1126623}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Boost Power Through Body Language|url=http://blogs.hbr.org/video/2011/04/boost-power-through-body-langu.html|series=HBR Blog Network|journal=Harvard Business Review|access-date=28 May 2012|date=2011-04-06}}</ref> In particular, they claimed that adopting body postures associated with dominance and power ("power posing") for as little as two minutes can increase testosterone, decrease cortisol, increase appetite for risk, and cause better performance in job interviews. This was widely reported in popular media.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buchanan|first=Leigh|title=Leadership Advice: Strike a Pose|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201205/leigh-buchanan/strike-a-pose.html|work=Inc.|access-date=28 May 2012|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baron|first=Neil|title=Power Poses: Tweaking Your Body Language for Greater Success|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1829616/power-poses-two-minutes-to-greater-sales-success|series=Expert Perspective|work=Fast Company|access-date=28 May 2012|date=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Halverson, Ph.D.|first=Heidi Grant|title=Feeling Timid and Powerless? Maybe It's How You Are Sitting|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-science-success/201010/feeling-timid-and-powerless-maybe-its-how-youre-sitting|series=The Science of Success|work=Psychology Today|access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> David Brooks summarized the findings, "If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully."<ref name=DBrooks2011>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=David|title=Matter Over Mind|url=http://brooks.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/20/matter-over-mind/|work=The New York Times|date=20 April 2011}}</ref>
Other researchers tried to replicate this experiment with a larger group of participants and a double-blind setup.<ref>Where the original experiment had 42 subjects (21 in each condition), Ranehill et al. had 200. The experimenters were kept unaware of which condition each subject was in to avoid experimenter bias.</ref> The experimenters found that power posing increased subjective feelings of power, but did not affect hormones or actual risk tolerance. They published their results in ''Psychological Science''.<ref name="Ranehill2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ranehill|first1=E.|last2=Dreber|first2=A.|last3=Johannesson|first3=M.|last4=Leiberg|first4=S.|last5=Sul|first5=S.|last6=Weber|first6=R. A.|title=Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women|journal=Psychological Science|volume=26|issue=5|date=25 March 2015 |pages=653–656|issn=0956-7976|doi=10.1177/0956797614553946|pmid=25810452|s2cid=28372856}}</ref> Though Cuddy and others are continuing to carry out research into power posing, Carney has disavowed the original results. The theory is often cited as an example of the replication crisis in psychology, in which initially seductive theories cannot be replicated in follow-up experiments.<ref name=nymag>{{cite web|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|title=There's an Interesting House-of-Cards Element to the Fall of Power Poses|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/09/the-fall-of-power-poses-has-a-house-of-cards-aspect-to-it.html|website=New York magazine|date=27 September 2016 |access-date=21 October 2017}}{{cite web |last1=Romm|first1=Cari|last2=Baer|first2=Drake|last3=Singal|first3=Jesse|last4=Dahl|first4=Melissa|title=Why People Love(d) Power Posing: A Science of Us Conversation|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/09/what-to-do-now-if-power-poses-used-to-help-you.html|website=New York|date=30 September 2016 |access-date=21 October 2017}}{{cite web|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|title=How Should We Talk About Amy Cuddy, Death Threats, and the Replication Crisis?|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2017/04/amy-cuddy-death-threats.html|website=New York |date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/01/amy_cuddy_s_power_pose_research_is_the_latest_example_of_scientific_overreach.html|title=Amy Cuddy's Power Pose Research Is the Latest Example of Scientific Overreach|last=Gelman|first=Andrew|date=January 1, 2016|website=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Tracy |title=Sajid Javid and the strange science behind power poses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2018/may/01/sajid-javid-and-the-strange-science-behind-power-poses |access-date=19 June 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=1 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
==Publications== ;Books In December 2015 Cuddy published a self-help book advocating power posing, ''Presence: Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Biggest Challenges'', which built on the value of the outward practice of power posing to focus on projecting one's authentic self with the inward-focused concept of ''presence''—defined as "believing in and trusting yourself – your real honest feelings, values and abilities."<ref name="Forbes20160105">{{cite magazine |last1=Davis-Laack |first1=Paula |title=How To Bring Presence To Your Biggest Challenges |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauladavislaack/2016/01/05/how-to-bring-presence-to-your-biggest-challenges/ |magazine=Forbes |date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105233829/http://www.forbes.com/sites/pauladavislaack/2016/01/05/how-to-bring-presence-to-your-biggest-challenges/ |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The book reached at least as high as #3 on ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list (Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous) in February 2016.<ref name="NYTbestseller20160207">{{cite news |title=Best Sellers / Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129035656/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The book was translated into 32 languages.<ref name="BusInsider20160102">{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Melia |last2=Lebowitz |first2=Shana |last3=Maisch |first3=Andreas |title="Power-Posen": So einfach verbessert ihr mit Körpersprache euer Selbstbewusstsein ("Power-poses": Improve your self-confidence with body language |url=http://www.businessinsider.de/amy-cuddy-gesten-koennen-das-selbstbewusstsein-verbessern-2015-12 |work=Business Insider |location=Germany |date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211031334/http://www.businessinsider.de/amy-cuddy-gesten-koennen-das-selbstbewusstsein-verbessern-2015-12 |archive-date=February 11, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
;Academic papers *{{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Fosse | first3 = N. E. | year = 2017 | title = P-Curving a More Comprehensive Body of Research on Postural Feedback Reveals Clear Evidential Value for Power-Posing Effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 656–666 | doi=10.1177/0956797617746749 | pmid = 29498906 | s2cid = 3675226}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Glick | first2 = P. | last3 = Beninger | first3 = A. | year = 2011 | title = The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations | journal = Research in Organizational Behavior | volume = 31 | pages = 73–98 | doi=10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004| citeseerx = 10.1.1.250.9367}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Carney | first1 = D. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Yap | first3 = A. | year = 2010 | title = Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 21 | issue = 10| pages = 1363–1368 | doi=10.1177/0956797610383437 | pmid=20855902| s2cid = 1126623}}, listed among "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010" by Halvorson (2010).<ref> Heidi Grant Halvorson, "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010. Ten great studies from 2010 that can improve your life", ''Psychology Today'', 20 December 2010.</ref> *Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260107000020 Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map]. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), ''Advances in Experimental Social Psychology'' (volume 40, pages 61–149). New York, New York: Academic Press. *{{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Fiske | first2 = S. T. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 631–648 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631| pmid = 17469949 | s2cid = 16399286}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Fiske | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 77–83 | doi=10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005 | pmid=17188552| s2cid = 8060720}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Fiske | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | last4 = Xu | first4 = J. | year = 2002 | title = A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 82 | issue = 6| pages = 878–902 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 | pmid=12051578| s2cid = 17057403}}
;TED talk *{{TED speaker|amy_cuddy}} **[https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_may_shape_who_you_are TED Talk: Amy Cuddy: "Your body language shapes who you are"] (TED Global, June 2012), about the effect of peoples' body language on their perception of how powerful they themselves are. ***PopTech Annual Conference, 'Talk of the Day' October 21, 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=PopTech Annual Conference|url=http://poptech.org/popcasts/amy_cuddy_power_poses|work='Talk of the Day', October 21, 2011|access-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607065233/http://poptech.org/popcasts/amy_cuddy_power_poses|archive-date=2012-06-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Awards and honors== *World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title = Young Global Leaders 2014 - World Economic Forum|url = http://widgets.weforum.org/ygl-2014/|website = widgets.weforum.org|access-date = 2015-07-30}}</ref> *''Time'' magazine 'Game Changer', 2012<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Cuddy|first=Amy|title=Game Changers, Innovators and problem solvers that are inspiring change in America|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2092033_2109441,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320003239/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2092033_2109441,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 20, 2012|magazine=Time |access-date=23 June 2012|date=19 March 2012}} "Amy Cuddy, Power Poser. Using a few simple tweaks to body language, Harvard researcher Amy Cuddy discovers ways to help people become more powerful"</ref> *Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Association for Psychological Science (APS)|title=Rising Star Award, 2011 |website=Psychological Science |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/rising-stars-3}}</ref> *The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, ''Harvard Business Review''<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvard Business Review|url=http://hbr.org/2009/02/breakthrough-ideas-for-2009/ar/1|work=The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009|access-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708044754/http://hbr.org/2009/02/breakthrough-ideas-for-2009/ar/1|archive-date=2012-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2008<ref name="CV" /> *BBC 100 Women, 2017: glass ceiling team<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|title=BBC 100 Women: Who is on the list?|work=BBC News |date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== *{{Twitter}} *{{TED speaker}} *{{cite web|title=What Your Sitting Style Says About You|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/47506037#47506037|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060313/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/47506037#47506037|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2012|work=Today Show|publisher=NBC|access-date=28 May 2012}} *{{cite web|title=Body Language {{!}} Your Business|url=http://www.openforum.com/idea-hub/topics/lifestyle/video/do-it-yourself-body-language|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=28 May 2012}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuddy, Amy}} Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American women scientists Category:21st-century American women writers Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers Category:21st-century American psychologists Category:People from Berks County, Pennsylvania Category:American social psychologists Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni Category:Princeton University alumni Category:University of Colorado Boulder alumni Category:American scientists with disabilities Category:People with traumatic brain injuries Category:Harvard Business School faculty Category:Kellogg School of Management faculty Category:Rutgers University faculty