Platanus occidentalis

{{Short description|Tree native to eastern North America}} {{Speciesbox | name = American sycamore | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|4|0}} [[Neogene]] – [[Holocene|present]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farlow |first1=James O. |last2=Sunderman |first2=Jack A. |last3=Havens |first3=Jonathan J. |last4=Swinehart |first4=Anthony L. |last5=Holman |first5=J. Alan |last6=Richards |first6=Ronald L. |last7=Miller |first7=Norton G. |last8=Martin |first8=Robert A. |last9=Hunt |first9=Robert M. |last10=Storrs |first10=Glenn W. |last11=Curry |first11=B. Brandon |last12=Fluegeman |first12=Richard H. |last13=Dawson |first13=Mary R. |last14=Flint |first14=Mary E.T. |date=2001 |title=The Pipe Creek Sinkhole Biota, a Diverse Late Tertiary Continental Fossil Assemblage from Grant County, Indiana |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=367–378 |doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0367:TPCSBA]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=3083113 |issn=0003-0031}}</ref> | image = Buttonball Sycamore in Sunderland, MA (March 2019).jpg | image_caption = A [[Buttonball Tree|{{convert|25|ft|8|in|0|abbr=on}} girth tree]] in [[Sunderland, Massachusetts]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Stritch, L. |date=2018 |title=''Platanus occidentalis'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61956705A136056183 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61956705A136056183.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Platanus | species = occidentalis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | range_map = Platanus occidentalis Range Map (Updated).png | range_map_caption = Generalized natural range of ''Platanus occidentalis'' }} '''''Platanus occidentalis''''', also known as '''American sycamore''', '''American planetree''', western plane,<ref>{{cite web |title=Platanus occidentalis |work=Trees and Shrubs Online |url=https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/platanus/platanus-occidentalis/ |access-date=2019-12-03}}<!-- article from Bean's Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles --></ref> '''occidental plane''', buttonwood, and water beech,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/htmlDocs/platan1.html |title=Fact Sheet for ''Platanus occidentalis'' |first=Harry A. |last=Alden |date=1994 |publisher=Center for Wood Anatomy Research |access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> is a species of ''[[Platanus]]'' native to the eastern and central United States, the mountains of northeastern Mexico, extreme southern [[Ontario]],<ref>{{BONAP|ref |genus=Platanus |species=occidentalis}}</ref><ref>{{FEIS |type=tree |genus=Platanus |species=occidentalis |last=Sullivan |first=Janet |date=1994}}</ref> and extreme southern [[Quebec]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Un nouvel arbre au Québec |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/maison/cour-et-jardin/jardiner/201010/14/01-4332445-un-nouvel-arbre-au-quebec.php |first=Pierre |last=Gingras |date=<!-- Please add if available. --> |journal=La Presse}}</ref> It is usually called [[sycamore]] in North America, a name which can refer to other types of trees in other parts of the world; in the United Kingdom, for example, the name sycamore typically refers to ''[[Acer pseudoplatanus]]''. The American sycamore is a long-lived species, typically surviving at least 200 years and likely as long as 500–600 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=USDA Plant Guide: American Sycamore |url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/cs_ploc.pdf |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> It is capable of becoming a massive tree, with a wide girth and heights reaching up to {{cvt|80|ft|m|0|order=flip}} or more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sycamore |url=https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/plants-trees/broad-leaf-trees/Sycamore-Platanus-occidentalis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140533/https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/plants-trees/broad-leaf-trees/Sycamore-Platanus-occidentalis |archive-date=2023-01-30 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=ohiodnr.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The species epithet ''occidentalis'' is Latin for "western", referring to the Western Hemisphere, because at the time when it was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]], the only other species in the genus was ''[[Platanus orientalis|P. orientalis]]'' ("eastern"), native to the Eastern Hemisphere. Confusingly, in the United States, this species was first known in the [[Eastern United States]], thus it is sometimes called eastern sycamore,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cornellbotanicgardens.org/plant/eastern-sycamore/ |title=Eastern Sycamore |publisher=Cornell Botanic Gardens }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285137 |title='''Platanus occidentalis''' - Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden }}</ref> to distinguish it from ''[[Platanus racemosa]]'', which was discovered later in the [[Western United States]] and called western sycamore.

==Description== ''Platanus occidentalis'' can often be easily distinguished from other trees by its mottled bark that flakes off in large, irregular masses, leaving the surface mottled and gray, greenish-white, and brown. The bark of all trees has to yield to a growing trunk by stretching, splitting, or infilling, but sycamore bark is more rigid and less elastic than the bark of other trees, so to accommodate the growth of the wood underneath, the tree sheds it in large, brittle pieces.<ref name=Keeler>{{cite book |last=Keeler |first=Harriet L. |title=Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them |url=https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1900 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog/page/n292 263]–268}}</ref>

A sycamore can grow to massive proportions, typically reaching up to {{convert|30|to|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|1.5|to|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter when grown in deep soils. The largest of the species have been measured to {{convert|53|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and nearly {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter. Larger specimens were recorded in historical times. In 1744, a Shenandoah Valley settler named Joseph Hampton and two sons lived for most of the year in a hollow sycamore in what is now Clarke County, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of the Valley of Virginia |last=Kercheval |first=Samuel |publisher=Samuel H. Davis |year=1833 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryvalleyv01jacogoog#page/n58 |page=74}}</ref> In 1770, at [[Point Pleasant, West Virginia|Point Pleasant, Virginia]] (now in [[West Virginia]]),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.galliagenealogy.org/History/washington.htm |title=George Washington and the Great Kanawha Valley}}</ref> near the junction of the [[Kanawha River|Kanawha]] and [[Ohio River]]s, [[George Washington]] recorded in his journal a sycamore measuring {{convert|44|ft|10|in|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} in circumference at {{convert|3|ft|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} from the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical sycamore dimensions |author=Dale Luthringer |date=2007-03-22 |publisher=Eastern Native Tree Society |url=http://www.nativetreesociety.org/historic/historical_sycamore_dimensions.htm |access-date=2009-11-16}}</ref>

The sycamore tree is often divided near the ground into several secondary trunks, very free from branches. Spreading limbs at the top make an irregular, open head. Roots are fibrous. The trunks of large trees are often hollow.

Another peculiarity is the way the leaves grow sticky, green buds. In early August, most trees have tiny buds nestled in the [[Leaf#Morphology|axils]] of their leaves, which produce the leaves of the coming year. The sycamore branch apparently has no such buds. Instead, an enlargement of the [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] encloses the bud in a tight-fitting case at the base of the petiole.<ref name=Keeler />

* Bark: Dark reddish brown, broken into oblong, plate-like scales; higher on the tree, it is smooth and light gray; separates freely into thin plates which peel off and leave the surface pale yellow, or white, or greenish. Branchlets at first pale green, coated with thick pale tomentum, later dark green and smooth, finally become light gray or light reddish brown. * Wood: Light brown, tinged with red; heavy, weak, difficult to split. Largely used for furniture and interior finish of houses, butcher's blocks. [[Specific gravity]], 0.5678; [[relative density]], {{convert|33.539|lb/ft3|order=flip|abbr=on}}. * Winter buds: Large, stinky, sticky, green, and three-scaled, they form in summer within the petiole of the full-grown leaf. The inner scales enlarge with the growing shake. There is no terminal bud. * Leaves: Alternate, palmately nerved, broadly ovate or orbicular, {{convert|4|to|9|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, truncate or cordate or wedge-shaped at base, decurrent on the petiole. Three to five-lobed by broad shallow sinuses rounded in the bottom; lobes acuminate, toothed, or entire, or undulate. They come out of the bud plicate, pale green coated with pale tomentum; when full grown are bright yellow green above, paler beneath. In autumn they turn brown and wither before falling. Petioles long, abruptly enlarged at base and inclosing the buds. Stipules with spreading, toothed borders, conspicuous on young shoots, caducous. [[File:Sycamore Tree Leaf.jpg|thumb|Leaf in fall]] * Flowers: May, with the leaves; monoecious, borne in dense heads. Staminate and pistillate heads on separate peduncles. Staminate heads dark red, on axillary peduncles; pistillate heads light green tinged with red, on longer terminal peduncles. Calyx of staminate flowers three to six, tiny, scale-like sepals, slightly united at the base, half as long as the pointed petals. Of pistillate flowers three to six, usually four, rounded sepals, much shorter than the acute petals. Corolla of three to six, thin, scale-like petals. * Stamens: In staminate flowers as many of the divisions of the calyx and opposite to them; filaments short; anthers elongated, two-celled; cells opening by lateral slits; connectives hairy. * Pistil: Ovary superior, one-celled, sessile, ovate-oblong, surrounded at base by long, jointed, pale hairs; styles long, incurved, red, stigmatic, ovules one or two. * Fruit: Brown heads, solitary or rarely clustered, {{convert|1|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} in diameter, hanging on slender stems 3-6 inches long; [[persistence (botany)|persistent]] through the winter. These heads are composed of [[achene]]s about 2/3 inch in length. October.<ref name=Keeler />

<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Sycamore Tree Bark.jpg|Close-up of the characteristic bark File:Sycamore_Platanus_occidentalis.jpg|Young tree File:2025-12-12 15 23 11 An American Sycamore fruit along Willis Drive in the Mountainview section of Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg|Ripe fruit on tree File:Plantanus occidentalis, 2, American staminate flr., Howard County, Md, 2018-05-17-20.31.51 ZS (32021985278).jpg|Unripe fruit cutaway File:Platanus occidentalis (32977418802).jpg|Fruit on ground File:Seedling American Sycamore.jpg|Seedling sprouting in gravel File:Sycamore in Warren County, Indiana.png|In winter, showing persistent fruit File:2014-11-02 12 00 54 American Sycamore during autumn at the Ewing Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG|Tree in autumn </gallery>

* Examples of very large, old sycamore trees: <gallery widths="150" heights="150"> File:Massive Sycamore.JPG|Kentucky File:Pinchot Sycamore - sycamore tree in Simsbury, Connecticut, May 2015.jpg|''[[Pinchot Sycamore]]'' - Connecticut File:Large Sycamore in Pennsylvania June 2024.jpg|Pennsylvania File:Pawling Sycamore, Valley Forge National Historic Park, Pennsylvania June 2024.jpg|''Pawling Sycamore'' - Pennsylvania </gallery>

==Distribution== In its native range, it is often found in [[riparian]] and [[wetland]] areas. The range extends from [[Iowa]] to [[Ontario]] and [[New Hampshire]] in the north, [[Nebraska]] in the west, and south to [[Texas]] and [[Florida]]. It is apparently [[extirpated]] from [[Maine]].<ref name="Maine">{{cite web |title=Maine Natural Areas Program Rare Plant Fact Sheet for ''Platanus occidentalis'' |website=Maine.gov |url=http://www.maine.gov/dacf/mnap/features/plaocc.htm |access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref> It can be found in southeastern [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Santamour |first1=Frank S. |last2=McArdle |first2=Alice Jacot |date=1986-03-01 |title=Checklist Of Cultivated Platanus (Planetree) |url=https://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/12/3/78 |journal=Arboriculture & Urban Forestry |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.48044/jauf.1986.018 |issn=1935-5297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapham |first=Increase Allen |title=A catalogue of the plants of Minnesota |date=1875 |publisher=Pioneer-Press |location=Saint Paul |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.62308 }}</ref><ref name="Maine" /> Closely related species (see ''[[Platanus]]'') occur in Mexico and the southwestern states of the United States. It is sometimes grown for [[timber]] and has become naturalized in some areas outside its native range. It can be found growing successfully in [[Bismarck, North Dakota]],<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Register of Champion Trees |url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/ndfs/documents/champ-tree-register-18-revised-04-15-2019.pdf |publisher=NDSU–North Dakota Forest Service |access-date=9 Aug 2021}}</ref> and it is sold as far south as [[Okeechobee, Florida|Okeechobee]]. The American sycamore is also well adapted to life in Argentina and Australia and is quite widespread across the [[Australian continent]], especially in the cooler southern states such as [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]].

==Ecology== American sycamore is found most commonly in bottomland or floodplain areas, thriving in the wet environments provided by rivers, streams, or abundant groundwater, though it will die after being flooded for more than two weeks at a time.<ref name="Sycamore">{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=O.O. |last2=Schmidtling |first2=R.C. |title=Sycamore |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm |website=srs.fs.usda.gov |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> It is a fast-growing, early-mid successional hardwood tree species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lázaro-Lobo |first1=Adrián |last2=Lucardi |first2=Rima D. |last3=Ramirez-Reyes |first3=Carlos |last4=Ervin |first4=Gary N. |title=Region-wide assessment of fine-scale associations between invasive plants and forest regeneration |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |date=March 2021 |volume=483 |article-number=118930 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118930|bibcode=2021ForEM.48318930L |doi-access=free }}</ref> Its life cycle follows the pattern of a "weedy" species: it grows mature enough to reproduce rather young and produces large numbers of wind-distributed seeds.<ref name="University of Kentucky">{{cite web |last1=Paratley |first1=Rob |title=Economic Botany and Cultural History: Sycamore |url=https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/treetalk/ecobot-sycamore |website=ufi.ca.uky.edu |publisher=University of Kentucky |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> The dominance of sycamore in a forest depends on the conditions where it grows; it is often a pioneer species, but in the wet sites that are most ideal for it, it persists as a subclimax to climax species, partly because of its fast growth and very long lifespan.<ref name="Sycamore"/>

As one of the largest trees in the wet bottomland habitats where it dominates, it is a key component of the structure of those habitats.<ref name="bplant.org">{{cite web |title=American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) |url=https://bplant.org/plant/158 |website=bplant.org |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> The heartwood of a sycamore tree decays quickly, producing large hollow cavities in the center of the trees which are used by many animals as nesting sites.<ref name="University of Kentucky"/> The largest hollow trees can be big enough for black bear dens, but average trees create homes for bats and cavity-nesting birds like wood ducks, barred owls, screech owls, chimney swift, and great-crested flycatcher.<ref name="bplant.org"/>

===As host plant=== American sycamore is the host plant of the [[sycamore tussock moth]], a species that specializes in it, and a major host plant for the drab prominent moth.<ref name="bplant.org"/> This plant is also the first host known for ''[[Plagiognathus albatus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wheeler |first1=A. G. |title=Life History of Plagiognathus albatus (Hemiptera: Miridae), with a Description of the Fifth Instar |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |date=15 July 1980 |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=354–356 |doi=10.1093/aesa/73.4.354 |url=https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/73/4/354/123082 |access-date=16 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Uses== [[File:Platanus occidentalis 20838411752 c5e9abdf64 o.jpg|thumbnail|Wood of ''P. occidentalis'' from [[Romeyn Beck Hough]]'s 14-volume work ''The American Woods'', a collection of over 1000 paper-thin wood samples representing more than 350 varieties of North American trees]] The American sycamore is able to endure a big-city environment and was formerly extensively planted as a [[shade tree]],<ref name=Keeler /> but due to the defacing effects of [[anthracnose]], it has been largely usurped in this function by the resistant [[London plane]].<ref name=grimm>{{cite book |last=Grimm |first=William C. |title=The Illustrated Book of Trees |year=1983 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Harrisburg, PA |isbn=0-8117-2220-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedbooko0000grim/page/257 257–259] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedbooko0000grim/page/257}}</ref>

Its wood has been used extensively for [[butcher's block]]s. It has been used for boxes and crates; although coarse-grained and difficult to work, it has also been used to make furniture, siding, and musical instruments.<ref name=grimm/>

Investigations have been made into its use as a [[biomass]] crop.<ref name=biomass>{{cite journal |last1=Devine |first1=Warren D.|last2=Tyler |first2=Donald D. |last3=Mullen |first3=Michael D. |last4=Houston |first4=Allan E. |last5=Joslin |first5=John D. |last6=Hodges |first6=Donald G. |last7=Tolbert |first7=Virginia R. |last8=Walsh |first8=Marie E. |title=Conversion from an American sycamore (''Platanus occidentalis L.'') biomass crop to a no-till corn (''Zea mays L.'') system: Crop yields and management implications |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |date=May 2006 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=101–111 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2005.03.006|bibcode=2006STilR..87..101D }}</ref>

=== Use by Native Americans === The tree bark has traditionally been used by Native Americans to make little dishes for gathering [[whortleberries]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Pehr|author-link=Pehr Kalm|title=Travels into North America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects |publisher=T. Lowndes |year=1772|location=London|translator=Johann Reinhold Forster |pages=[https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/49/mode/1 48-49] |url= |language=en|oclc=1083889360 |isbn=978-0-665-51500-2 }}</ref>

==Pests and diseases== The American sycamore is a favored food plant of the pest [[Neochlamisus platani|sycamore leaf beetle]]. [[File:2020-06-04 16 44 33 An American sycamore with a severe infection of Sycamore anthracnose along Tranquility Lane in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Severe infections of anthracnose can sometimes defoliate large swaths of sycamore during mid- and late spring, but trees generally recover by mid-summer]] American sycamore is susceptible to plane [[anthracnose]] disease (''[[Apiognomonia veneta]]'', syn. ''Gnomonia platani''), an introduced fungus found naturally on the [[Oriental plane]] ''P. orientalis'', which has evolved considerable resistance to the disease. Although rarely killed or even seriously harmed, American sycamore is commonly partially [[Defoliation|defoliated]] by the disease, rendering it unsightly as a specimen tree.

Sometimes mistaken for frost damage, the disease manifests in early spring, wilting new leaves and causing mature leaves to turn brown along the veins. Infected leaves typically shrivel and fall, so that by summer, the tree is regrowing its foliage. Cankers form on twigs and branches near infected leaves, serving to spread the disease by spore production and also weakening the tree. Because cankers restrict the flow of nutrients, twigs and branches afflicted by cankers eventually die. [[Witch's broom]] is a symptom reflecting the cycle of twigs dying.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swift|first=C.E.|title=Sycamore Anthracnose|url=http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02930.html|publisher=Colorado State University Extension|access-date=18 April 2013|date=October 2011}}</ref>

As a result of the fungus' damage, American sycamore is often avoided as a landscape tree, and the more resistant London plane (''P. × hispanica''; hybrid ''P. occidentalis × P. orientalis'') is planted, instead.

==History== The terms under which the [[New York Stock Exchange]] was formed are called the "[[Buttonwood Agreement]]", because it was signed under a buttonwood (sycamore) tree at 68 [[Wall Street]], New York City in 1792.

The sycamore made up a large part of the forests of Greenland and Arctic America during the [[Cretaceous]] and [[Tertiary period]]s. It once grew abundantly in central Europe, from which it has now disappeared.<ref name=Keeler /> It was brought to Europe early in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Olmert |first=Michael |year=1996 |title=Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History |page=[https://archive.org/details/miltonsteethovid00olme/page/217 217] |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-684-80164-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/miltonsteethovid00olme/page/217 }}</ref>

==See also== * [[Buttonball Tree]], an American sycamore, said to be the largest on the East Coast, located in [[Sunderland, Massachusetts]] * [[Pinchot Sycamore]], an American sycamore that is the largest tree in [[Connecticut]] * [[Webster Sycamore]], formerly the largest American sycamore in [[West Virginia]] * [[Sycamore maple]] or European sycamore (''Acer pseudoplatanus''), a maple which is visually very similar to sycamore

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading== * {{Cite book |title=Trees of Pennsylvania and the Northeast |first=Charles |last=Fergus |location=Mechanicsburg, Penn. |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2002 |pages=162–6 |isbn=978-0-8117-2092-2 |oclc=49493542 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LKBcxNzHZAC&pg=PA162 |access-date=15 July 2014}}

==External links== {{commons category}} *[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Platanus+occidentalis University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Platanus occidentalis'' (American sycamore)] *[http://www.cirrusimage.com/Trees_American_sycamore.htm Cirrusimage.com: American Sycamore — diagnostic photographs and information] *[http://forestry.about.com/library/tree/blsycax.htm/ Forestry.about.com: American sycamore - ''Platanus occidentalis'']{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://bioimages.vanderbilt.edu/metadata.htm?/19020/metadata/sp Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: photos of ''Platanus occidentalis'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q157739}}

[[Category:Platanus|occidentalis]] [[Category:Flora of Northern America]] [[Category:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains]] [[Category:Flora of Eastern North America]] [[Category:Hardwood forest plants]] [[Category:Extant Neogene first appearances]] [[Category:Trees of Northern America]] [[Category:IUCN Red List least concern species]] [[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]] [[Category:Trees of temperate climates]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] [[Category:Garden plants of North America]] [[Category:Ornamental trees]] [[Category:Flora of the United States]] [[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]] [[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]] [[Category:Flora of the South-Central United States]] [[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]] [[Category:Flora of the Northern United States]] [[Category:Flora of the Great Lakes region]] [[Category:Flora of Alabama]] [[Category:Flora of Arkansas]] [[Category:Flora of Delaware]] [[Category:Flora of Mississippi]] [[Category:Flora of Maryland]] [[Category:Flora of Tennessee]] [[Category:Flora of Virginia]] [[Category:Flora of Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Flora of Kentucky]] [[Category:Flora of Louisiana]] [[Category:Flora of North Carolina]] [[Category:Flora of South Carolina]] [[Category:Flora of Florida]] [[Category:Flora of Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Flora of Texas]] [[Category:Flora of Illinois]] [[Category:Flora of Wisconsin]] [[Category:Flora of Iowa]] [[Category:Flora of Kansas]] [[Category:Flora of Missouri]] [[Category:Flora of Nebraska]] [[Category:Flora of Connecticut]] [[Category:Flora of Indiana]] [[Category:Flora of Maine]] [[Category:Flora of Massachusetts]] [[Category:Flora of Michigan]] [[Category:Flora of New Hampshire]] [[Category:Flora of Minnesota]] [[Category:Flora of New Jersey]] [[Category:Flora of New York (state)]] [[Category:Flora of Ohio]] [[Category:Flora of Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Flora of Rhode Island]] [[Category:Flora of Vermont]] [[Category:Flora of West Virginia]] [[Category:Flora of Canada]] [[Category:Flora of Eastern Canada]] [[Category:Flora of Ontario]] [[Category:Flora of Quebec]] [[Category:Flora of Mexico]] [[Category:Flora of Northeastern Mexico]] [[Category:Flora of Nuevo León]] [[Category:Flora of Coahuila]] [[Category:Flora of the Sierra Madre Oriental]] [[Category:Least concern flora of Mexico]] [[Category:Least concern flora of Northern America]] [[Category:Least concern flora of the United States]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]