{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | image = Altamira oriole (Icterus gularis gigas) Copan.jpg | image_caption = ''Icterus gularis gigas''<br />Honduras | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Icterus gularis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22724108A136742905 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22724108A136742905.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Icterus | species = gularis | authority = (Wagler, 1829) | range_map = Icterus_gularis_map.svg | range_map_caption = Range of ''I. gularis'' {{leftlegend|#008000|Year-round range|outline=gray}} }}

The '''Altamira oriole''' ('''''Icterus gularis''''') is a New World oriole. The bird is widespread in subtropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast and northern Central America, the Pacific coast and inland. They have since spread to southern Texas, but this was not until 1939.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/altamira-oriole|title=Altamira Oriole|last=|first=|date=13 November 2014|website=Audubon|publisher=National Audubon Society|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

At {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|56|g|oz|abbr=on}}, this is the largest oriole in genus ''Icterus''. The bird nests in open woodland, with the nest being a very long woven pouch, attached to the end of a horizontal tree branch, sometimes to telephone wires.

This bird forages high in trees, sometimes in the undergrowth. They mainly eat insects and berries.

These birds are permanent residents, and unlike the migratory orioles that breed in the US, the species is sexually monomorphic—both the males and the females have elaborate coloration and patterning.

==Description== [[File:Altamira Oriole icterus gularis, Bentsen State Park TX.jpg|thumb|In Bentsen State Park, Texas, US]]Both males and females have a black mandible and throat, as well as a black back and long black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and rectrices (flight feathers) are fringed with white. These form a single white wing bar and white wing spots when folded. The secondary coverts form orange epaulets. The underside is almost uniformly orange or yellowish-orange. In general, immature specimens have an olive back, and a dull yellow on its head and its body. The first-year bird is similar to the adult, but it has an olive, not black, back, and yellow-olive tail.<ref name=cornell>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Altamira_Oriole/id |title=Altamira Oriole, Identification |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=allaboutbirds.org |publisher=The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University |access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=NGSBirds>{{cite book |editor1-last=Scott |editor1-first=Shirley L. |year=1994 |title=Field Guide to the Birds of North America |publisher=The National Geographic Society |isbn=0-87044-692-4 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00nati_0/page/428 428–429] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00nati_0/page/428 }}</ref>

==Behavior==

The bird lives in semi-arid areas with scattered trees, and open riparian woodland. The bird is a solitary nester as well, with an average of a quarter kilometer between nests. Little aggression has been observed in breeding season from this bird, and it is not known to be territorial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Altamira_Oriole/lifehistory|title=Altamira Oriole, Life History|last=|first=|date=|website=All About Birds|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

=== Reproduction === In Texas, their breeding season ranges from late April to late July. Their nest resembles a small pouch made of moss, grass, palm fibers, weeds, strips of bark, and is lined with feathers. The nest may also hang from telephone wires. The nest is assumed to be built by the female, but it is not known how long this takes. 4–6 eggs are laid, and nestlings are fed and cared for by both parents.<ref name=":0" />

=== Diet === The Altamira oriole is a forage gleaner, searching for food through the tree-tops to the near-ground bottom of the tree. Its diet includes fruit (small fruits, hackberries and figs) and insects, such as grasshoppers, crickets, and caterpillars.<ref name=":0" />

===Voice=== The song of the Altamira oriole is a series of clear, slow musical whistles. In contrast, the Altamira's calls are harsh whistles, rasping chatter, and nasal "ike"s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Altamira_Oriole/sounds|title=Altamira Oriole Sounds, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *Brush, T. and Barbara Y. Pleasants (2005). ''Altamira Oriole (Icterus gularis)''. The Birds of North America Online. (A. Poole, Ed.) Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database. * Flood NJ. (1989). ''Coloration in New World Orioles 1. Tests of Predation-Related Hypotheses''. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol '''25''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;49–56. * Gorena RL. M.S. (1995). ''Feeding and nesting ecology of the great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus texanus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas''. The University of Texas - Pan American, United States—Texas. * Hathcock CR. M.S. (2000). ''Factors affecting reproductive success in hosts of the bronzed cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas''. The University of Texas - Pan American, United States—Texas. * Hathcock CR & Brush T. (2004). ''Breeding abundance and nest-site distribution of the Altamira oriole at Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Texas''. Southwestern Naturalist. vol '''49''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;33–38. * Ortiz-Pulido R. (2000). ''Abundance of frugivorous birds and richness of fruit resource: Is there a temporal relationship?''. Caldasia. vol '''22''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;93–107. * {{ cite journal | last=Pleasants | first=B.Y. | date=1981 | title=Aspects of the breeding biology of a subtropical oriole, ''Icterus gularis'' | journal=Wilson Bulletin | volume=93 | issue=4 | pages=531–537 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v093n04/p0531-p0537.pdf | ref=none}} * Thurber WA & Villeda A. (1980). ''Notes on Parasitism by Bronzed Cowbirds Molothrus-Aeneus in El-Salvador''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''92''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;112–113. *{{ cite book | last=Skutch | first=Alexander F. | author-link=Alexander Skutch | date=1954 | chapter=Black-throated oriole | title=Life Histories of Central American Birds | series=Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 31 | location=Berkeley, California | publisher=Cooper Ornithological Society | chapter-url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/pca/pca_031.pdf#page=268 | pages=269–273 | ref=none }} {{refend}}

===Hybridisation=== {{refbegin}} * Patrikeev, Michael, Jack C. Eitniear, Scott M. Werner, Paul C. Palmer (2008) Interactions and Hybridization between Altamira and Audubon's Orioles in the Lower Rio Grande Valley ''Birding'' 40(2):42-6 {{refend}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies|Icterus gularis}} * {{InternetBirdCollection|altamira-oriole-icterus-gularis|Altamira oriole}} * {{VIREO|Altamira+Oriole|Altamira oriole}} * [https://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Altamira_Oriole.html Altamira oriole] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology * {{NeotropicalBirds|altori|Altamira oriole}}

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Category:New World orioles Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys Category:Birds of Mexico Category:Birds of Central America Category:Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula Category:Orioles Category:Birds described in 1829