Alice Oates

thumb|right|Alice Oates in 1875 '''Alice Oates''' (22 September 1849 – 10 January 1887) was an actress, theatre manager and pioneer of American musical theatre who took opéra bouffe in English to all corners of America. She produced the first performance of a work by Gilbert and Sullivan in America with her unauthorised ''Trial by Jury'' in 1875, the first American production of ''The Sultan of Mocha'' (1878) and an early performance of ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' (1878).

==Early career== thumb|left|Alice Oates in 1878 at the time of her management of the Bush Street Theatre Born as Alice Merritt in Nashville in Tennessee, she was educated at a Catholic seminary in Kentucky before studying singing in Louisville and New Orleans intending to follow a career in opera. Aged about 15 she married James A. Oates, the stage-manager at the Adelphi Theater in Nashville under Augusta Dargon, and made her first appearance on the stage in his benefit as Paul in ''The Pet of the Petticoats''. While still making occasional concert appearances under the name of ‘Mdlle Orsini’, she began working alongside her husband as a soubrette in shows in Nashville (1867), then in Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Paul in Minnesota (where her husband took a theatre).

As Oates's confidence as a performer grew so her rôles became more important. She played Idex in ''Undine'', Fianetta in ''The White Fawn'', Darnley in ''The Field of the Cloth of Gold'' and Abdallah in ''The Female Forty Thieves''. In 1868 she founded her ‘Mrs James A Oates’ Burlesque Troupe’.<ref>Don B. Wilmeth and Tice L. Miller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=F-MMwSBrdikC&pg=PA260 ''The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre''], Cambridge University Press (1996) - Google Books pg. 280</ref><ref name=Preston>Katherine K. Preston, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OJg4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 ''Opera for the People: English-Language Opera and Women Managers in Late 19th-century America''], Oxford University Press (2017) - Google Books pg. 48</ref> This company she toured the burlesques ''The Field of the Cloth of Gold'', ''Rip van Winkle'' and ''Pocahontas'' around America in 1869.

In May 1870 Oates made her way to the Olympic Theatre in New York to play Broadway for the first time as Little Graceful in ''The Fair One in the Golden Wig''; Josephine in a burlesque of the old musical drama ''The Daughter of the Regiment, or the 800 Fathers'' (in theory a version of Donizetti's opera ''La fille du régiment'' but actually including music from other composers including Offenbach and Verdi);<ref name=Chronicle>Gerald Bordman, Gerald Martin Bordman and Richard Norton [https://books.google.com/books?id=OVdShkzkX74C&pg=PA29 ''American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle''], Oxford University Press (2011) - Google Books pg. 29</ref> and ''The Field of the Cloth of Gold''. She returned to the Olympic in August 1870 with her first attempt at opéra-bouffe, a seriously botched version of London's already pretty botched version of Hervé’s ''Little Faust'' (playing both Méphisto and the Street Arab) which met with little favour but which was probably the first American production of that work. In 1873 Oates sang in ''Prima Donna for a Night'', a reworked version of Offenbach's one act ''Monsieur Choufleuri''.<ref name=Chronicle/><ref name=Oxford/><ref name=Ganzl/>

==Actor-manager== [[File:Alice Oates Le Petit Duc.jpg|thumb|right|in ''Le petit duc'' (c1878)]] After witnessing the success of Lydia Thompson and her English musical burlesques Oates decided to follow suit by organising a burlesque company of her own which made successful tours for several seasons. This burlesque company became the Alice Oates New English Opera Company which presented French opéra bouffe in English. She and her company appeared at Macauley's Theatre in Kentucky four times between 1876 and 1879.<ref>[https://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/macauley/id/32/rec/16 Alice Oates at Macauley's Theatre] - University of Louisville University Libraries Collection</ref>

As public taste changed so Oates varied her bill.<ref>Preston, pg. 181</ref> She was the first manager to produce a Gilbert and Sullivan work in America when she staged "a rather approximate" ''Trial By Jury'' at the Arch Street Theatre in Philadelphia in 1875.<ref>[https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:31735068209141/from_search/-67 Opera program - ''Trial by Jury!'' and ''Les Bavards'' with Alice Oate: 4 December 1875 - Ford E. and Harriet R. Curtis Theatre Collection of Pittsburgh Theatre Programmes] - University of Pittsburgh Digital Collections</ref> She produced the first American performance of Alfred Cellier's ''The Sultan of Mocha'' in December 1878 at the Bush Street Theater in San Francisco, California,<ref name=Kurt>Gänzl, Kurt. ''The British Musical Theatre'', Oxford University Press (1987) pp. 74–80</ref> but realising the popularity of ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' she took off ''Sultan'' and quickly mounted a production of ''Pinafore'' before it had even been produced in New York. Her production opened in San Francisco on 23 December 1878 and ran until 2 January 1879 with Oates playing in travesti as Ralph Rackstraw. However, Gilbert would not have recognised his words nor Sullivan his music in this production which received her ''Little Faust'' treatment and in which Oates sang the song "Good-by, Sweetheart" while other songs unconnected with the authorised ''Pinafore'' were similarly performed by the cast. The production was "cobbled together" by James A. Meade (who played Dick Deadeye) from the recollections of one person who had seen the original production in London and another who had played in the orchestra in the recent Boston production. Added to this the piece was an English satire about the Royal Navy resulting in the show not being a hit with San Francisco audiences.<ref>Thomas Allston Brown, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu_FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241 ''A History of the New York Stage from the First Performance in 1732 to 1901''], Dodd, Mead and Company (1903) - Google Books pg. 241-241</ref><ref>John Philip Young, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JTdpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT261 ''San Francisco - A History of the Pacific Coast Metropolis, Vol. 2''], Jazzybee Verlag Jŭrgen Beck - Google Books</ref>

Within a few years Oates had changed her repertoire of old-style British burlesques for the latest French fashion in musical-theatre, becoming one of the most adventurous and durable theatrical managers to successfully produce and play English-language opéra bouffe and opéra comique around America. Her ''Little Faust'' manner of staging, however, remained her manner throughout. The pieces were heavily botched, their comedy considerably lowered, their musical scores spattered with topical and local ditties, and the programmes perforated with variety acts, until they resembled far more the old English burlesques Oates had dropped from her repertoire than the very much more sophisticated French variety.<ref name=Oxford/><ref name=Ganzl>Gänzl, Kurt. ''The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre'', Schirmer Books; 2nd edition (May 2001)</ref> thumb|right|Poster advertising Alice Oates and her theatrical company (c1879) She and her company toured exhaustively throughout America, playing venues large and small, becoming a feature of the country's touring circuits. She made only rare appearances on Broadway with her adaptations which included ''Giroflé-Girofla'', ''Le petit duc'', ''La fille de Madame Angot'', ''La jolie parfumeuse'', ''Les bavards'', ''La princesse de Trébizonde'' and ''La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein'', treating New York by and large as just another, and usually rather brief, tour date. City audiences found her style and her adaptations too broad - too obvious and too ‘provincial'. They preferred such works not to be broadly peppered with music hall songs or minstrel sketches, but nevertheless she maintained a decade-long and unbroken popularity with her own audiences west of the Mississippi for many years until the early 1880s when her career began first to waver and then to wilt.<ref name=Oxford>Gerald Bordman and Thomas S. Hischak, [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195169867.001.0001/acref-9780195169867-e-2312 ''The Oxford Companion to American Theatre''], Oxford University Press (2004)</ref>

In March 1880 Oates appeared in ''Giroflé-Girofla'' at Hooley's Theatre in Chicago<ref>[http://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/CPB01/id/1069/ Oates] in Giroflé-Girofla at Hooley's Theatre - Chicago Public Library</ref> while in December 1880 she was in Richard Genée's ''Fanchette'' (''Der Seekadett'') at the Grand Opera House in Cincinnati.<ref>Dario Salvi (ed), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8DI9DwAAQBAJ ''Richard Genée's The Royal Middy (Der Seekadett)''], Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2017) - Google Books pg. 555</ref> Gradually Alice Oates faded away into playing variety, burlesque and extravaganza with her name attached to often poor and ill-managed companies which all too often were stranded or broke up on the road.<ref name=Ganzl/> She continued to manage her company until the mid-1880s, in 1884 renaming it the 'Alice Oates Superb Burlesque Company' and by 1885 it was described as a "third-rate company" that performed "in low variety theaters where... the demimonde reside."<ref name=Last>Preston, pg. 182</ref>

Alice Oates and her theatrical company never left American although on several occasions it was announced that she and her troupe would embark on a tour of Australia, but this never materialised. When in the 1870s Emily Soldene began touring with her own more legitimate productions of opéra bouffe in English<ref name=DNB>Gänzl, Kurt. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39382 "Soldene, Emily (1838?–1912)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 12 September 2008. {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/39382}}</ref> Oates found herself gradually squeezed off the tour circuits.

==Legacy== thumb|right|Portrait of Oates from an 1887 obituary Apart from being the first theatrical manager in America to stage a work by Gilbert and Sullivan - her unauthorised production of ''Trial by Jury'' in 1875 - Alice Oates gave early employment to many who went on to become important in American musical theatre, including ''Evangeline'' librettist J. Cheever Goodwin who acted in her company and translated French operas bouffes into English for her, and the actress Pauline Hall who later was to find success in ''Erminie''. She employed a number of well-known performers of the English musical stage including Alfred William Maflin<ref>John Franceschina, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4tEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 ''Incidental and Dance Music in the American Theatre from 1786 to 1923: Volume 3''] Bear Manor Media (2018) - Google Books</ref> and produced an original comic opera ''Mignonette'' by Blanche Reeves and Jesse Williams which played at Ford's Grand Opera House in Baltimore in October 1874. After the death of her husband in 1871 she married her agent, Tracy W Titus in 1872, but they separated in 1875 and divorced later that year. Her subsequent series of amorous adventures became a rather embarrassing running newspaper feature<ref name=Ganzl/> until she married Samuel P. Watkins in 1879,<ref>ALICE OATES'S WEDDING.; MARRIED TO SAMUEL P. WATKINS, OF PHILADELPHIA - ''The New York Times'', 7 June 1879 Page 5</ref> who had no connection with the theatrical profession but who after became her business manager.

A contemporary summed up her appeal in her heyday: ‘She offers a kind of compromise between the downright deviltry of Aimée and the mild indelicacy of other opéra-bouffe artists. Never insipid, never outrageous, she gravitates nicely between high opera and low comedy, never approaching close enough to either to attract largely’.<ref name=Ganzl/>

Alice Oates died in January 1887<ref name=Last/> aged 37 at the home of her father-in-law in Philadelphia after catching a cold in a damp dressing room in a theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

==References== {{commons category|Alice Oates}} {{reflist|2}}

==External links== *[https://kyhistory.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/17923E81-9BDE-4D4E-8653-374434701582 Alice Oates] at Macauley's Theatre theatrical poster (c1880) - Kentucky Historical Society Collection

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oates, Alice}} Category:1849 births Category:1887 deaths Category:Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee Category:Actresses from Nashville, Tennessee Category:Actresses from San Francisco Category:American actor-managers Category:Soubrettes Category:American operatic sopranos Category:19th-century American actresses Category:American stage actresses Category:19th-century American theatre managers Category:American women theatre managers and producers Category:19th-century American women musicians Category:Singers from California Category:Classical musicians from California