{{short description|American anthropologist}} {{Multiple issues| {{BLP primary sources|date=December 2008}} {{BLP sources|date=March 2015}} }} '''Alice Beck Kehoe''' (born September 18, 1934) is a feminist anthropologist and archaeologist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kehoe, Alice Beck 1934- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/kehoe-alice-beck-1934|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref> She has done considerable field research among Native American peoples in the upper plains of the US and Canada and has authored research volumes on Native American archaeology and Native American history. She is also the author of several general anthropology and archaeology textbooks.
== Early life == Alice Beck Kehoe was born on September 18, 1934 in New York City to Roman and Lena Beck. Her father was a lawyer, and her mother was a homemaker. She is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.<ref name=":0" />
== Education == Kehoe received a Bachelor of Arts in 1956 from Barnard College, where she graduated Magna cum Laude. In 1964, she received her Phd in anthropology from Harvard University.<ref name=":0" /> While a student at Barnard, she was influenced by James Ford, Gordon Ekholm, and Junius Bird; she worked summers at the American Museum of Natural History Anthropology Department. While at Harvard, she worked with Gordon Willey and Evon Vogt. Many of her influences have been colleagues such as David H. Kelley, Jane Kelley, Jennifer Brown, Robert L. Hall, Carl Johannesen and George F. Carter and his student Stephen C. Jett.
==Career== Kehoe started her career at the Museum of the Plains Indian in Browning, Montana between the years of 1956 and 1958 as an assistant summer curator. Following her doctoral graduation, she accepted a role as a lecturer at the University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus. She held this position for one year, from 1964 to 1965. Kehoe held an assistant professor role at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln before earning an associate professor role at Marquette University, both in anthropology.<ref name=":0" /> She also was a visiting lecturer in the summer of 1979 at the Institüt für Ethnologie at the University of Tübingen in Tübingen, Germany. She retired in 2000 as professor emeritus after holding a full professorship from 1980 to 1999.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Girl Archaeologist - Nebraska Press|url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9781496229366/girl-archaeologist/|website=University of Nebraska Press|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref> She currently resides in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where she has worked as an adjunct professor since her retirement.
Kehoe has held offices with the American Anthropological Association (AAA), the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), and the Archaeological Institute of America. She was president of both the Central States Anthropological Society (CSAS) and the Association of Senior Anthropologists.<ref name=":0" /> She also has held membership status in the American Ethnological Society, American Society for Ethnohistory, Wisconsin Archaeological Survey, Saskatchewan Association of Professional Archaeologists, and the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society.<ref name=":0" />
Kehoe has studied many aspects of Native America and is a strong believer in the theoretical link between the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) (of the Native southeastern U.S.) and Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America). Her principal area of interest is the archaeology and cultures of the northwestern plains of the U.S. While searching for an ethnographic research topic for her dissertation, she happened upon the Saskatchewan Dakota New Tidings Ghost Dance. Kehoe has worked many years with the Blackfeet of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, an Algonquian Native American group of Browning, Montana, with whom she visits each year to study their history and culture. She has studied Native American spiritual healers ("medicine people") and worked with Piakwutch, "an elderly deeply respected Cree man who served his Saskatchewan Cree community...".<ref name="Kehoe2000">{{cite book|last1=Kehoe|first1=Alice Beck|title=Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1577661627}}</ref>{{rp|60}} She has also worked among Native Americans of Bolivia at Lake Titicaca, where she chewed coca leaves with Native women of the region.<ref name="Kehoe2000"/>{{rp|70}}
Kehoe has taken some contrarian or controversial positions throughout her career. One of the original proponents of feminist archaeology, she coedited with Sarah Milledge Nelson one of the first collections of feminist archaeology papers, ''Powers of Observation'' in 1990. An interest in pre-Columbian transoceanic contacts led to her meeting Richard Nielsen, who asked her to advise on archaeological aspects while testing the Kensington Runestone of Minnesota.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Though a majority of relevant scholars have concluded the Runestone is a 19th Century hoax,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helmer|last=Gustavson|title=The non-enigmatic runes of the Kensington stone|volume=2004|issue=3|journal=Viking Heritage Magazine|publisher=Gotland University}} "[...] every Scandinavian runologist and expert in Scandinavian historical linguistics has declared the Kensington stone a hoax [...]"; {{cite book|last=Wallace|first=B|title=The Quest for America|editor=Ashe G|publisher=Praeger|location=New York|year=1971|pages=154–174|chapter=Some points of controversy|isbn=0-269-02787-4|display-editors=etal}}; {{cite book|last=Wahlgren|first=Erik|title=The Vikings and America (Ancient Peoples and Places)|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1986|isbn=0-500-02109-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/vikingsamerica00wahl}}; {{cite journal|author= Michlovic MG|title=Folk Archaeology in Anthropological Perspective|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=31|issue=11|year=1990|pages=103–107|doi= 10.1086/203813|s2cid=144500409}}; {{cite journal|author=Hughey M, Michlovic MG|title=Making history: The Vikings in the American heartland|journal=Politics, Culture and Society|volume=2|year=1989|pages=338–360|doi=10.1007/BF01384829|issue=3|s2cid=145559328}}</ref> nevertheless there remains a community convinced of the stone's authenticity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2005/desember/1133429879.66|title=forskning.no Kan du stole på Wikipedia?|language=no|access-date=2008-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007033631/http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2005/desember/1133429879.66|archive-date=2007-10-07|url-status=dead}} "Det finnes en liten klikk med amerikanere som sverger til at steinen er ekte. De er stort sett skandinaviskættede realister uten peiling på språk, og de har store skarer med tilhengere." Translation: "There is a small clique of Americans who swear to the stone's authenticity. They are mainly natural scientists of Scandinavian descent with no knowledge of linguistics, and they have large numbers of adherents."</ref> Kehoe has stated that "The significance of a study of the [Kensington Runestone] is its illumination of struggle between popular knowledge and scientific research. For those who can look at the case, as did Newton Winchell, Robert A. Hall, Jr., and Richard Nielsen, the probability that those Norse were at [Kensington] is a fruitful hypothesis, collating data in new configurations and opening up intriguing new research questions."<ref name="Kehoe">{{cite book |last1=Kehoe |first1=Alice Beck |title=The Kensington runestone : approaching a research question holistically |date=2005 |publisher=Long Grove, Ill. : Waveland Press |isbn=978-1-57766-371-3 |page=57 |url=https://archive.org/details/kensingtonrunest0000keho/page/n6/mode/1up?q=Mandan&view=theater |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>
In 2014, Kehoe published ''A Passion for the True and Just: Felix and Lucy Kramer Cohen and the Indian New Deal,'' a dual biography of Felix S. Cohen and Lucy Kramer Cohen. The Cohens, a lawyer and an anthropologist respectively, were instrumental in the research and drafting of the Indian Reorganization Act and ''The Handbook of Federal Indian Law'', two landmarks in Native American law in the United States.
Her memoir of her career as a woman in American archaeology, ''Girl Archaeologist: Sisterhood in a Sexist Profession'', was published in 2022 by University of Nebraska Press.<ref name=":1" />
== Research focus and fieldwork == Kehoe has conducted extensive archaeological and ethnographic research across North America. Much of her scholarship focuses on the northwestern Plains, where she combined archaeological field surveys with ethnohistorical research and oral history. Her studies of Blackfeet history and culture draw on decades of fieldwork at the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Montana, where she conducted interviews, participated in community events, and collaborated with tribal members. Kehoe also investigated revitalization movements, most notably the Saskatchewan Dakota New Tidings Ghost Dance, which informed her doctoral work and later publications. In addition to Plains fieldwork, she conducted research in Bolivia at Lake Titicaca and Tiwanaku and participated in interdisciplinary studies that connected archaeology with Indigenous agriculture, political history, and environmental knowledge.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Home - Alice Kehoe|url=https://alicekehoe.com/|website=alicekehoe.com|access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>
== Contributions to shamanism studies == In ''Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking'' (2000), she challenged universalizing definitions such as those proposed by Mircea Eliade, arguing that the term “shaman” has been applied too broadly and often reflects Eurocentric and romanticized interpretations of Indigenous ritual specialists. She explains that the word ''saman'' comes from the Tungus/Evenki traditions of Siberia and is thus a culturally-bound term. This means that anthropologists cannot use the term shaman as a blanket term across cultures. Kehoe emphasized historically grounded, community-specific analyses and rejected portrayals of shamans as “exotic” spiritual figures. Her work helped influence later methodological critiques that call for greater attention to Indigenous cosmologies, historical context, and ethnographic specificity when describing religious practitioners.<ref name="Kehoe2000" />
== Feminist archaeology == Kehoe is considered one of the early contributors to feminist archaeology. With Sarah M. Nelson, she coedited ''Powers of Observation: Alternative Views in Archaeology'' (1990) one of the first edited volumes to explicitly address feminist perspectives within the discipline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Powers of Observation: Alternative Views in Archeology . Sarah M. Nelson, Alice B. Kehoe|url=https://www.academia.edu/122265787/Powers_of_Observation_Alternative_Views_in_Archeology_Sarah_M_Nelson_Alice_B_Kehoe|journal=American Anthropologist|date=1992-01-01|doi=10.1525/AA.1992.94.2.02A00270|first=Charles|last=Cobb}}</ref> Her 2022 memoir addresses sexism and gender inequality in the field.<ref name=":1" /> Kehoe has written extensively about structural inequities in anthropological training and fieldwork practices, emphasizing how gender shaped access to mentorship, research funding, and publication opportunities during the mid-twentieth century. She has argued that women archaeologists were often excluded from leadership roles and that their contributions were frequently undervalued in comparison to those of their male colleagues. Kehoe’s analyses have been cited in broader discussions within feminist science studies and the history of anthropology, particularly for their attention to the lived experiences of women working in remote field sites and male-dominated academic departments. Her work continues to be referenced in scholarship on gender and disciplinary reform.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
== Views on archaeology and disciplinary critiques == Kehoe has written extensively on the history and politics of American archaeology. Kehoe has advocated for greater inclusion of Indigenous perspectives in archaeological research and for more critical examination of long-standing assumptions about North American prehistory. Her work frequently emphasizes the importance of historical contingency, the influence of colonialism on archaeological narratives, and the need for reflexive scholarship that acknowledges the discipline’s power dynamics. In addition to critiquing archaeological narratives, Kehoe has examined how funding structures, museum practices, and university politics influence what kinds of archaeological questions are pursued. She has argued that professional gatekeeping can limit the range of acceptable interpretations and has encouraged archaeologists to adopt more collaborative approaches with descendant communities. Her later works highlight the ways Indigenous ecological knowledge, oral traditions, and land stewardship practices can complement archaeological data, challenging assumptions embedded in earlier research paradigms. Kehoe’s critiques form part of a larger movement within North American archaeology calling for increased reflexivity, transparency, and ethical accountability.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
== Reception and influence == Kehoe’s work has been noted for its critical stance toward archaeological and anthropological orthodoxies. Reviews of her publications have highlighted her efforts to situate North American archaeology within Indigenous histories and to question assumptions about “prehistory” and scientific authority.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Her book ''Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking'' has been cited in debates about the usefulness of “shamanism” as a cross-cultural category,<ref name="Kehoe2000" /><ref name=":3" /> and ''Powers of Observation: Alternative Views in Archaeology'' was recognized as an early contribution to feminist perspectives in archaeology.<ref name=":2" /> Kehoe’s later works on topics such as ancient transoceanic voyages and the politics of American archaeology continue to be discussed in relation to broader controversies in the discipline.<ref name=":0" />
== Personal life == Alice Beck Kehoe married Thomas F. Kehoe on September 18, 1956. They have since divorced. They have three children together, David, Daniel, and Cormac.<ref name=":0" />
== Awards and recognition == Alice Beck Kehoe has received many awards and honors, including a Choice Outstanding Academic Book designation in 2001 for her book, ''Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking''.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, her memoir, ''Girl Archaeologist: Sisterhood in a Sexist Profession'', was selected as a Choice Outstanding Academic Title.<ref name=":2" />
In 2016, Kehoe was honored by the Plains Anthropological Association with its Distinguished Service Award. The plaque Kehoe received cited her "enduring work in Anthropology and Archaeology of the Great Plains."
==Works== *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization|year=1989|place=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|isbn=978-1577664536}} *Nelson, Sarah M. and Kehoe, Alice Beck, eds. (1990) ''Powers of Observation: Alternative Views of Archaeology''. Archaeological Papers of AAA Archaeology Division 2. Washington: American Anthropological Association. *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice B.|title=North American Indians: A Comprehensive Account|year=1992|place=Englewood Cliffs, NJ|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0131928763|edition=3rd}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=Humans: An Introduction to Four-Field Anthropology|year=1998|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415919845}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology|year=1998|publisher=Routledge|place=New York|isbn=978-0415920544}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Kehoe|editor-first=Alice Beck|editor2-last=Emmerichs|editor2-first=Mary Beth|title=Assembling the Past: Studies in the Professionalization of Archaeology|year=1999|place=Albuquerque|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=978-0826319395}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking|year=2000|place=Prospect Heights, Ill.|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1577661627}} *{{cite book|last1=Sterk|first1=Helen M.|last2=Hay|first2=Carla H.|last3=Kehoe|first3=Alice B.|last4=Ratcliffe|first4=Krista|last5=VendeVusse|first5=Leona G.|title=Who's Having this Baby? Perspectives on Birthing|year=2002|place=East Lansing|publisher=Michigan State University Press|isbn=978-0870136153}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=America Before the European Invasions|year=2002|place=New York|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0582414860}} Second edition titled North America Before the European Invasions, published 2017 by Routledge, New York. *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=The Kensington Runestone: Approaching a Research Question Holistically|year=2005|place=Long Grove, Ill.|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1577663713}} *{{cite book|last1=Kehoe|first1=Alice Beck|last2=Pleger|first2=Thomas C.|title=Archaeology: A Concise Introduction|year=2007|place=Long Grove, Ill.|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1577664505}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=Controversies in Archaeology|year=2008|place=Walnut Creek, Calif.|publisher=Left Coast Press|isbn=978-1598740615}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice Beck|title=Militant Christianity: An Anthropological History|year=2012|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1137282149}} *{{cite book|last1=Wissler|first1=Clark|last2=Kehoe|first2=Alice Beck|last3=Miller|first3=Stewart E.|title=Amskapi Pikuni: The Blackfeet People|year=2012|place=Albany|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1438443355}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice|title=A Passion for the True and Just: Felix and Lucy Kramer Cohen and the Indian New Deal|year=2014|place=Tucson|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0816530939}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice|title=Traveling Prehistoric Seas: Critical Thinking on Ancient Transoceanic Voyages|year=2016|place=Walnut Creek, Calif.|publisher=Left Coast Press|isbn=978-1-62958-067-8}} *{{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Alice|title=Girl Archaeologist: Sisterhood in a Sexist Profession|year=2022|place=Lincoln, Nebraska|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-1496229366}} *Kehoe, Alice (2024). ''Truth and Power in American Archaeology''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|978-1-4962-4108-5}}.
== See also == * Indigenous archaeology
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== * [https://alicekehoe.com/ Kehoe's website] * Vanderkam, Laura. [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alice-beck-kehoe/ Alice Beck Kehoe: Overturning Anthropology Dogma Since the Tender Age of 16]. ''Scientific American''. December 16, 2008. * Hasan, Md. Mahmudul. [https://www.thedailystar.net/star-literature/news/alice-beck-kehoes-girl-archaeologist-and-gender-relations-us-society-3137746 Alice Beck Kehoe's ''Girl Archaeologist'' and gender relations in US society]. ''The Daily Star'', 8 October 2022. p. 14.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kehoe, Alice Beck.}} Category:1934 births Category:Scientists from Milwaukee Category:American archaeologists Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln faculty Category:Marquette University faculty Category:Barnard College alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Living people Category:Writers from Nebraska Category:Writers from New York City Category:Writers from Milwaukee Category:American anthropologists Category:American women anthropologists Category:American women archaeologists Category:American women academics Category:21st-century American women Category:Scholars of Native American studies