{{Short description|Species of tree}} {{distinguish|Populus{{!}}Poplar|Nyssa (plant){{!}}Tupelo or blackgum tree|tulip|African tulip tree}}
{{Speciesbox | image = Liriodendron tulipifera (arbre) - Laeken.JPG | image_caption = ''Liriodendron tulipifera''<br />cultivated at [[Laeken|Laken]] Park in Belgium | image2 = 2025-05-10 17 45 58 Tulip Tree flower along Willis Drive in the Mountainview section of Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg | image2_caption = ''L. tulipifera'' flower | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rivers, M.C. |date=2014 |title=''Liriodendron tulipifera'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T194015A2294401 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194015A2294401.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Liriodendron | species = tulipifera | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | range_map = Liriodendron tulipifera range map 3.png | range_map_caption = Range | synonyms = *''Liriodendron fastigiatum'' <small>Dippel</small> * ''Liriodendron procera'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Liriodendron truncatifolium'' <small>Stokes</small> * ''Tulipifera liriodendron'' <small>Mill.</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref>Tropicos</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-113859 |title=The Plant List |publisher=The Plant List |date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2014-04-07}}</ref> }}
'''''Liriodendron tulipifera'''''—known as the '''tulip tree''',{{efn|Another tree with this common name is the [[saucer magnolia]], ''Magnolia'' × ''soulangeana''}} '''American tulip tree''', '''tulipwood''', '''tuliptree''', '''tulip poplar''', '''whitewood''', '''fiddletree''', '''lynn-tree''', '''hickory-poplar''', and '''yellow-poplar'''—is the [[North American]] representative of the two-[[species]] [[genus]] ''[[Liriodendron]]'' (the other member is ''[[Liriodendron chinense]]''). It is native to eastern North America from [[Southern Ontario]] and possibly southern Quebec west to [[Illinois]], and east to southwestern [[Massachusetts]], then south to central [[Florida]] and [[Louisiana]].
The tulip tree is the tallest tree of the [[Nearctic]] [[temperate deciduous forest]].<ref name="usda-1990">{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=Russell M |title=Silvics of North America: 2. Hardwoods |date=1990 |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |pages=406–416 |url=https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/DENDROLOGY/USDAFSSilvics/54.pdf |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> It can grow to more than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} in virgin cove forests of the [[Appalachian Mountains]], often with no limbs until it reaches {{cvt|25|–|30|m|ft|-1}} in height, making it a very valuable [[timber]] tree. This species is also fast-growing, without the common problems of weak [[wood]] strength and short lifespan often seen in fast-growing species. In 2024 the unusual combination of rapid growth with strong wood was explained. No longer called [[hardwood]], tulip tree lumber is now called "midwood," a term created expressly for this wood.<ref name="conversation-2024">{{cite journal |last1=Wightman |first1=Raymond |title=How we discovered a new type of wood — and how it could help fight climate change |journal=The Conversation |date=9 September 2024 |url=https://theconversation.com/how-we-discovered-a-new-type-of-wood-and-how-it-could-help-fight-climate-change-236618}}</ref>
The tulip tree is the [[list of U.S. state trees|state tree]] of [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Tennessee]].
== Description == The tulip tree is one of the largest of the native trees of eastern North America, known in an extraordinary case to reach the height of {{convert|58.5|m|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{ cite web | url= http://www.landmarktrees.net/spring%202011%20latest%20news.html | title= Landmark Trees | date= May 6, 2011 | access-date= December 20, 2011 }}</ref> with the next-tallest known specimens in the {{cvt|170-177|ft|m|order=flip}} range.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nativetreesociety.org/fieldtrips/gsmnp/gsmnp_tall_trees.htm |title=Tallest Native Trees of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park as Determined by the Eastern Native Tree Society (updated through 2004) |access-date=2020-06-12 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721153904/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/fieldtrips/gsmnp/gsmnp_tall_trees.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> These heights are comparable to the very tallest known [[eastern white pine]]s, another species often described as the tallest in eastern North America.
The trunk on large examples is typically {{cvt|4-6|ft|m|1|order=flip}} in diameter, though it can grow much broader. Its ordinary height is {{cvt|80-150|ft|m|order=flip}} and it tends to have a pyramidal crown.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brockman |first=C. Frank |title=Trees of North America |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2002 |isbn=1-58238-092-9 |location=New York |page=154}}</ref> It prefers deep, rich, and rather moist soil; it is common throughout the Southern United States. Growth is fairly rapid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Justice |first=William S |date=Feb 15, 2002 |title=Tulip Poplar |url=https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_litu.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:Морфологічні зміни сіянців тюльпанового дерева (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) в процесі онтогенезу Автор фото Цибровська Н.В.jpg|thumb|Morphological changes of seedlings of tulip tree in the process of [[ontogenesis]].]] The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is brown, furrowed, aromatic and bitter. The branchlets are smooth, and lustrous, initially reddish, maturing to dark gray, and finally brown. The wood is light yellow to brown, and the sapwood creamy white; light, soft, brittle, close, straight-grained. Specific gravity: 0.4230; density: {{cvt|26.36|lb/cuft|g/dm3|0|order=flip}}.
Winter buds are dark red, covered with a bloom, obtuse; scales becoming conspicuous stipules for the unfolding leaf, and persistent until the leaf is fully grown. Flower-bud enclosed in a two-valved, caducous [[bract]].
The alternate leaves are simple, pinnately veined, measuring {{cvt|5-6|in|mm|order=flip|round=5}} long and wide. They have four lobes, and are heart-shaped or truncate or slightly wedge-shaped at base, entire, and the apex cut across at a shallow angle, making the upper part of the leaf look square; midrib and primary veins prominent. They come out of the bud recurved by the bending down of the [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] near the middle bringing the apex of the folded leaf to the base of the bud, light green, when full grown are bright green, smooth and shining above, paler green beneath, with downy veins. In autumn they turn a clear, bright yellow. Petiole long, slender, angled.
April marks the start of the flowering period in the [[Southern United States]] (except as noted below); trees at the northern limit of cultivation begin to flower in June. The flowers are pale green or yellow (rarely white), with an orange band on the [[tepals]]; they yield large quantities of [[nectar]].
* Flowers: May. Perfect, solitary, terminal, greenish yellow, borne on stout [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]], {{cvt|1+1/2|-|2|in|mm|round=5|order=flip}} long, cup-shaped, erect, conspicuous. The bud is enclosed in a sheath of two triangular bracts which fall as the blossom opens. * Calyx: Sepals three, imbricate in bud, reflexed or spreading, somewhat veined, early deciduous. * Corolla: Cup-shaped, petals six, {{cvt|2|in|mm|-1|order=flip}} long, in two rows, imbricate, hypogynous, greenish yellow, marked toward the base with yellow. Somewhat fleshy in texture. * Stamens: Indefinite, imbricate in many ranks on the base of the receptacle; filaments thread-like, short; anthers extrorse, long, two-celled, adnate; cells opening longitudinally. * Pistils: Indefinite, imbricate on the long slender receptacle. Ovary one-celled; style acuminate, flattened; stigma short, one-sided, recurved; ovules two. * Fruit: Narrow light brown cone, formed from many overlapping [[Samara (fruit)|samaras]] which are dispersed by wind, leaving the axis persistent all winter. September, October.<ref name="Keeler">{{cite book |last=Keeler |first=Harriet L. |url=https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog |title=Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1900 |location=New York |pages=14–19}}</ref>
[[Harriet Louise Keeler]] provided a description of the tulip tree in ''Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them''. {{efn|"The leaves are of unusual shape and develop in a most peculiar and characteristic manner. The leaf-buds are composed of scales as is usual, and these scales grow with the growing shoot. In this respect the buds do not differ from those of many other trees, but what is peculiar is that each pair of scales develops so as to form an oval envelope which contains the young leaf and protects it against changing temperatures until it is strong enough to sustain them without injury. When it has reached that stage the bracts separate, the tiny leaf comes out carefully folded along the line of the midrib, opens as it matures, and until it becomes full grown the bracts do duty as stipules, becoming an inch [25 mm] or more in length before they fall. The leaf is unique in shape, its apex is cut off at the end in a way peculiarly its own, the petioles are long, angled, and so poised that the leaves flutter independently, and their glossy surfaces so catch and toss the light that the effect of the foliage as a whole is much brighter than it otherwise would be. The flowers are large, brilliant, and on detached trees numerous. Their color is greenish yellow with dashes of red and orange, and their resemblance to a tulip very marked. They do not droop from the spray but sit erect. The fruit is a cone {{cvt|2|to|3|in|cm|0|order=flip}} long, made of a great number of thin narrow scales attached to a common axis. These scales are each a carpel surrounded by a thin membranous ring. Each cone contains sixty or seventy of these scales, of which only a few are productive. These fruit cones remain on the tree in varied states of dilapidation throughout the winter."<ref name=Keeler />}}
===Gallery=== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Liriodendron tulipifera tulip close.jpg|Tulip-like flower File:Plodovi Liriodendron tulipifera.jpg|Golden autumn leaves and seed cones File:Liriodendron-tulipifera-bud.jpg|Large gray-green flower bud with yellow bract File:Liriodendron tulipifera MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg|Seeds File:Liriodendron tulipifera folded new leaves.jpg|Unfolding leaves File:Tulip Tree Leaf-vector.svg|Lobed leaf File:Liriodendron aureomarginata.jpg|Leaves of cultivar 'Aureomarginatum' File:Liriodendron tulipifera Integrifolium leaf front.JPG|Leaf of cultivar "Integrifolium" File:Liriodendron tulipifera columnar trunk.JPG|Columnar trunk in streambank woods File:Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) fruit in early spring 06.jpg|Fruit File:Imperial-moth-camouflaged-with-leaf.jpg|[[Eacles imperialis|Imperial moth]] camouflaged on leaf File:Tulip Tree NBG LR.jpg|Leaf File:Freshly split poplar.jpg|alt=dark mark along the grain|Mineral stain in fresh-split wood File:Tulip trees in Douglas Park, Sleepy Hollow NY.jpg|Cut wood </gallery>
== Taxonomy ==
Originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]], ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' is one of two species (see also ''[[Liriodendron chinense|L. chinense]]'') in the genus ''[[Liriodendron]]'' in the magnolia family. The name ''Liriodendron'' is Greek for "lily tree".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nature Ramblings |journal=Science News-Letter |date=12 May 1951 |volume=59 |issue=19 |page=300 |doi=10.2307/3928783 |jstor=3928783}}</ref> It is also called the tuliptree Magnolia, or sometimes, by the lumber industry, as the tulip-poplar or yellow-poplar. However, it is not closely related to true [[lilium|lilies]], [[tulips]] or [[populus|poplars]].
The tulip tree has impressed itself upon popular attention in many ways, and consequently has many common names. The tree's traditional name in the [[Miami-Illinois language]] is {{lang|mia|oonseentia}}. Native Americans so habitually made their [[dugout canoe]]s of its trunk that the early settlers west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] called it Canoewood. The color of its wood gives it the name Whitewood. In areas near the [[Mississippi River]] it is called a [[Populus|poplar]] largely because of the fluttering habits of its leaves, in which it resembles trees of that genus. It is sometimes called "fiddle tree," because its peculiar leaves, with their arched bases and in-cut sides, suggest the violin shape.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nature Ramblings |journal=Science News-Letter |date=17 June 1961 |volume=79 |issue=24 |page=384 |doi=10.2307/3942819 |jstor=3942819}}</ref>
The external resemblance of its flowers to [[tulip]]s named it the Tulip-tree.<ref name=Keeler /> In their internal structure, however, they are quite different. Instead of the triple arrangements of stamens and pistil parts, they have indefinite numbers arranged in spirals.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nature Ramblings |journal=Science News-Letter |date=7 May 1955 |volume=67 |issue=19 |page=302 |doi=10.2307/3934969 |jstor=3934969}}</ref>
== Distribution and habitat == In the [[Cretaceous]] age the genus was represented by several species, and was widely distributed over North America and Europe. Its remains are also found in [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] rocks.<ref name=Keeler />
Today the tulip tree is one of the largest and most valuable hardwoods of eastern North America, thriving in temperate deciduous forests east of the Mississippi River. Its indeterminate pattern of continued growth in the latter month of the growing season can cause this species to be more susceptible to droughts and cease shoot growth after July in drier climates.<ref>LeBlanc, David, et al. "Radial growth responses of tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) to climate in the eastern United States." Ecosphere 11.10 (2020): e03203.</ref> It prefers mesic to moist, well-drained soils and is generally most common at low to mid-elevations, for example usually not found above 3000 ft (900m) elevation in Virginia.<ref>Fetter, K. C., & Weakley, A. (2019). Reduced Gene Flow from Mainland Populations of Liriodendron tulipifera into the Florida Peninsula Promotes Diversification. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'', '''180'''(3), 253–269. {{doi|10.1086/702267}}</ref> It is native southern Ontario and northern Ohio south to the Gulf of Mexico and from extreme southern New York and Connecticut south to Louisiana and northern Florida.<ref>"Tulip tree." McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Credo Reference. Web. 26 September 2012.</ref> It extends south to north Florida, and has few natural populations west of the Mississippi River, but beyond its native areas it is found occasionally as ornamentals or escapes. Its finest development is in the Southern Appalachian mountains, where trees may exceed {{cvt|170|ft|m|-1|order=flip}} in height. It was introduced into Great Britain before 1688 in [[Henry Compton (bishop)|Bishop Compton's]] garden at [[Fulham Palace]] and is now a popular ornamental in streets, parks, and large gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=David |date=2001-10-20 |title=Branch lines: the tulip tree |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3294280/Branch-lines-the-tulip-tree.html|access-date=2021-06-11 |website=Telegraph}}</ref> The Appalachian Mountains and adjacent Piedmont running south from Pennsylvania to Georgia contained 75 percent of all yellow-poplar growing stock in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donald E Beck |url= |title=Silvics of North America |publisher=US Forest Svc |others=Russell M Burns & Barbara Honkala, tech. coords |year=1990 |volume=2. Hardwoods |pages=406–416 |chapter=Liliodendron tulipifera |lccn=86-600518}}</ref>
=== East Central Florida ecotype === Parts of east-central [[Florida]] near [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] have an ecotype with similar-looking leaves to the coastal plain variant of the Carolinas; it flowers much earlier (usually in March, although flowering can begin in late January), with a smaller yellower bloom than other types. This east central Florida ecotype/Peninsular allozyme group seems to have the best ability to tolerate very wet conditions, where it may grow short pencil-like root structures (pneumatophores) similar to those produced by other swamp trees in warm climates. Superior resistance to drought, pests and wind is also noted. Some individuals retain their leaves all year unless a hard frost strikes. Places where it may be seen include [[Dr. Howard A. Kelly Park]], [[Lake Eola Park]], [[Spring Hammock Preserve]], Big Tree Park and the [[University of Central Florida Arboretum]].
== Ecology == ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' is generally considered to be a [[shade tolerance|shade-intolerant]] species that is most commonly associated with the first century of forest [[ecological succession|succession]]. In Appalachian forests, it is a dominant species during the 50–150 years of succession, but is absent or rare in stands of trees 500 years or older. One particular group of trees survived in the grounds of [[Montpelier Hill#Orlagh House|Orlagh College]], Dublin for 200 years, before having to be cut down in 1990.<ref>'Knocklyn Past and Present', p. 33</ref> On [[mesic habitat|mesic]], fertile soils, it often forms pure or nearly pure stands. It can and does persist in older forests when there is sufficient disturbance to generate large enough gaps for regeneration.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=2261149 |title=Disturbance and the Population Dynamics of Liriodendron Tulipifera: Simulations with a Spatial Model of Forest Succession |first=Richard T. |last=Busing |date=1 January 1995 |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.2307/2261149 |bibcode=1995JEcol..83...45B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235099}}</ref> Individual trees have been known to live for up to around 500 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/#spp |title=Eastern OLDLIST: A database of maximum tree ages for Eastern North America |publisher=Ldeo.columbia.edu |date=1972-12-15 |access-date=2014-04-07}}</ref>
All young tulip trees and most mature specimens are intolerant of prolonged inundation; however, a [[coastal plain]] [[swamp]] ecotype in the southeastern United States is relatively [[flood]]-tolerant.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=2445769 |title=The Significance of Allozyme Variation and Introgression in the Liriodendron tulipifera Complex (Magnoliaceae) |first1=Clifford R. |last1=Parks |first2=Jonathan F. |last2=Wendel |first3=Mitchell M. |last3=Sewell |first4=Yin-Long |last4=Qiu |date=1 January 1994 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=878–889 |doi=10.2307/2445769}}</ref> This ecotype is recognized by its blunt-lobed leaves, which may have a red tint. ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' produces a large amount of seed, which is dispersed by wind. The seeds typically travel a distance equal to 4–5 times the height of the tree, and remain viable for 4–7 years. The seeds are not one of the most important food sources for wildlife, but they are eaten by a number of birds and mammals.<ref name="silvics">{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Liriodendron |species=tulipifera |first=Donald E. |last=Beck |access-date=2014-04-07}}</ref>
Vines, especially [[Vitis|wild grapevines]], are known to be extremely damaging to young trees of this species. Vines are damaging both due to blocking out sunlight, and increasing weight on limbs which can lead to bending of the trunk and/or breaking of limbs.<ref name="silvics" />
=== Host plant === In terms of its role in the ecological community, ''L. tulipifera'' does not host a great diversity of insects, with only 28 species of moths associated with the tree.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/index.dsml |title=HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants - Search Liriodendron tulipifera {{!}} National History Museum|website=nhm.ac.uk|year=2023 |doi=10.5519/havt50xw |language=en|access-date=2019-09-24 |last1=Robinson |first1=Gaden S. |last2=Ackery |first2=Phillip R. |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Beccaloni |first4=George W. |last5=Hernández |first5=Luis M. }}</ref> Among specialists, ''L. tulipifera'' is the sole host plant for the caterpillars of [[Callosamia angulifera|''C. angulifera'']], a giant silkmoth found in the eastern United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/482 |title=Species Callosamia angulifera - Tulip-Tree Silkmoth {{!}} BugGuide|website=bugguide.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> Several generalist species use ''L. tulipifera''. It is a well-known host for the large, green eggs of the [[Eastern Tiger Swallowtail|''Papilio glaucus'']], the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, which are known to lay their eggs exclusively among plants in the magnolia and rose families of plants, primarily in mid-late June through early August, in some states.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Moth Book: A Popular Guide to a Knowledge of the Moths of North America |last=Holland |first=W. J. |publisher=Doubleday, Page and Company |year=1905 |location=New York |pages=85–86}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/TigerSwallowtail.shtml |title=Tigers on the Wind: The Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)--U.S. Forest Service|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref>
== Notable specimens ==
* The tallest individual at the present time (2021) is one called the Fork Ridge Tulip Tree at a secret location in the [[Great Smoky Mountains]] of [[North Carolina]]. Repeated measurements by laser and tape-drop have shown it to be {{convert|191|ft|10|in|m}} in height.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blozen |first=Will |date=April 29, 2011 |title=Fork Ridge Tulip Tree - New Eastern Height Record!!! |url=http://ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?t=2423 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507015414/http://ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?t=2423 |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> * [[Walt Whitman]] in 1879 described a tulip tree near [[Woodstown, New Jersey|Woodstown, NJ]] whose trunk was 20 feet around with a cavity large enough so that, 25 years prior, 9 men ate dinner inside. Whitman assumed that by that time, in 1879, 12 to 15 men could stand within it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Whitman |first=Walt |url=https://archive.org/details/specimendayscoll00whit/page/82/mode/2up?q=tulip |title=Specimen Days & Collect |date=1882 |publisher=Rees Welsh & Co. |location=Philadelphia |pages=86, 90, 111}}</ref> * The [[Queens Giant]] is a tulip tree that is the oldest living thing in the New York Metropolitan area at 350–450 years old ({{cvt|40|m|ft|disp=or}} tall).
== Use == ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' is cultivated, and grows readily from seeds. These should be sown in fine soft soil in a cool and shady area. If sown in autumn they come up the succeeding spring, but if sown in spring they often remain a year in the ground. [[John Claudius Loudon|John Loudon]] noted that seeds from the highest branches of old trees are most likely to germinate. It is readily propagated from cuttings and easily transplanted.<ref name=Keeler />
=== In landscape === [[File:Liriodendron tulipifera JPG5a.jpg|thumb|The tulip tree is a popular specimen tree in landscape, turning a rusty orange in Fall]]
Tulip trees make magnificently shaped specimen trees, and are very large, growing to about {{cvt|35|m|ft|-1}} in good soil. They grow best in deep well-drained [[loam]] which has thick dark [[topsoil]]. They show stronger response to fertilizer compounds (those with low salt index are preferred) than most other trees, but soil structure and organic matter content are more important. In the wild it is occasionally seen around [[Serpentine group|serpentine]] outcrops.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.coacommunity.net/downloads/serpentine08/serpentinegeoecology.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821220347/http://www.coacommunity.net/downloads/serpentine08/serpentinegeoecology.pdf | archive-date=2016-08-21 | title=Serpentine Geoecology of Eastern North America: A Review | access-date=2024-06-11 | first1=Nishanta | last1=Rajakaruna | first2=Tanner B. | last2=Harris | first3=Earl B. | last3=Alexander}}</ref> The southeastern coastal plain and east central Florida ecotypes occur in wet but ''not stagnant'' soils which are high in organic matter. All tulip trees are unreliable in clay flats which are subject to ponding and flooding.
Like other members of the [[Magnoliaceae]] family, they have fleshy roots that are easily broken if handled roughly. Transplanting should be done in early spring, before leaf-out; this timing is especially important in the more northern areas. Fall planting is often successful in Florida. The east central Florida ecotype may be more easily moved than other strains because its roots grow over nine or ten months every year—several months longer than other ecotypes. Most tulip trees have low tolerance of [[drought]], although Florida natives (especially the east central ecotype) fare better than southeastern coastal plain or northern inland specimens.
It is recommended as a [[shade tree]].<ref name=Keeler /> The tree's tall and rapid growth is a function of its shade intolerance. Grown in the full sun, the species tends to grow shorter, slower, and rounder, making it adaptable to landscape planting. In forest settings, most investment is made in the trunk (i.e., the branches are weak and easily break off, a sign of axial dominance) and lower branches are lost early as new, higher branches closer to the sun continue the growth spurt upward. A tree just 15 years old may already reach {{cvt|40|ft|m|0|order=flip}} in height with no branches within reach of humans standing on the ground.
Starting in 1785, George Washington planted Tulip Poplar along the Bowling Green area of his Mount Vernon estate. The trees exist today.
==== Cultivars ==== Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liriodendron tulipifera - Trees and Shrubs Online |url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/liriodendron/liriodendron-tulipifera/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.treesandshrubsonline.org}}</ref>
* 'Ardis' – dwarf, with smaller leaves than wild form. Leaves shallow-lobed, some without lower lobes. * 'Arnold' – narrow, columnar crown; may flower at early age. * 'Aureomarginatum' – variegated form with pale-edged leaves; sold as 'Flashlight' or 'Majestic Beauty'. * 'Fastigatum' – similar form to 'Arnold' but flowers at later age. * 'Florida Strain' – blunt-lobed leaves, fast grower, flowers at early age. * 'Integrifolium' – leaves without lower lobes. * 'JFS-Oz' – compact oval form with straight leader, leaves dark and glossy; sold as 'Emerald City.' * 'Leucanthum' – flowers white or nearly white. * 'Little Volunteer' – almost as diminutive as 'Ardis' but with stronger form. Leaves more deeply lobed than 'Ardis.' * 'Mediopictum' – variegated form with yellow spot near center of leaf. * 'Roothaan' – blunt-lobed leaves. * 'Snow Bird' - variegated, with white-edged leaves.
In the [[United Kingdom]] the species<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1177|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> and its [[variegation|variegated]] [[cultivar]] 'Aureomarginatum'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' 'Aureomarginatum' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1178|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> have both gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=60 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
''Liriodendron tulipifera'' has been introduced to many temperate parts of the world, at least as far north as Sykkylven, Norway and [[Arboretum Mustila]], Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ystenes/3804031282 |title=Tulipantre – Liriodendron tulipifera |work=Flickr – Photo Sharing!|date=26 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liriodendron tulipifera - tulip tree |url=http://www.mustila.fi/en/plants/liriodendron/tulipifera|access-date=2021-06-11 |website=Mustila Arboretum}}</ref> A few nurseries in Finland offer this species even though it is not fully hardy there and tends to be held to shrub form.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lännentulppaanipuu (Liriodendron tulipifera) |url=http://www.niittytila.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=202|access-date=2021-06-11 |website=Niittytila ~ Änggård |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tahvoset.fi/tuote/lannentulppaanipuu/ |title=LÄNNENTULPPAANIPUU | Tahvoset |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214183313/http://tahvoset.fi/tuote/lannentulppaanipuu/ |archive-date=2017-02-14 }}</ref>
It is occasionally cultivated in tropical highlands, as in [[Costa Rica]] and [[Colombia]]. In the latter nation it is a street tree at [[Bogotá]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/11685954|title = Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera)|date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>
=== Honey === Nectar is produced in the orange part of the flowers. The species is a significant [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|honey plant]] in the eastern United States, yielding a dark reddish, fairly strong honey unsuitable for table honey but claimed to be favorably regarded by some bakers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.bees.net/gallery/magnoliaceae/F267Liriodendron_tulipifera?full=1 |title=Plants 4 Bees :: Magnoliaceae :: F267Liriodendron_tulipifera}}</ref> One 20-year-old tree produces enough nectar for {{convert|4|lb|kg}} of honey.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Griffith |first1=Randy Scott |title=Liriodendron tulipifera |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/lirtul/all.html |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer)}}</ref>
=== Wood === {{Main|Tulipwood}}
Though botanically not a poplar, the soft, fine-grained wood of tulip trees is known by the name 'yellow poplar' in the U.S., but marketed abroad as 'American tulipwood' or other names. It is very widely used where a cheap, easy-to-work and stable wood is needed. The [[Heartwood|sapwood]] is usually a creamy off-white color. While the heartwood is usually a pale green, it can take on streaks of red, purple, or even black; depending on the extractives content (i.e. the soil conditions where the tree was grown, etc.). It is clearly the wood of choice for use in [[organ (music)|organs]], due to its ability to take a fine, smooth, precisely cut finish and so to effectively seal against [[organ pipe|pipes]] and [[valve]]s. It is also commonly used for siding clapboards. Its wood may be compared in texture, strength, and softness to [[Eastern White Pine|white pine]].
Used for interior finish of houses, for siding, for panels of carriages, for coffin boxes, pattern timber, and wooden ware. During scarcity of the better qualities of white pine, tulip wood has taken its place to some extent, particularly when very wide boards are required.
It also has a reputation for being resistant to termites, and in the [[Upland South]] (and perhaps elsewhere) house and barn sills were often made of tulip wood beams.
Tulip poplar wood is one of the favorites for wood carvers Wilhelm Schimmel and [[Shields Landon Jones]].<ref>"SCHIMMEL, WILHELM (1817–1890)." The Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. London: Routledge, 2003. Credo Reference. Web. 26 September 2012.</ref><ref>"JONES, SHIELDS LANDON (1901–1997)." The Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. London: Routledge, 2003. Credo Reference. Web. 26 September 2012.</ref>
=== In science === Tulip tree leaf litter has been the substrate of choice for a number of microbial ecology studies, particularly those investigating an aquatic priming effect. The leaves have a relatively low [[lignin]] content, making them labile and quick to decompose. These traits allow researchers to easily observe microbial activity and changes in decay rate over shorter period of time.<ref>Halvorson HM, Barry JR, Lodato MB, Findlay RH, Francoeur SN, Kuehn KA. Periphytic algae decouple fungal activity from leaf litter decomposition via negative priming. Funct Ecol. 2019; 33: 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13235</ref>
== In popular culture ==
* In the 1819 short story, "[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]," Washington Irving describes the historical tulip tree that marked the site where British Spy, [[John André]], was captured by Revolutionary forces. Protagonist Ichabod Crane is spooked by the tree, which stood in the center of the road and "towered like a giant above all the other trees...its limbs were vast, gnarled, and fantastic, twisting down almost to the earth, and rising again into the air, and they would have formed trunks for ordinary trees.... It was universally known by the name of Major André's tree."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irving |first=Washington |url=http://archive.org/details/irvingsketchbook |title=The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. |date=1819 |publisher=New York, N.Y. : Printed by C. S. Van Winkle, No. 101 Greenwich-street |pages=562–564}}</ref> The tree eventually succumbed to lightning strike, but a monument now stands at the site commemorating André's capture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=The Capture of John André - Sleepy Hollow Country |url=https://sleepyhollowcountry.com/the-capture-of-john-andre/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=sleepyhollowcountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=André Captors Monument Historical Marker |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=8608 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.hmdb.org |language=en}}</ref> * The tulip tree is a plot element in Edgar Allan Poe's short story "[[The Gold-Bug]]" (1843).<ref>[http://www.eapoe.org/works/tales/goldbga2.htm "The Gold-Bug"] – Full text from the ''Dollar Newspaper'', 1843 (with two illustrations by [[F. O. C. Darley]])</ref> * [[Walt Whitman]] observed in 1876-77 a 70-foot-tall tulip tree and how "from top to bottom, seeking the sweet juice in the blossoms, it swarms with myriads of these wild bees, whose loud and steady humming makes an undertone to the whole." He referred to the tulip tree as "the Apollo of the woods — tall and graceful, yet robust and sinewy, inimitable in hang of foliage and throwing-out of limb ; as if the beauteous, vital, leafy creature could walk, if it only would."<ref name=":0" /> * The tulip tree has been referenced in many poems and the namesakes of other poems, such as [[William Stafford (poet)|William Stafford]]'s "Tulip Tree" (1964).<ref>Stafford, William. Stories That Could Be True. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. Print.</ref>
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Hunt, D. (ed). 1998. ''Magnolias and their allies''. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society. ({{ISBN|0-9517234-8-0}}) * [http://www.crazedfanboy.com/TREE/arborbio_2.html Repopulation of the Tulip Poplar in Central Florida] * [http://plants.bees.net/gallery/view_photo.php?full=1&set_albumName=magnoliaceae&id=F267Liriodendron_tulipifera Michigan Bee Plants :: Magnoliaceae :: Liriodendron tulipifera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822221046/http://plants.bees.net/gallery/view_photo.php?full=1&set_albumName=magnoliaceae&id=F267Liriodendron_tulipifera |date=2016-08-22 }} * [http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/science-archaeanthus-ancient-ancestor-tulip-tree-01379.html Archaeanthus: Paleontologists Identify Ancient Ancestor of Tulip Tree by Enrico de Lazaro (September 13, 2013)]
==External links== * {{Commons-inline}} * {{Wikispecies inline}} * {{CalPhotos|Liriodendron|tulipifera}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q158783}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Magnoliaceae]] [[Category:Trees of Northern America]] [[Category:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains]] [[Category:Flora of Ontario]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]] [[Category:Garden plants of North America]] [[Category:Ornamental trees]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] [[Category:Liriodendron]]