{{Short description|Medieval city in present-day Xinjiang, China}} {{Other uses|Almalyk (disambiguation){{!}}Almalyk}} <!-- the twin mausolea (Tughlugh Timur's and his sister's or daughter's) on Google Maps satellite view --> {{Infobox historic site | name = Almaliq, Xinjiang | native_name = | alternate_name = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | map_type = Continental Asia#China#China Xinjiang | map_alt = | map_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|44|14|24|N|80|31|59|E|display=inline, title}} | location = Xinjiang, China | region = | type = | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | notes = }} [[File:Kingdom of Chagatai in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|Kingdom of Chagatai in the Catalan Atlas (1375). The Khan Kebek is depicted with the caption: ''Here reigns the King Chabech (Kebek), lord of the Medeja [Media] Empire. He resides at Emalech (Almaliq).''<ref>''Açi senyoreya lo rey Chabech, seynior qui es dit del imperi de Medeia. Aquest esta en Emalech.'' in {{cite book |last1=Buchon |first1=Jean Alexandre |title=Notice D'un Atlas En Langue Catalane, Manuscrit de L'An 1375 Conservé Parmi Les Manuscrits de La Bibliothèque Royale Sous Le Numéro 6816, Fonds Ancien |date=2011 |isbn=978-1271741458 |page=135 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Notices_et_extraits_des_manuscrits_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Roi_-_Vol._XIV%2C_no_1_%281839%29.pdf}}</ref> His cities appear with the Chagatai flag ({{flagicon|Chagatai Khanate}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en|page=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>]] '''Almaliq''' ({{langx|ug|ئالمالىق}}; {{lang-zh|t={{linktext|阿|力|麻|里}}|p=Ālìmálǐ}}),<ref name="names">Previously transcribed into Chinese as {{lang|zh-hant|阿爾馬立克}}, ''Ā'ěrmǎlì''; {{lang|zh-hans|阿里马城}}, ''Ālǐmǎchéng''; {{lang|zh-hant|阿里麻}}, ''Ālǐmá'' and {{lang|zh-hans|阿力马力}}, ''Ālìmǎlì''.</ref> also spelled '''Almalik''',<ref name=yule/> '''Almalig''',<ref name=yule/> was a medieval city in the Ili basin in present-day Huocheng County, Xinjiang, China along Kazakhstan border. A modern town named Alimali (阿力玛里) in Khorgas, adjacent to Huocheng, has no historical connections with the medieval town.
==History== Almaliq was originally one of Karluk cities in the Turkic Kaganates. It is known from the accounts of the Persian historians and Chinese travelers of the Mongol era (13th to 15th centuries), in particular the 13th-century Daoist Qiu Chuji (Chang Chun).
According to the travel notes of Genghis Khan's chief adviser Yelü Chucai, the city of Almaliq was situated between the Tian Shan mountains and the Ili River. There were many crab apple trees around Almalik. The native people called them "almaliq", thus giving the name to the city.
An account by a Persian historian tells that in 1211, Prince Ozar of Almaliq acknowledged the supremacy of Genghis Khan. The king was later killed by the Gurkhan of Karakitai. Genghis Khan ordered the king's son Siknak Tekin to succeed him as king of Almaliq and gave him the only daughter of his elder son Jochi for marriage. In 1219, when Genghis Khan led his host on campaign to Persia, Siknak Tekin followed him.<ref>Emil Bretschneider: [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hsYAAAAYAAJ&q=bretschneider+researches ''Medieval Researches'', Vol 2], p33, Trubner Oriental Series, London, 1888.</ref>
The marriage between the ruler of Almaliq and a granddaughter of Genghis Khan demonstrates the city's importance at the time. Home to people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and religions, the city became an important Islamic center under the rule of Tughluq Temur, Khan of Moghulistan, from {{circa|lk=no|1351}} to 1363. Tughluq Temür's tomb can still be seen in the town. Inscriptions also show the presence of Nestorian Christians in the town in the third quarter of the fourteenth century.<ref>Niu, ''loc. cit.''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borbone |first=Pier Giorgio |date=2008 |title=Syroturcica 2: The Priest Särgis in the White Pagoda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40727609 |journal=Monumenta Serica |volume=56 |pages=487–503 |issn=0254-9948}}</ref> In 1254, King Het'um I of Cilician Armenia passed through Almaliq en route to the Mongol court at Karakorum, noting the presence of Nestorian Christian communities in the region, including at the nearby town of Ilibalyk, which also preserves Nestorian graves and inscriptions.<ref>Kirakos Gandzakets'i, ''History of Armenia'', trans. Robert Bedrosian, Chapter 58 (New York: Sources of the Armenian Tradition, 1986).</ref><ref>Baumer, Christoph. ''The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016, pp. 183–185.</ref>
A number of Catholic missionaries worked in Almaliq in the 14th century as well, including Giovanni de' Marignolli. Like him, many Europeans in Medieval China stopped there while traveling. In June 1339, six monks, a bishop, and a Genoese merchant were killed by order of the Khan Ali, the sultan of the region, who had recently assassinated the previous ruler Yesun-Timur Khan.<ref name="RP">{{cite book |last1=Prazniak |first1=Roxann |title=Sudden Appearances: The Mongol Turn in Commerce, Belief, and Art |date=31 March 2019 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7808-5 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVnGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |language=en}}</ref> The city was typically known as "Armalec" in their accounts.<ref name=yule>Henry Yule, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IF9KAAAAYAAJ Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices ...], Volume 2; pp 288, 321, 338, etc.</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> File:Chagatai_Khanate_map_en.svg|Almalik was capital of the Chagatai Khanate File:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti,_Martirio_di_cinque_frati_francescani,_1336-37_circa,_dalla_sala_capitolare_(detail).jpg|''The Martyrdom of the Franciscans'', by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, took place in Almalik in 1339.<ref name="RP"/> File:Tughlugh Timur Mausoleum - exterior.jpg|Tughlugh Timur (r.1360–1363) mausoleum, Almaliq, Xinjiang File:Alimali Nestorian steles, Yuan dynasty (1206-1368).jpg|Alimali Nestorian steles, Yuan dynasty period (1206-1368). Xinjiang Museum </gallery>
==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist}}
===Bibliography=== * W. Barthold [rev. by B. Spuler and O. Pritsak], "Almaligh", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd ed. * Niu Ruji, "Nestorian Inscriptions from China (13th - 14th Centuries)", in R. Malek, ''Jingjiao, The Church of the East in China and Central Asia'', 2006. * Pachkalov, Alexander. Archaeological Sources: The Chaghadaid Khanate. In The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire. Edited by Michal Biran, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hodong Kim, Seoul National University. Cambridge University Press, 2023. Vol. II. 464-473 pp.
==External links== * Daniel Waugh, "[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/china/almaliq/almaliq.html Almaliq]" (University of Washington) {{wikivoyage|Almaliq}}
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Category:Central Asia Category:Populated places along the Silk Road Category:Ancient Chinese cities Category:Medieval cities Category:Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture