{{Short description|Family}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} [[File:Arthur by W. H. Margetson.png|thumb|Arthur in William Henry Margetson's illustrations for ''Legends of King Arthur and His Knights'' (1914)]]
The size of '''King Arthur's family''' mirrored the size of his legend. Although always large, it particularly grew as the legend of King Arthur gained popularity throughout Britain. According to the earliest Welsh Arthurian tradition, Arthur has an extensive family network. This includes his parents Uther Pendragon and Eigyr (Igraine), his wife Gwenhwyfar (Guinevere), his nephew Gwalchmei (Gawain), a brother, and several sons. His maternal lineage is also detailed, which includes his grandfather Amlawdd Wledig, a legendary king. His family tree was both simplified and expanded in shared British and French traditions. The two countries added characters from other medieval European chronicles and romances, which introduced new characters, such as Arthur's half-sisters, including Morgan, and their children, including Mordred. Various rulers claimed to be descended from Arthur, in particular the House of Tudor and Scottish clans, reflecting the importance of his family legend in medieval and early modern genealogies.
==Medieval Welsh tradition== [[File:Uther Pendragon by W. H. Margetson.png|thumb|upright|Uther Pendragon (Margetson)]]
In Welsh Arthurian pre-Galfridian tradition, Welsh sources laid out a few close familial figures; Arthur had a father named Uther Pendragon, a brother called Madog, and a nephew (Eliwlod).<ref>T. Green, ''Concepts of Arthur'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), pp.145–51; P. Sims-Williams, "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems" in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) ''The Arthur of the Welsh'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), pp.33–71 at pp.53-4.</ref> Arthur also appears to have had a sister in this tradition. She is unknown except in reference to Gwalchmei, son of Gwyar, who is said to be the child of Arthur's cousin and sister in ''Culhwch and Olwen''. The ''Vita Iltuti'' and the ''Brut Dingestow'' both say that Arthur's mother was named Eigyr.<ref>R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, ''Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992), pp.44-5.</ref> ''Culhwch and Olwen'' also names a half-brother, Gormant, the son of Arthur's mother and Ricca, the chief elder of Cornwall. This parallels later stories of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall.<ref name="Culhwch and Olwen Translation">{{cite web | first=Will | last=Parker | year=2016 | title=Culhwch and Olwen Translation | website=Culhwch ac Olwen | url=http://www.culhwch.info/index.html#footnote133 | at=Footnote 133 | access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
The 13th-century genealogies in ''Mostyn MS. 117'' lay out Arthur's ancestry in detail. He is the son of Uthyr, the son of Custennin, the son of Cynfawr, the son of Tudwal, the son of Morfawr, the son of Eudaf, the son of Cadwr, the son of Cynan, the son of Caradoc, the son of Bran, and the son of Llŷr. Regarding Arthur's own family, his wife is consistently said to be Gwenhwyfar. She is usually stated to have a sister named Gwenhwyfach and to be the daughter of King Ogrfan Gawr (who is sometimes called 'Gogrfan Gawr' or '[G]Ogrfan the Giant'). ''Culhwch'' and ''Bonedd yr Arwyr'' also indicate that Arthur had some sort of relationship with Eleirch, daughter of Iaen, resulting in a son named Kyduan (Cydfan).<ref>See T. Green, ''Concepts of Arthur'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), pp.151–5; R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, ''Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992), pp.76–7, 107-08 -- the latter note that the sons of Iaen appear to have been kinsmen of Arthur on ''their'' father's side, not Arthur's father's side, i.e. they were Arthur's in-laws via their sister.</ref> Kyduan is not Arthur's only child in Welsh Arthurian tradition – he is also said to have sons named Amr (Amhar),<ref>''Historia Brittonum'', 73 and also the romance ''Geraint and Enid'', which mentions an "Amhar son of Arthur".</ref> Gwydre,<ref>R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, ''Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992), lines 1116-7.</ref> Llacheu<ref>R. Bromwich, ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein: the Welsh Triads'' (Cardiff: University of Wales, 1978), pp.416–8.</ref> and Duran.<ref>J. Rowland, ''Early Welsh Saga Poetry: a Study and Edition of the Englynion'' (Cambridge, 1990), pp.250–1.</ref> (See the Offspring section for further information about Arthur's children.)
In addition to this immediate family, Arthur was said to have had a great variety of distant relatives, including maternal aunts, uncles, and cousins, as well as a grandfather named Anlawd (or Amlawdd) Wledig ("Prince Anlawd"). Anlawd is the common link between Arthur and many of these figures. For example, the relationship between first cousins (implied or stated), between Arthur, Culhwch, Illtud, and Goreu fab Custennin, depends on all of their mothers being children of Anlawd. Arthur's maternal uncles in ''Culhwch and Olwen'', including Llygatrud Emys, Gwrbothu Hen, Gweir Gwrhyt Ennwir, and Gweir Baladir Hir, are similarly related through Anlawd.<ref>These maternal uncles are named at lines 251-2, 288-90: R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, ''Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992).</ref> Some argue that Anlawd only exists as a means to allow medieval Welsh authors to interconnect figures with Arthur by acting as a genealogical link.<ref>R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, ''Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992), pp.44-5</ref>
==Common medieval literature== [[File:Guinever by W. H. Margetson.png|thumb|upright|Guinever (Margetson) ]]
Geoffrey of Monmouth carried over relatively few members of Arthur's family in the Welsh materials. Arthur's grandfather Anlawd Wledic is turned into King Constans, but Arthur's maternal uncles, aunts, and cousins do not appear there, nor do his paternal relatives or any of his sons. Only the core family seems to have made the transition in Geoffrey's influential version: Arthur's wife Gwenhwyfar (who became Guinevere), his father Uthyr (Uther), his mother Eigyr (Igerna), and his nephew Gwalchmei (Gawain). Uther was given a new family, including two brothers and their father.<ref>Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' Book 8.1.</ref> Gwalchmei's mother, Gwyar, instead became Anna, who was married to Loth, while Modredus (Mordred) became her second son (he was not her son under Welsh tradition, bearing the name Medraut). As many writers based their stories on Geoffrey's work, it was his version that remained popular, rather than traditional Welsh family trees.<ref>B. F. Roberts, "Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' and ''Brut Y Brenhinedd''" in R. Bromwich, A. O. H. Jarman and B. F. Roberts (edd.) ''The Arthur of the Welsh'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), pp.98–116 at pp.112–3.</ref>
In the chivalric romance branch of such common tradition, Arthur gains a sister or half-sister named Morgan, first identified as his relative by Chrétien de Troyes' ''Yvain''.<ref>''Arthurian Romances'' trans. W. Kibler and C. W. Carroll (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991)</ref> Arthur's other sister or half-sister, today best known as Morgause, is a daughter of Gorlois and Igerna (Igraine). She replaced Anna in the romances as the mother of Gawain and Mordred. She and Morgan may also be joined by a third half-sister, today best known as Elaine. Drawing on earlier sources, Richard Carew mentions another sister of Igraine and Uther, named Amy.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Richard | last=Carew | author-link=Richard Carew (antiquary) | title=The Survey of Cornwall and an Epistle concerning the Excellencies of the English Tongue | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/9878/pg9878.html | year=1769 | orig-date=1602 | publisher=E. Law and J. Hewett | page=78 }}</ref> The overall number of Arthur's sisters or half-sisters varies between the different romances, ranging from as few as one or two to as many as five (in which case one of them may die early).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OYDGR4yBXYC&pg=RA2-PA75|title=Bibliographical bulletin of the International Arthurian Society|date=15 March 1954|accessdate=15 March 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref> Their names and roles also vary, as do their husbands (most commonly the British kings Lot, Urien, and Nentres, who are largely interchangeable).{{efn|In the Vulgate ''Merlin'', for instance, Arthur's mother Ygraine "had five daughters, three by her husband the duke and two by her first husband, one of whom King Lot took as his wife, King Neutres [i.e. Nentres] another, King Urien the third, and Caradoc, who was the father of King Aguisant of Scotland, the fourth, who had died, while the fifth was in school in Logres."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwB78lRKStoC&pg=PA107 | title=Lancelot-Grail: The story of Merlin | isbn=978-1-84384-234-7 | last1=Lacy | first1=Norris J. | date=22 January 2024 | publisher=Boydell & Brewer }}</ref>}} Through his sisters, Arthur is given further nephews, who all become members of the Round Table. The sisters usually (but not always) have particular children in the romances. In popular tradition of the prose cycles, Morgause has Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Gareth; Elaine has Galeschin; and either Morgan or a fourth sister has Yvain. Other romance authors such as Chrétien<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSmto0TQZBgC&pg=PA57 | title=The Romances of Chretien de Troyes | isbn=978-0-300-13370-7 | last1=Duggan | first1=Joseph J. | date=October 2008 | publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref> and Wolfram von Eschenbach<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkshHF9V8NUC&pg=PA196 | title=Perceval/Parzival: A Casebook | isbn=978-1-136-51000-7 | last1=Groos | first1=Arthur | last2=Lacy | first2=Norris J. | date=6 December 2012 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> mention or feature Arthur's nieces and occasionally additional nephews (for example, Lancelot is the son of Arthur's unnamed sister in Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's ''Lanzelet,'' but nowhere else).
Arthur's son, named Loholt, was introduced in Chrétien de Troyes's ''Erec and Enide.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192837936|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192837936/page/428 428]|title=Lancelot of the Lake|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192837936|language=en}}</ref> He is possibly based on one of Arthur's sons from Welsh tradition, Llacheu.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9isAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 | title=The Arthurian Handbook: Second Edition | isbn=978-1-317-77744-1 | last1=Lacy | first1=Norris J. | last2=Ashe | first2=Geoffrey | last3=Mancoff | first3=Debra N. | date=14 January 2014 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Geoffrey turns Ambrosius Aurelianus, the historical Romano-British leader, into Uther's brother. He also derives Arthur's lineage from the self-proclaimed Western Roman Emperor Constantine III of Britain, presenting him as Arthur's grandfather. Additionally, the chronicle ''Brut Tysilio'' makes Cador, son of Gorlois Arthur's half-brother, sharing Igraine as a mother.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLx7w5IzCDMC&pg=PA99 | title=King Arthur's Children: A Study in Fiction and Tradition | isbn=978-1-61599-066-5 | last1=Tichelaar | first1=Tyler R. | date=31 January 2010 | publisher=Loving Healing Press }}</ref> In Geoffrey's ''Historia,'' Cador's son Constantine succeeds Arthur as the high king of Britain. One important figure with no actual blood relation to Arthur is Ector, who is featured as a secret foster-father of Arthur in much of the romance tradition, along with Ector's son Kay as the young Arthur's foster-brother.
[[File:Morgan le Fay by W. H. Margetson.jpg|thumb|upright|Morgan le Fay (Margetson)]]
In ''The Arthurian Companion'', Phyllis Ann Karr lists the family of King Arthur based on Thomas Malory's English compilation ''Le Morte D'Arthur'' (retaining the spellings):<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karr |first=Phyllis Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PPXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Arthurian Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table |date=1997 |publisher=Chaosium |isbn=978-1-56882-096-5 |language=en}}</ref> *Father: Uther Pendragon *Mother: Igraine *Uncle (maternal?): Duke Elise *Foster father: Ector *Foster brother: Kay *Wife: Guenevere *Paramours: Margawse, Lyzianor *Sons: Borre (by Lyzianor), Mordred (by Margawse) *Half-sisters (by Igraine): Margawse, Elaine of Tintagil, Morgan le Fay *Brothers-in-law: King Lot (m. Margawse), King Nentres (m. Elaine), King Uriens (m. Morgan) *Nephews (by Lot and Margawse): Gawaine (favorite), Agravaine, Gaheris, Gareth Beaumains *Other nephews: Ywaine (by Uriens and Morgan), Galeshin (by Nentres and Elaine) *Cousin: Hoel of Brittany *Would-be-paramours: Annowre, Camille
==Offspring== Although Arthur is given sons in both early and late Arthurian tales, he rarely has many generations of offspring. This is at least partly because of the usually premature deaths of Arthur's sons. In some cases, including in ''Le Morte d'Arthur'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cherewatuk |first1=Karen |year=2006 |title=Marriage, Adultery and Inheritance in Malory's ''Morte Darthur'' |volume=67 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781843840893 |jstor=10.7722/j.ctt81j5x}}</ref> Arthur's failure to produce a legitimate heir contributes to his fall.
In the early Welsh tradition, Mordred (Medraut) was a nephew of Arthur, before later becoming Arthur's child. Instead, Arthur has a number of different sons but their stories are largely lost. Amr is the first of them to be mentioned in Arthurian literature, appearing in the 9th-century ''Historia Brittonum'':
{{Quote box|align=center|There is another wonder in the region which is called Ercing. A tomb is located there next to a spring which is called Licat Amr; and the name of the man who is buried in the tomb was called thus: Amr. He was the son of Arthur the soldier, and Arthur himself killed and buried him in that very place. And men come to measure the grave and find it sometimes six feet in length, sometimes nine, sometimes twelve, sometimes fifteen. At whatever length you might measure it at one time, a second time you will not find it to have the same length – and I myself have put this to the test.<ref>''Historia Brittonum'', 73.</ref>}}
Why Arthur chose or was forced to kill his son is never made clear. The only other reference to Amr comes in the post-Galfridian Welsh romance ''Geraint'', where "Amhar son of Arthur" is one of Arthur's four chamberlains, along with Bedwyr's son Amhren.<ref name=Jones-Jones-1949>{{cite book |first1=T. |last1=Jones |first2=G. |last2=Jones |year=1949 |title=Mabinogion |place=London, UK |publisher=Dent}}</ref>{{rp|page=231}}Another son, Gwydre, suffers a similarly premature death, being slaughtered by the giant boar Twrch Trwyth in ''Culhwch and Olwen'', along with two of Arthur's maternal uncles. No other references to either Gwydre or Arthur's uncles survive.<ref>{{cite book |first1=R. |last1=Bromwich |first2=D. Simon |last2=Evans |year=1992 |title=Culhwch and Olwen. An edition and study of the oldest Arthurian tale |place=Cardiff, Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |at=lines 1116–1117 and note "on Gwydre"}}</ref><ref name="Jones-Jones-1949" />{{rp|pages=132, 134}} The third son, Duran, known only from a possibly 15th-century Welsh text, is said to have died on the field of Camlann.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rowland |first=J. |title=Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A study and edition of the Englynion |publisher=D.S. Brewer |year=1990 |place=Cambridge |pages=250–251}}</ref>
More is known about Arthur's son Llacheu. He is one of the "Three Well-Endowed Men of the Island of Britain", according to Triad 4, and he fights alongside Cei in the early Arthurian poem ''Pa gur yv y porthaur?''.<ref>R. Bromwich, ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein: the Welsh Triads'' (Cardiff: University of Wales, 1978), no. 4; P. Sims-Williams, "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems" in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) ''The Arthur of the Welsh'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), pp.33–71 at p.43.</ref> Like his father is in ''Y Gododdin'', Llacheu frequently appears as a heroic figure in early Welsh literature, and is also appears in local folklore lied to specific locations.<ref>O. J. Padel, ''Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000), pp.55–6, 99; P. Sims-Williams, "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems" in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) ''The Arthur of the Welsh'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), pp.33–71 at p.4.4.</ref> Because of this, there is general consensus that Llacheu was a relatively major character in early Arthurian mythology.<ref>T. Green, ''Concepts of Arthur'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), pp.168-9.</ref> Nonetheless, Llacheu too dies, with the speaker in the pre-Galfridian poem ''Ymddiddan Gwayddno Garanhir ac Gwyn fab Nudd'' remembering that he had "been where Llacheu was slain / the son of Arthur, awful in songs / when ravens croaked over blood."<ref>J.B. Coe and S. Young, ''The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend'' (Llanerch, 1995), p.125.</ref> The romance character based on him, known as Lohot or similar names, usually also dies young.
Mordred is a major exception to this tradition of Arthur's sons dying childless. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth and the post-Galfridian tradition, Mordred (like Amr) is killed by Arthur, this time dying at Camlann. However, unlike the others, he has two sons, who both rose against Arthur's successor and cousin Constantine III with the help of the Saxons. However, in Geoffrey's ''Historia'' (where the motifs of Arthur's killing of Mordred and Mordred's sons first appear), Mordred was not Arthur's son.<ref>Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' Book 11.2-4.</ref> His relationship with Arthur was reinterpreted in the Vulgate Cycle, as he was made the result of an unwitting incest between Arthur and his sister.<ref>''Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation'' trans. N. J. Lacy (New York: Garland, 1992-1996).</ref> This tale is preserved in the later romances, so by the time of the Post-Vulgate Cycle, a tale emerges where Merlin tells Arthur that Mordred would grow up to destroy him. In this story, Arthur devises Herod-like plot to rid of all of his children on the same day to try to save himself from this fate.<ref>See A. Varin, "Mordred, King Arthur's Son" in ''Folklore'' 90 (1979), pp.167–77 on Mordred's birth, its origins and Arthur's reaction to his dream.</ref> The Post-Vulgate version also features another of Arthur's illegitimate sons, Arthur the Less, who survives for as long as Mordred but remains fiercely loyal to Arthur.
Other literature further expanded Arthur's immediate family. His daughter, Archfedd, is found in only one Welsh source, the 13th-century ''Bonedd y Saint''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rF4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT358 |title=The Battles of King Arthur - Tony Sullivan - Google Books |date=2022-07-14 |isbn=9781399015318 |accessdate=2022-09-14 |last1=Sullivan |first1=Tony |publisher=Pen and Sword History }}</ref> A daughter named Hild[e] is mentioned in the 13th-century Icelandic ''Þiðreks saga'' (''Thidrekssaga''), while the ''Möttuls saga'' from around the same period features a son of Arthur named Aristes. Arthur's son, Samson the Fair, for whom the Norse story ''Samsons saga fagra'' is named, also has a sister named Grega. Rauf de Boun's 1309 ''Petit Brut'' lists Arthur's son Adeluf III as a king of Britain, also mentioning Arthur's other children, Morgan le Noir (Morgan the Black), and Patrike le Rous (Patrick the Red) by an unnamed Fairy Queen.<ref name="ac">[https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2012-02_A._Putter,_Arthur%27s_Children_in_Le_Petit_Bruit_and_the_Post-Vulgate_Cycle.pdf Arthur's Children in Le Petit Bruit and the Post-Vulgate Cycle] by Ad Putter, University of Bristol.</ref> Later on, a number of early modern works have occasionally give Arthur more or different sons and daughters.{{efn|The 16th-century romance ''Tom a Lincoln'' features the eponymous hero, Arthur's son by the Fairy Queen named Caelia. Through Tom, Arthur is further given grandsons, referred to as the Black Knight and the Faerie Knight. Melora (Mhelóra), the heroine of the 16th-century Irish romance ''The Adventures of Orlando and Melora'' (''Eachtra Mhelóra agus Orlando''), dresses as a man and becomes known as the Knight of the Blue Surcoat in order to save her lover Orlando from Merlin's spell. Another example is the eponymous protagonist of Henry Fielding's 18th-century play ''Tom Thumb''. In Walter Scott's 18th-century poem ''The Bridal of Triermain'', Gyneth, Arthur's daughter from his romance with a half-djinn queen Guendolen, is punished by Merlin for her vanity by being put to magic slumber for several centuries until she is found and awakened with a kiss. A Scottish fairy tale included in the 19th-century compilation ''Popular Tales of the West Highlands'' (Vol. III) features Arthur's illegitimate son Moroie Mor who is raised by his mother in obscurity in a forest before becoming a great knight.}}
==Bloodline claims== A supposed direct lineage from King Arthur has been professed by some English monarchs, especially those of Welsh descent, among them the 15th-century King Henry VII (through Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seanpoage.com/2018/12/10/the-tudor-connection-to-king-arthur/|title=The Tudor Connection to King Arthur • Sean Poage|date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> who even named his first-born son after Arthur, and the 16th-century Queen Elizabeth I.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://childrenofarthur.wordpress.com/tag/queen-elizabeth-i/|title=Queen Elizabeth I|website=CHILDREN OF ARTHUR}}</ref> In the Scottish Highlands, the descent from King Arthur remains included in rival genealogies of both Clan Arthur (MacArthur) and Clan Campbell,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/clans-touch-swords-battle-crown-arthur-their-own-2507451|title=Clans touch swords in battle to crown Arthur as their own|website=www.scotsman.com}}</ref> whose traditions involve Arthur's son, variably known as Merbis, Merevie, Smerbe, Smerevie, or Smereviemore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/highlandpapers02macp/page/75/mode/1up | title=Highland papers | date=14 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT481|title=The Mammoth Book of King Arthur|first=Mike|last=Ashley|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=9781780333557 |accessdate=15 March 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref> In Iberia, medieval and early modern genealogies attributed Queen Baddo, wife of the 6th-century Visigothic King Reccared I, as a daughter of King Arthur.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.130885 | doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.130885 | title=Baddo, "Daughter of Arthur, King of England": Some Medieval Evidence of the Arthurian Filiation Attributed to a Sixth-Century Visigothic Queen | journal=Viator | date=January 2021 | volume=52 | issue=1 | pages=137–170 | last1=Sirantoine | first1=Hélène | s2cid=249835361 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Bibliography== *Bromwich, R. ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein: the Welsh Triads'' (Cardiff: University of Wales, 1978). *Bromwich, R. and Simon Evans, D. ''Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992). *Bryant, N. ''The High Book of the Grail: A translation of the 13th-century romance of Perlesvaus'' (Brewer, 1996). *Coe, J. B. and Young, S. ''The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend'' (Llanerch, 1995). *Green, T. [http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/historicity/arthur.htm "The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur"], ''Arthurian Resources''. *Green, T. "Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant Killer: Two Arthurian Fairytales?" in ''Folklore'' 118.2 (August, 2007), pp. 123–40. *Green, T. ''[http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/concepts Concepts of Arthur]'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2007) {{ISBN|978-0-7524-4461-1}}. *Higham, N. J. ''King Arthur, Myth-Making and History'' (London: Routledge, 2002). *Jones, T. and Jones, G. ''The Mabinogion'' (London: Dent, 1949). *Lacy, N. J. ''Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation'' (New York: Garland, 1992–96), 5 volumes. *Padel, O. J. ''Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000) {{ISBN|978-0-7524-4461-1}}. *Roberts, B. F. "Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae and Brut Y Brenhinedd" in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) ''The Arthur of the Welsh'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), pp. 98–116. *Rowland, J. ''Early Welsh Saga Poetry: a Study and Edition of the Englynion'' (Cambridge, 1990). *Sims-Williams, P. "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems" in R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman and B.F. Roberts (edd.) ''The Arthur of the Welsh'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), pp. 33–71. *Tichelaar, Tyler R., ''King Arthur's Children: A Study in Fiction and Tradition (Reflections of Camelot)'' (Modern History Press, 2011).
==External links== * {{commons category-inline|King Arthur's family}}
{{Arthurian Legend}} {{Celtic mythology (Welsh)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arthur, King}} Category:Family of King Arthur Category:Legendary royal families Category:Welsh mythology