{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Ammocharis tinneana Serengeti Leyo brightened 1.jpg |image_caption = ''Ammocharis tinneana'' |taxon = Ammocharis |authority = Herb.{{sfn|Herbert|1821|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17 p. 17]}}{{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=298998 ''Ammocharis'']}} |synonyms = ''Cybistetes'' <small>Milne-Redh. & Schweick.</small> }}
'''''Ammocharis''''' is a small genus from sub-Saharan Africa, in the family Amaryllidaceae (subfamily Amaryllidoideae) which includes seven species distributed in Africa. The plant grows as above-ground bulb, preferring seasonally wet, hot, sandy soils and full sun.{{sfn|Snijman|Kolberg|2011}} thumb|right|''Ammocharis coranica'' ==Taxonomy == The botanist William Herbert segregated ''Ammocharis'' from ''Crinum'' in 1821, with two species, ''A. coranica'' and ''A. falcata'' (both originally ''Amaryllis''). He also placed one of Linnaeus' original ''Amaryllis'' species, ''A. longifolia'', in ''Crinum'' as ''C. capense''.{{sfn|Herbert|1821|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17 p. 17]}} This species would also eventually find its way into ''Ammocharis''. In 1847 Roemer placed ''Amaryllis longifolia'' in ''Ammocharis'' as ''Ammocharis longifolfolia'', <small>(Linn.) Roem.</small>{{sfn|Roemer|1845–1847|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104545#page/337/mode/1up ''Ammocharis'' 4: 62]}} without realising it was conspecific with ''Ammocharis falcata''. However, many subsequent authors included only the two original species.{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939}}
A major review of the genus was undertaken by Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt in 1939. In their recircumscription they identified five species. With respect to ''A. longifolia=falcata'' they concluded that while very closely related, it was sufficiently distinct as to deserve of generic status, coining the term ''Cybistetes'' {{langx|grc|κυβιστητης}}, or tumbler, after the way the wind tumbles the infructescence.{{sfn|Milne-Redhead|Schweickerdt|1939}} From then onwards ''Cybistetes'' was treated as a separate genus.
With the development of molecular phylogenetics, Meerow ''et al.'' established Amaryllideae and its subtribe Crininae as monophyletic taxa.{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}} Under their circumscription, ''Ammocharis'' is placed within subtribe Crininae, which has three genera. But, depending on the status of ''Cybistetes'', two to three genera may be considered. If ''Cybistetes'' is considered separately as ''Cybistetes longifolia'' <small>(L.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.</small> it is placed in a sister group relationship to ''Ammocharis'' within the subtribe, and with ''Crinum'' placed as sister to ''Cybistetes''+''Ammocharis''. Snijman and Kolberg also place this species within ''Ammocharis'', and provide a key to the genus.(2011){{sfn|Snijman|Kolberg|2011}}
===Subdivision=== The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCLSPF) list seven species,{{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=298998 ''Ammocharis'']}} including ''Ammocharis longifolia'', rather than consider it as the separate monotypic genus, ''Cybistetes longifolia''. The (WCLSPF) places it in ''Ammocharis'',{{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=303758 ''Cybistetes longifolia''}} based on Germishuizen and Meyer (2003).{{sfn|Germishuizen|Meyer|2003}} This species has also been called ''Cybistetes herrei'' <small>(F.M.Leight.) D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies</small> or ''Ammocharis herrei'', but if accepted as ''Ammocharis'', then ''A. longifolia'' is the preferred name in WCLSPF.{{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=299005 ''Ammocharis herrei'']}}
The placement of ''Ammocharis longifolia'' (=''Cybistetes longifolia'') was finally settled following the detailed study of in depth relationships in Crininae by Kwembeya ''et al.'' in 2007, and ''Cybistetes longifolia'' restored to ''Ammocharis''. {{sfn|Kwembeya et al|2007}}
*''Ammocharis angolensis'' <small>(Baker) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.</small> Uganda to Angola *''Ammocharis baumii'' <small>(Harms) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.</small> Tropical Africa to Namibia *''Ammocharis coranica'' <small>(Ker Gawl.) Herb.</small> Distributed from Zimbabwe to South Africa. Known as "Karoo Lily". *''Ammocharis deserticola'' <small>Snijman & Kolberg</small> *''Ammocharis longifolia'' <small>(L.) Herb.</small> ("Malgas Lily") Southern Namibia and western Cape Province.{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}} *''Ammocharis nerinoides'' <small>(Baker) Lehmiller</small> Namibia *''Ammocharis tinneana'' <small>(Kotschy & Peyr.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick</small>. Distributed from Sudan to Namibia.
=== Etymology === The genus name derives from two Greek words: ἄμμος (ammos) sand, and χάρις (charis) joy, signifying "delight of the sandy plains" (where it is found).{{sfn|Herbert|1821|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2 p. 2]}}
== References == {{Reflist|20em}}
== Bibliography == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last=Herbert |first=William |author-link=William Herbert (botanist) |year=1821 |title=An Appendix: ''Preliminary Treatise'' (pp. 1–14) and ''A Treatise &c.'' (pp. 15–52) |journal=The Botanical Register |volume=7 |publisher= James Ridgway and Sherwood, Neely, and Sons |location=Piccadilly, London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 }} For references to ''Ammocharis'', see pp. 2ff., 5ff. and 17. * {{cite book|last1=Roemer|first1=Max Joseph|author-link=Max Joseph Roemer|title=Familiarum naturalium regni vegetabilis synopses monographicae; seu, Enumeratio omnium plantarum hucusque detectarum secundum ordines naturales, genera et species digestarum, additis diagnosibus, synonymis, novarumque vel minus cognitarum descriptionibus|date=1845–1847|publisher=Landes-Industrie-Comptoir|location=Weimar|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49482#/summary|format=4 fascicles}} * {{cite journal|editor1-last=Germishuizen |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Meyer |editor2-first=N.L. |title=Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist |url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/NISL/Biodiversity/Attachments/Plants%20of%20SA.pdf |journal=Strelitzia |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=i-vi |pages=1–1231 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627000657/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/NISL/Biodiversity/Attachments/Plants%20of%20SA.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-27 }} ([http://posa.sanbi.org/intro_posa.php online version]) * {{cite journal|last1=Müller-Doblies|first1=U.|last2=Müller-Doblies|first2=D.|authorlink2=Dietrich Müller-Doblies|authorlink1=Ute Müller-Doblies|title=Tribes and subtribes and some species combinations in Amaryllidaceae J St Hil R Dahlgren & al. 1985|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=1996|volume=107|issue=5–6|pages=S.c.1–S.c.9}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Snijman|first2=Deirdre A.|authorlink1=Alan Meerow|title=Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Amaryllideae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences and Morphology|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=December 2001|volume=88|issue=12|pages=2321–2330|doi=10.2307/3558392|jstor=3558392|pmid=21669663|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=3004&content=PDF|access-date=2018-12-29|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234142/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=3004&content=PDF|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Lehmiller|first2=David J.|last3=Clayton|first3=Jason R.|authorlink1=Alan Meerow|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from nuclear and limited plastid non-coding DNA sequences|url=http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3257/PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305200033/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3257/PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2016|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=March 2003|volume=141|issue=3|pages=349–363|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00142.x|doi-access=|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kwembeya|first1=Ezekeil G.|last2=Bjorå|first2=Charlotte S.|last3=Stedje|first3=Brita|last4=Nordal|first4=Inger|title=Phylogenetic Relationships in the Genus ''Crinum'' (Amaryllidaceae) with Emphasis on Tropical African Species: Evidence from trnL-F and Nuclear ITS DNA Sequence Data|journal=Taxon|date=1 August 2007|volume=56|issue=3|pages=801|doi=10.2307/25065863|jstor=25065863|ref={{harvid|Kwembeya et al|2007}}|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Milne-Redhead|first1=E.|last2=Schweickerdt|first2=H. G.|authorlink2=Herold Georg Wilhelm Johannes Schweickerdt |title=A new conception of the genus Ammocharis Herb.|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|date=October 1939|volume=52|issue=342|pages=159–197|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01601.x}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lehmiller|first1=David J.|title=Transfer of ''Crinum nerinoides'' to ''Ammocharis'' (Amaryllidaceae)|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/636825#page/33/mode/1up|journal=Novon|date=1992|volume=2|issue=1|pages=33–35|doi=10.2307/3391605|jstor=3391605}} * {{cite journal|last1=Snijman|first1=D. A.|last2=Williamson|first2=G.|title=A taxonomic re-assessment of ''Ammocharis herrei'' and ''Cybistetes longifolia'' (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae)|url=http://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/viewFile/762/713|journal=Bothalia|date=15 December 1994|volume=24|issue=2|pages=127–132|doi=10.4102/abc.v24i2.762|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Snijman|first1=D. A.|last2=Kolberg|first2=H.|title=''Ammocharis deserticola'' (Amaryllideae), a new species from Namibia and a key to species of the genus|url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/Content/Projects/namibia/Resources/Snijman_and_Kolberg2011_ammocharis.pdf|journal=Bothalia|date=2011|volume=41|issue=2|pages=308–311|doi=10.4102/abc.v41i2.69|access-date=2016-02-27|archive-date=2017-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102042922/http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/Content/Projects/namibia/Resources/Snijman_and_Kolberg2011_ammocharis.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|access-date=8 August 2015|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |ref={{harvid|WCLSPF|2015}} }} {{Refend}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Ammocharis}} {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Ammocharis Pacific Bulb Society] * [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=367 Flora of Zimbabwe]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146154}}
Category:Amaryllidaceae genera Category:Amaryllidoideae Category:Taxa named by William Herbert (botanist)