{{Infobox organization | name = Amazon Fund | formation = {{start date and age|2008}} | logo = Amazon Fund logo.png | type = Non-refundable investment fund | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = Active | purpose = Environmental preservation and restoration and combating deforestation in tropical regions | headquarters = Brazil | coordinates = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | website = {{URL|https://www.amazonfund.gov.br}} | region_served = South America }}
The '''Amazon Fund''' (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Fundo Amazônia'') is an initiative created by the [[Brazilian Government]] and managed by the [[National Bank for Economic and Social Development]] (BNDES). It was established on 1 August 2008, with the aim of attracting donations for non-reimbursable investments in actions for the prevention, monitoring, and combat of [[deforestation]], and for the promotion of conservation and sustainable use of the [[Amazon rainforest]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amazon Fund – Brazil protects it. The world supports it. Everyone wins. |url=https://www.fundoamazonia.gov.br/en/home/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Amazon Fund}}</ref> Additionally, the fund supports the development of monitoring and control systems for deforestation in the rest of Brazil and in other tropical countries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=What is the Amazon Fund? How does it work? |url=https://agenciadenoticias.bndes.gov.br/blogdodesenvolvimento/detalhe/O-que-e-o-Fundo-Amazonia-Como-ele-funciona/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=BNDES |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=Quase 60% dos recursos do Fundo Amazônia são destinados a instituições do governo |url=https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/07/03/quase-60percent-dos-recursos-do-fundo-amazonia-sao-destinados-a-instituicoes-do-governo.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-14 |title=Amazon Fund – Climate Funds Update |url=https://climatefundsupdate.org/the-funds/amazon-fund/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Amazon Fund: Overview, Significance of Amazon Relief Fund |url=https://byjusexamprep.com/current-affairs/amazon-fund |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=byjusexamprep.com }}</ref>
The fund is used in various areas, including the management of public forests and [[protected area]]s, control, monitoring and environmental enforcement, [[sustainable forest management]], economic activities developed from the sustainable use of the forest, ecological and economic zoning, land planning and regularization, conservation and sustainable use of [[biodiversity]], and the recovery of deforested areas. The projects supported by the fund must be aligned with applicable public policies and the guidelines and criteria, in addition to demonstrating their direct or indirect contribution to the reduction of deforestation and forest degradation. The actions foreseen in the projects must be coherent with the proposed objective, with the budget and with the schedule of its implementation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/projetos |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Amazon Fund}}</ref> Eligibility for accessing the Amazon Fund is determined based on compliance with several plans and criteria, including the PPCDAm (Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the [[Legal Amazon]] Region), ENREDD+ (National Strategy for [[REDD and REDD+|REDD+]]), state plans for preventing and combating deforestation, and BNDES Operational Policies. Projects eligible for funding should directly or indirectly contribute to reducing deforestation in the Amazon. Various types of entities can submit projects for funding, including public administration bodies, NGOs, private companies, cooperatives, and research institutions.<ref name=":2" />
Until 2018, the fund received R$ 3.4 billion in donations, with the majority coming from [[Norway]], followed by [[Germany]] and [[Petrobras]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Amazon Fund: Understand what it is and where the funds used come from |url=https://www.migalhas.com.br/quentes/376341/fundo-amazonia-entenda-o-que-e-e-de-onde-vem-a-verba-utilizada |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Migalhas |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Since 2023, several countries announced contributions to the fund or interest in contributing, including Germany, Norway, the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Switzerland]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]] and others.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=France and Spain eye contributions to Brazil's Amazon Fund, minister says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/france-spain-eye-contributions-brazils-amazon-fund-minister-says-2023-02-15/ |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Amazon Fund receives first donations from US, Switzerland |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/economia/noticia/2023-10/amazon-fund-receives-first-donations-us-switzerland |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Agência Brasil }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Here's why European nations are considering joining the Amazon Fund |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/03/03/heres-why-european-nations-are-considering-joining-the-amazon-fund |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=euronews }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Figueiredo |first=Patrícia |date=2023-03-23 |title=Amazon Fund gains importance in Brazilian diplomacy and draws attention from more countries |url=https://infoamazonia.org/en/2023/03/23/amazon-fund-gains-importance-in-brazilian-diplomacy-and-draws-attention-from-more-countries/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=InfoAmazonia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=Norway backs Brazil's efforts to draw donors to Amazon Fund |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/norway-backs-brazils-efforts-draw-donors-amazon-fund-2023-03-22/ |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Shafqat |first=Rameen |date=2023-08-31 |title=Denmark commits R$ 110 million to Amazon Fund |url=https://thediplomaticinsight.com/denmark-commits-r-110-million-to-amazon-fund/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Diplomatic Insight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Japão formaliza doação ao Fundo Amazônia e é o primeiro país asiático a integrar grupo |url=https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2024/02/27/japo-formaliza-doao-ao-fundo-amaznia-e-o-primeiro-pas-asitico-a-integrar-grupo.ghtml |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Valor Econômico |language=pt-br}}</ref>
== Overview == The Amazon Fund, established in 2008 and operational since 2009, was primarily created to incentivize Brazil and other [[Developing country|developing countries]] with [[tropical rainforest]]s to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[forest degradation]]. The initiative was proposed by Brazil during the [[2006 United Nations Climate Change Conference|12th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)]] in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], in 2008. The fund's establishment followed Brazil's commitment to significantly reduce deforestation in the Amazon biome over the next decade.<ref name=":3" />
Since its creation, the Fund has supported more than 100 projects related to the management of public forests and protected areas, environmental control, monitoring and inspection, sustainable forest management, economic activities created with sustainable use of vegetation, ecological and economic zoning, arrangement territorial and agricultural regulation, preservation and sustainability, exploitation of biodiversity and recovery of deforested areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Amazon Fund? |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/amazon-fund/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Amazon Fund |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
In 2019, during the [[Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro|Bolsonaro government]], the then Environment Minister [[Ricardo Salles]] proposed alterations to the structure of the Amazon Fund, citing irregularities in its management. He suggested that the fund's resources should be used to compensate for land expropriations in conservation areas within the Amazon rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-25 |title=Governo estuda usar Fundo Amazônia para indenizar desapropriações de terra |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/05/25/governo-estuda-usar-fundo-amazonia-para-indenizar-desapropriacoes-de-terra.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> Third sector institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=Ministro do Meio Ambiente e embaixadores admitem hipótese de extinção do Fundo Amazônia |url=https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/07/03/ministro-do-meio-ambiente-e-embaixadores-admitem-hipotese-de-extincao-do-fundo-amazonia.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> along with Germany and Norway, opposed these changes.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Alemanha e Noruega rejeitam mudanças no Fundo Amazônia – DW – 11/06/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-br/alemanha-e-noruega-rejeitam-mudan%C3%A7as-na-gest%C3%A3o-do-fundo-amaz%C3%B4nia/a-49141860 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=dw.com |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-17 |title=Declaração sobre o Fundo Amazônia |url=https://www.norway.no/pt/brasil/noruega-brasil/noticias-eventos/brasilia/noticias/declaracao-sobre-o-fundo-amazonia/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Norgesportalen |language=pt}}</ref> They argued that audits had not identified any irregularities in the fund's management or in the monitoring of deforestation impacts. They stated that 'enhancing the fund's efficiency, impact, and transparency' should be pursued 'within the existing governance framework'.<ref name=":10" />
Also in 2019, German Environment Minister [[Svenja Schulze]] announced that, due to the increased deforestation in the Amazon region and concerns about the Jair Bolsonaro government,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Desmatamento em áreas protegidas da Amazônia aumenta em maio, diz Inpe |url=https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/05/23/desmatamento-em-areas-protegidas-da-amazonia-aumenta-em-maio-diz-inpe.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> Germany would suspend investments of R$155 million in the Amazon Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-10 |title=Ministério alemão diz que vai suspender investimento de R$ 155 milhões na Amazônia |url=https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/08/10/ministerio-alemao-diz-que-vai-suspender-investimento-de-r-155-milhoes-na-amazonia.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> On the 15th of August 2019, Norway decided to suspend disbursements of R$ 133 million to the Amazon Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=Noruega suspende repasses de R$ 133 milhões para o Fundo Amazônia |url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2019/08/15/noruega-suspende-repasses-de-r-133-milhoes-para-o-fundo-amazonia.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Negrão |first=Heloísa |date=2019-08-15 |title=Após Alemanha, Noruega também bloqueia repasses para Amazônia |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/08/15/politica/1565898219_277747.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref>
The suspensions were criticized by President Jair Bolsonaro, who reacted dismissively—accusing Norway of hypocrisy due to its [[Whaling in Norway|whale hunting]] and [[Offshore drilling|offshore oil exploration]] and [[Oil exporter|exportation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branford |first=Sue |last2=Borges |first2=Thais |date=2019-08-16 |title=Norway freezes support for Amazon Fund; EU/Brazil trade deal at risk? |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/08/norway-freezes-support-for-amazon-fund-eu-brazil-trade-deal-at-risk/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro sobre Noruega: "Não é aquela que mata baleia e explora petróleo?" |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/meio-ambiente/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2019/08/15/bolsonaro-sobre-noruega-nao-e-aquela-que-mata-baleia-e-explora-petroleo.htm |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferro |first=Maurício |date=2019-08-15 |title=Bolsonaro dispara contra Noruega: 'Não é aquela que mata baleia?' |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-dispara-contra-noruega-nao-e-aquela-que-mata-baleia/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Poder360 |language=pt-br}}</ref> He suggested that Norway should use its funds to help [[Angela Merkel]] reforest Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro to Merkel: Reforest your own country – DW – 08/15/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/jair-bolsonaro-to-merkel-reforest-germany-not-amazon/a-50032213 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro manda Merkel reflorestar Alemanha com dinheiro suspenso |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/meio-ambiente/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2019/08/14/bolsonaro-manda-merkel-reflorestar-alemanha-com-dinheiro-suspenso.htm |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> and stated that Norway had “nothing to teach” the country when it comes to environmental protection.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-15 |title=Norway stops Amazon fund contribution in dispute with Brazil |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/norway-stops-amazon-fund-contribution-in-dispute-with-brazil-idUSKCN1V52C8/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-15 |title=Norway stops Amazon fund contribution in dispute with Brazil |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/norway-stops-amazon-fund-contribution-in-dispute-with-brazil-idUSKCN1V52C8/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=2019-08-16 |title=Norway halts Amazon fund donation in dispute with Brazil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/16/norway-halts-amazon-fund-donation-dispute-brazil-deforestation-jair-bolsonaro |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bolsonaro tem razão em críticas à política ambiental da Noruega? |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-49373959 |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Bolsonaro takes on Norway for whaling, but bungles it |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190819-bolsonaro-takes-on-norway-for-whaling-but-bungles-it |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In response, both Norway and Germany defended their decisions, citing Brazil’s rising deforestation rates and lack of commitment to preserving the Amazon under Bolsonaro government. Norwegian officials emphasized that their funding was conditional on measurable environmental results, while Germany reaffirmed its support for environmental cooperation but stressed the need for credible action from Brazil.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendes |first=Karla |date=2019-08-13 |title=Germany cuts $39.5 million in environmental funding to Brazil |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/08/germany-cuts-39-5-million-in-environmental-funding-to-brazil/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alemanha rebate Bolsonaro e divulga vídeo sobre suas florestas; assista |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/sustentabilidade/criticada-por-bolsonaro-alemanha-reage-e-divulga-video-sobre-suas-florestas-e-parques/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Estadão |language=pt-br}}</ref>
In late 2022, with the election of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]], Norway and Germany announced that they were willing to resume financing of the Amazon Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Alemanha e Noruega estão dispostas a retomar financiamento do Fundo Amazônia em governo Lula |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/alemanha-e-noruega-estao-dispostas-a-retomar-financiamento-do-fundo-amazonia-em-governo-lula/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CNN Brasil}}</ref> In 2023, several countries announced contributions to the fund or interest in contributing, including Germany, Norway, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, France, Spain and others.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
In 2024, the NBESD reached the mark of R$ 882 million in approvals of Amazon Fund projects, the amount is higher than the previous record, reached in 2023, of R$ 553 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Com R$ 882 milhões, Fundo Amazônia atinge recorde histórico de aprovações este ano |url=https://agenciadenoticias.bndes.gov.br/detalhe/noticia/Com-R$-882-milhoes-Fundo-Amazonia-atinge-recorde-historico-de-aprovacoes-este-ano/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=BNDES |language=pt-br}}</ref>
== Governance == The Amazon Fund has a Guidance Committee (COFA), responsible for setting guidelines and monitoring the results achieved, and a Technical Committee (CTFA), which is tasked with certifying the calculations made by the [[Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks|Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change]] (MMA) regarding the actual reductions in carbon emissions from deforestation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governance |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/amazon-fund/Governance/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Amazon Fund |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
=== Guidance Committee === The Amazon Fund Guidance Committee (COFA) is responsible for setting the guidelines and criteria for the Amazon Fund, both within and outside the [[Amazônia Legal|Legal Amazon Region]]. It monitors information on the application of its resources and approves the Activity Report. COFA also ensures that the initiatives supported by the Amazon Fund align with those outlined in the PPCDAm and ENREDD+.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Amazon Fund Guidance Committee - COFA |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/amazon-fund/Governance/COFA/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Amazon Fund |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
The Guidance Committee is composed of representatives from the government and [[civil society]], including federal government agencies, the states of the Brazilian Legal Amazon ([[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Amapá]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], [[Maranhão]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Pará]], [[Rondônia]], [[Roraima]] and [[Tocantins]]), and representatives from civil society.<ref name=":14" />
=== Technical Committee === The Technical Committee of the Amazon Fund (CTFA) is tasked with validating carbon emissions from deforestation as calculated by the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MMA). It evaluates the methodology used to calculate the deforested area and the carbon per hectare applied in the emission estimates. CTFA meetings are held annually and, when necessary, on an extraordinary basis.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Technical Committee of the Amazon Fund - CTFA |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/amazon-fund/Governance/CTFA/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Amazon Fund |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
The CTFA comprises renowned technical and scientific specialists appointed by the MMA after consultation with the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change. Participation in the CTFA is for a term of three years, renewable once, and is considered a public service, with no remuneration provided.<ref name=":15" />
== Efforts and policies == {{see also|Conservation in Brazil}}[[File:1988- Deforestation rates in Brazil - Terra Brasilis (party colors).svg|thumb|265x265px|Deforestation rates in Brazil since 1988, highlighted by government periods]] Brazil's efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon rainforest have been recognised worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil's Success in Reducing Deforestation {{!}} Union of Concerned Scientists |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/brazils-success-reducing-deforestation#:~:text=Between%202005%20and%202010,%20Brazil,percent,%20to%20just%206,451%20km2. |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=ucsusa.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Amazon rainforest: Deforestation in Brazil at six-year low |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-66393360 |access-date=2024-11-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Brazil’s pioneering technological efforts in monitoring changes in land use have been conducted by the [[National Institute for Space Research|Brazilian National Institute for Space Research]] (INPE) since 1988. Furthermore, the country has been acknowledged for recent successes in reversing the increase in annual deforestation rates.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Guiding public policies |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/amazon-fund/Guiding-public-policies/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Amazon Fund |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Amazon forest over time.png|thumb|265x265px|Annual forest loss rates in the Amazon forest since 1988]] The Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm) initially comprised 13 ministries of the [[Federal government of Brazil|Brazilian federal government]], under the direct coordination of the [[Chief of Staff of the Presidency|President's Chief of Staff.]] Established in 2004, it is a governmental initiative that has significantly contributed to reducing deforestation rates, achieving, for instance, a 59% reduction in the rate over the 2005-2007 period, despite the continued growth in agricultural production in [[North Region, Brazil|Brazil's North region]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementing prevention and control policies for reducing deforestation {{!}} NDC Partnership |url=https://ndcpartnership.org/knowledge-portal/good-practice-database/implementing-prevention-and-control-policies-reducing-deforestation |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=ndcpartnership.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Emily |date=2023-04-14 |title=PPCDAm: novo plano contra desmatamento tem tecnologias para prever devastação e bioeconomia para desenvolver Amazônia |url=https://infoamazonia.org/2023/04/14/novo-ppcdam/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=InfoAmazonia |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-29 |title=Deforestation rates in Brazil since 1988 |url=http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/deforestation/biomes/legal_amazon/rates |access-date=2024-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029084145/http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/deforestation/biomes/legal_amazon/rates |archive-date=29 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-14 |title=Reducing Deforestation in Brazil |url=https://centreforpublicimpact.org/public-impact-fundamentals/reducing-deforestation-in-brazil/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Centre for Public Impact |language=en-GB}}</ref>
There are also other examples of efforts aimed at discouraging illegal deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest, such as the implementation of frameworks for the management of [[List of Brazilian National Forests|public forests]], which were incorporated into Brazil’s legal system in 2006. In addition, the Brazilian government plans to invest approximately US$ 500 million in initiatives related to the PPCDAm during the 2008-2011 period, as part of its Pluriannual Plan (PPA).<ref name=":11" />
To promote a continuous and consistent reduction in deforestation, the PPCDAm has been updated for the 2012–2015 and 2016–2020 periods. Nonetheless, there is still significant progress to be made in making the remaining forest more economically and socially attractive than clearing it for [[cattle-raising]] and [[Agriculture|agricultural]] purposes. The more deforestation rates are reduced, the more expensive further reductions become. Therefore, it is increasingly vital to establish a development model for the Amazon rainforest that values and protects its resources while simultaneously fostering social and ethnic diversity and improving the population’s standard of living. Achieving these new goals will require more sophisticated efforts from federal, state, and municipal governments, as well as from Brazilian society.<ref name=":11" />
== Donations == Fundraising for the Amazon Fund is tied to the reduction of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] from deforestation, meaning it is conditional upon the reduction of the annual deforestation rate. Based on emission reduction data calculated by the [[Ministry of the Environment (Brazil)|Ministry of the Environment]] and verified by the Technical Committee of the Amazon Fund (CTFA), BNDES is authorised to solicit donations for the Amazon Fund and issue certificates recognising donors' contributions to the Fund.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Donations |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/transparency/donations/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Amazon Fund |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
=== Resources === The resources allocated to the fund can be contracted donations, referring to signed contracts that may or may not have been internalised by the Amazon Fund/BNDES; and internalised donations, representing funds already internalised in Brazilian reais ([[Brazilian real|BRL]]) by the Amazon Fund/BNDES.<ref name=":12" />
{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {| class="wikitable" |+Contracted donations !Donor !Amount (original currency) |- |{{NOR}} |style="text-align:center"|NOK 8,269,496,000 + USD 50,000,000 |- |{{GER}} |style="text-align:center"|EUR 89,920,000 |- |{{USA}} |style="text-align:center"|USD 53,472,000 |- |{{CHE}} |style="text-align:center"|CHF 5,000,000 |- |{{JPN}} |style="text-align:center"|JPY 411,000,000 |- |{{GBR}} |style="text-align:center"|GBP 80,000,000 |- |{{DEN}} |style="text-align:center"|DKK 150,000,000 |- |{{IRE}} |style="text-align:center"|EUR 5,000,000 |- |[[File:Petrobras horizontal logo.svg|none|80x80px]] |style="text-align:center"|BRL 17,285,079.13 |}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" |+Internalised donations !Donor !Amount in Brazilian Reais (BRL) |- |{{NOR}} |style="text-align:center"|3,469,251,818.36 |- |{{GER}} |style="text-align:center"|387,859,396.00 |- |{{USA}} |style="text-align:center"|291,382,003.20 |- |{{CHE}} |style="text-align:center"|28,130,000.00 |- |{{JPN}} |style="text-align:center"|14,943,000.00 |- |{{GBR}} |style="text-align:center"|283,960,570.49 |- |{{DEN}} |style="text-align:center"|43,445,177.83 |- |{{IRE}} |style="text-align:center"|31,529,500 |- |[[File:Petrobras horizontal logo.svg|none|80x80px]] |style="text-align:center"|17,285,079.13 |- ! colspan="2" |'''Total: 4,567,786,545.01''' |} {{col-end}}
=== Audits ===
The Amazon Fund undergoes two auditing processes annually.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Audits |url=https://www.amazonfund.gov.br/en/transparency/audit/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Amazon Fund |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
The first process is a [[financial audit]], which takes place as part of the external audit of the BNDES' own financial statements. The financial audit assesses the accuracy of the balances recorded in the Financial Statements of the Amazon Fund, as well as the appropriateness of the allocation of these balances within the BNDES' Financial Statements. The contracts with beneficiaries and the funds disbursed to the supported projects are reviewed, as are the expenses incurred in the management of the Fund.<ref name=":13" />
The second process is a [[compliance audit]]. This audit, conducted by an independent external audit firm, involves the application of limited assurance procedures to evaluate BNDES' compliance with the provisions of Decree No. 6,527/2008 regarding supportable actions, the guidelines and criteria issued by the Amazon Fund Guidance Committee (COFA), and, where applicable, the strategic guidelines of the Sustainable Amazon Plan (PAS). It also assesses alignment with the tactical and operational guidelines of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Legal Amazon Deforestation (PPCDAm) and the National Strategy for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Conservation of Forest Carbon Stocks, Sustainable Management of Forests, and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks (ENREDD+). This process does not include an evaluation of the compliance by project beneficiaries with the obligations agreed upon with BNDES.<ref name=":13" />
==See also==
* [[Agriculture in Brazil]] * [[Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest]] * [[Environment of Brazil]] * [[Environmental issues in Brazil]] * [[Environmental history of Latin America]] * [[Rainforest Alliance]]
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == * [https://www.amazonfund.gov.br Official website of the Amazon Fund] * [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6527.htm Decree No. 6,527, establishing the creation of the Amazon Fund] (In Brazilian Portuguese)
[[Category:Funds]] [[Category:Conservation and environmental foundations]] [[Category:Environmental organisations based in Brazil]]